Number Exercise 1.2 1. List all the factors of the following numbers: a) 6 b) 9 7 @) 15 e) 4 ) 36 =e) 35h) 25) 2) 100 @ Prime factors The factors of 12 are 1, 2,3.4,6 and 12. Of these, 2 and 3 are prime numbers, so 2 and 3 are the prime factors of 12. Exercise 1.3. 1. List the prime factors of the following numbers: a) 15 by 8c) 24d) 16) 13 9) 33h) 35) 70) 56 An easy way to find prime factors is to divide by the prime numbers in order, smallest first. Worked examples) Find the prime factors of 18 and express it as a product of prime numbers: 8 9 3 1 18=2x3x30r2x# b) Find the prime factors of 24 and express it as a product of prime numbers: 2 =2X2X2X30r2B XI ©) Find the prime factors of 75 and express it as a product of prime numbers: 25 X 5X Sor3x 5?Number and language Exercise 1.4 Exercise 1.5 1. Find the prime factors of the following numbers and express them as a product of prime numbers: a) 12 b) 32) 36d) 40 e) 44 f) 56 gs) 45 h) 39 i) 21 i) 68 © Highest common factor The prime factors of 12 are 2x 2 3. ‘The prime factors of 18 are 2 x 3 X 3. So the highest common factor (HCF) can be seen by inspection to be 2 X 3, ie. 6. © Multiples Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15,20, ete The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 2 and 3 is 6, since 6 is the smallest number divisible by 2 and 3. ‘The LCM of 3 and Sis 15 The LCM of 6 and 10is 30. 1. Find the HCF of the following numbers: a) 8,12 b) 10,25 ©) 12,1824 d) 15,21,27 e) 36,63,108 —f) 22, 110 ®) 32,5672 hh) 39,52 i) 34,51, 68 i) 60, 144 2. Find the LCM of the following: a) 614 6) 415) 2,7, e) 68.20 f) 3.5.7 ) 45,10 h) 3,7. i) 610,16 j) 25,40,100 @ Rational and irrational numbers A rational number is any number which can be expressed as fraction, Examples of some rational numbers and how they can be expressed as a traction are shown below: 0. i. (ged, ga7l 439288 pged 4 o03=3 7=7 153-48 02-3 An irrational number cannot be expressed as a fraction. Examples of irrational numbers include: 42, V3, 6-43, In summary: Rational numbers © whole numbers, © fractions, recurring decimals, © terminating decimals. include:Number Irrational numbers include: @ the square root of any number other than square numbers, © a decimal which neither repeats nor terminates (e.g. 1). Exercise 1.6 1. For cach of the numbers shown below state whether it is 4em rational or irrational: a) 13 b) 06 3) V3 a) -23 ©) V25 9 Ve 3) V7 h) 0.625 i) oil For each of the numbers shown below state whether rational or irrational: a) V2xV3 by) V2403 og) (2x VEF ve ay M8 2 3. Incach of the following decide whether the quantity required is rational or irrational. Give reasons for your answer. E . aA © 9 440-4 Thelength of the diagonal The circumference ‘Thesidelengthot ‘The area of thecircle cof the clrele the square @ Square roots ‘The square on the left contains 16 squares. It has sides of length units, So the square root of 16 is 4. This can be written as “/16 = 4, Note that 4 X 4 is 16 s0 4 is the square root of 16. However, ~4 X —4 is also 16 so —4 is also the square root of 16. By convention, 4/16 means ‘the positive square root of 16° so 4/16 = 4 but the square root of 16 is 44 i.e. +4.0r —4. Note that ~16 has no square root since any integer squared is positiveNumber and language Exercise 1.7 Exercise 1.8 1. Find the following: a) 25 b) Vo °) 49 a) V100 ©) Vi2t =) Vi69 sg) YOOL bh) JOH i) Yoo9 j) Vo.25 2. Use the 4 key on your calculator to check your answers to question 1 3. Calculate the following: oy ove 9 VR 8 Ve ot 9G oe ve 2 i) Ver @ Using a graph 1. Copy and complete the table below for the equation y = af. 9 | 16 [ 25 [36 [ 49 | 64 [ 21 | 100 ¥ --L- Plot the araph of y = 4/x. Use your graph to find the approximate values of the following: a) 60 a) V35 by VES) 55 e) V2 2. Check your answers to question 1 above by using the 4] key on acalculator. @ Cube roots The cube below has sides of 2 units and occupies 8 cubic units of space. (That is,2 2X 2.) So the cube root of 8 is 2. This can be written as 4/8 A] is read as ‘the cube root of ‘Vea is 4, since 4 x 4X 4 = 6 Note that WGA is not —4 since 4X -4X 4 = -64 but 4/6 is —4Number Exercise 1.9 Worked example Exercise 1.10 1. Find the following cube roots: aie») Vis 9 47) ooo c) Joo27 9) (216g) i000) “fi 000000 i V8) V2) Y= 1000) @ Directed numbers The diagram above shows the scale of a thermometer. The temperature at 0400 was —3°C. By 0900 the temperature had risen by 8°C, What was the temperature at 0900? 3)" + 6 = 67 1. The highest temperature ever recorded was in Libya. It was 58°C. The lowest temperature ever recorded was —88°C in Antarctica. What is the temperature difference? 2. My bank account shows a credit balance of $105, Describe my balance as « positive or negative number after each of these transactions is made in sequence: a) rent $140 b) car insurance $283 ©) Lweek’s salary $230 d)_ food bill $72 e) credit transfer $250 3. The roof of an apartment block is 130m above ground level. The car park beneath the apartment is 35m below ground level. How high is the roof above the floor of the car park? 4. A submarine is at a depth of 165m. If the ocean floor is 860m from the surface, how far is the submarine from the ocean floor?Number and language Student assessment I 1. State whether the following numbers are rational or irrational: a) 15 b) V7 <) 07 d) 073 e) Vi2t Nox 2. Show, by expressing them as fractions or whole numbers, that the following numbers are rational: a) 0.625 b) 7 ©) 044 3. Find the value of: ae b) 1s 9 2d (ore 4. Caleulate: a) (3.5 b) (41y ©) (0.15? 5. Without using a calculator, find: a) “225 b) 001 ©) Yost 0) VE ©) 58 9 2B 6. Without using a calculator, find: a) # b) (ory 9 7. Without using a calculator, find: a Va b) Vioo00 =) YE 8 My bank statement for seven days in October is shown below: Date | Payments ($) | Receipts ($) | Balance ($) o1vio 200 ET 284 @ Copy and complete the statement by entering the amounts (a) 0).(2) Accuracy Exercise 2.1 Worked examples @ Approximation In many instances exact numbers are not necessary or even desirable, In those circumstances approximations are given. ‘The approximations can take several forms. The common types ‘of approximation are dealt with below. @ Rounding 1f 28 617 people attend a gymnastics competition, this figure can be reported to various levels of accuracy, To the nearest 10 000 this figure would be rounded up to 30 000. To the nearest 1000 the figure would be rounded up to 29 000. ‘To the nearest 100 the figure would be rounded down to 28 600. In this type of situation it is unlikely that the exact number would be reported. 1. Round the following numbers to the nearest 1000: a) 68 786 b) 74.245 ©) 89.000 a) 4020 e) 99500 f) 999 999 2. Round the following numbers to the nearest 100: a) 78540 b) 6858 ©) 14.099 dd) 8084 e) 950 1) 2984 3. Round the following numbers to the nearest 10: a) 485 b) 692 ©) 8847 dd) 83 e) 4 1) 997 Decimal places A number can also be approximated to a given number of decimal places (d.p.). This refers to the number of digits written after a decimal point. a) Write 7.864 to 1 dp. The answer needs to be written with one digit after the decimal point. However, to do this, the second digit after the decimal point also needs to be cons or more then the first digit is rounded up.‘Accuracy Exercise 2.2 Worked examples Exercise 2.3 b) Write 5.574 to2 dp. The answer here is to be given with two digits after the decimal point. In this case the third digit after the decimal point needs to be considered. As the third digit after the decimal point is less than 5, the second digit is not rounded up. ie. 5.574 is written as 5.57 to 2 dp. 1. Give the following to 1 dp. a) 5.58 b) 0.73 ©) 186 a) 157.39 ) 4.04 #) 15.045 8) 2.95 h) 0.98 i) 12.049 2. Give the following to 2 dp. a) 6.473 b) 9.587 ©) 16.476 d) 0.088 ©) 0014 f) 93048, 2) 99.996 h) 0.0048, i) 3.0037 Significant figures Numbers can also be approximated to a given number of ant figures (s.f.). In the number 43.25 the 4 is the most significant figure as it has a value of 40. In contrast, the 5 is the least significant as it only has a value of S hundredths. a) Write 43.25 to 3s.f. Only the three most significant digits are written, however the fourth digit needs to be considered to see whether the third digit is to be rounded up or not. ie. 43.25 is written as 43.3 to 3 sf. b) Write 0.0043 to 1 s.f. In this example only two digits have any significance, the 4 and the 3. The 4 is the most significant and therefore is the only one of the two to be written in the answer. ie. 0.0043 is written as 0.004 to 1 s.f. 1. Write the following to the number of significant figures written in brackets: a) 48599 (1s) b) 48599(3s) ©) 6841 (Is.6) d) 7538(2sf£) ©) 4837(1sf) f) 25728(3sf) #) 990(Isf) fh) 2045 (2sf) i) 1495248) 2. Write the following to the number of significant figures written in brackets: a) 0.085 62 (1s) b) 0.5932 (Is) ©) 0.942 (2s) dd) 0.954 (15.6) e) 0.954(2s.£) — £) 0.003 05 (1 s. 2) 0.003 05 (2s.f.) h) 0.009 73 (2s.) i) 0.00973 (1s.Number Worked example Worked examples Exercise 2.4 @ Appropriate accuracy In many instances calculations carried out using a calculator produce answers which are not whole numbers. A calculator will give the answer to as many decimal places as will fit on its screen. In most cases this degree of accuracy is neither desirable nor necessary. Unless specifically asked for, answers should not be given to more than two decimal places. Indeed, one decimal place is usually suificient. In the examination, you will usually be asked to give your answers exactly or correct to three significant figures as appropriate; answers in degrees to be given to one decimal place. Calculate 4.64 + 2.3 giving your answer to an appropriate degree of accuracy. The calculator will give the answer to 4.64 + 2.3 as 2.0173913, However the answer given to 1 dip. is sufficient. Therefore 4.64 + 23 = 2.01 dp). @ Estimating answers to calculations Even though many calculations ean be done quickly and effectively on a calculator, often an estimate for an answer can be ‘useful check. This is done by rounding each of the numbers in such a way that the calculation becomes relatively straightforward. a) Estimate the answer to 57 X 246, Here are two possibilities: i) 60 x 200 = 12.000, ii) 50 X 250 = 12 500. b) Estimate the answer to 6386 + 27. 6000 + 30 = 200. 1. Calculate the following, giving your answer to an appropriate degree of accuracy: a) 23.456 X 17.89 b) 04% 12.62) 18% 924 d) 7624432 ©) 7 f) 16.42? ») 23%337 i) 9248 4 2 Without using a calculator, estimate the answers to the following: a) @x19 b) 270x12 ce) 55 x 60 d) 4950X 28 ec) OS KO9S ff) 0.184 x 475, 3. Without using a calculator, estimate the answers to the following: a) 3946418 —b) 8287442 ©) 906 +27 d) 5820413 ¢) 48 +012 f) 610 +0.222 Accuracy 4. Without using.a calculator, estimate the answers to the following: a) 78.45 + 51.02 b) 1683 ~87.09 c) 293x314 sy 4.3.x 752 (ay a 42s 9) SEE) GF ‘Using estimation, identify which of the following are definitely incorrect. Explain your reasoning clearly. a) 95% 212 = 20140 b) 44x 17 =748 c) 689 x 413=28457 —d)142 656 €) 71.9 X 22.6 = 2512.54 842 x 46 0 02 6. Bstimate the shaded areas of the following shapes. Do not work, eat fs exact answer. a) <——17.2m > <9. ote “ <31m °c) << 8.8em —_> 16.3cm 17.832 = 19366 7. Estimate the volume of each of the solids below. Do not work out an exact answer. a) <—10.5em—_> °) b)