Manual Part 1

Operation and Maintenance

 REF 542 plus switchbay protection and control unit
Manual: Operation and Maintenance

Table of Contents
1 Introduction......................................................................................................6

2 Abbreviations and Definitions .......................................................................7

2.1 Abbreviations .....................................................................................................7
2.2 Definitions ..........................................................................................................7
3 HMI Control Unit ..............................................................................................9
3.1 The Control Elements........................................................................................9
3.1.1 LCD .................................................................................................9
3.1.2 Status LEDs ..................................................................................10
3.1.2.1 Operational status .........................................................................10
3.1.2.2 Communication status ..................................................................10
3.1.2.3 Alarm indication.............................................................................10
3.1.2.4 Interlocking status .........................................................................10
3.1.3 LED Indication...............................................................................10
3.1.4 Optical Interface for Local PC .......................................................11
3.1.5 Control Push buttons ....................................................................11
3.1.5.1 Menu and Navigation Push Buttons..............................................11
3.1.5.2 Command Push Buttons ...............................................................11
3.1.6 LED bars for Measurement...........................................................12
3.1.7 Electronic Key ...............................................................................12
3.2 Menu on the LCD ............................................................................................13
3.2.1 Electronic Key Status ....................................................................13
3.2.1.1 Changing the control modes .........................................................14
3.2.1.2 Changing the protection modes ....................................................15
3.2.2 Measurement Page.......................................................................16
3.2.3 Protection Alarm Page ..................................................................16
3.2.4 Reset Page ...................................................................................17
3.2.5 Start/Trip EventsPages .................................................................18
3.2.6 Active SET Page ...........................................................................18
3.2.7 Protection Functions Pages ..........................................................19
3.2.8 Service page .................................................................................21
3.2.8.1 Statistics........................................................................................22
3.2.8.2 Versions ........................................................................................22
3.2.8.3 Communication address ...............................................................23
3.2.8.4 LCD Contrast ................................................................................23
3.2.8.5 Internal MC Time (Device time) ....................................................24
3.2.8.6 Load Flow Direction ......................................................................24
3.2.8.7 Autoreclosure mode ......................................................................25
3.2.8.8 IEC 60870-5-103 board ................................................................25
3.2.9 Test page ......................................................................................27
3.2.9.1 Test HMI Control Unit....................................................................28
3.2.9.2 Test Primary Switching Devices ...................................................28
3.3 Single Line Diagram View ...............................................................................29

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3.4 Interface to local PC ........................................................................................29

3.5 Interface HMI to Central Unit ...........................................................................29

4 Operation........................................................................................................30
4.1 Functions in Protection Mode ..........................................................................30
4.2 Functions in Control Mode...............................................................................31
4.2.1 Selecting and Actuating the Switching Devices............................31
4.2.2 Downloading a configuration from PC into REF542plus...............31
4.2.3 Uploading a configuration from REF542plus into PC ...................32
4.2.4 FUPLA Monitoring and Displaying Measurement Values.............33
4.2.5 Local Export of fault recorder (when configured)..........................33
4.2.6 Exporting the input or output status ..............................................35
4.2.7 Exporting the operational measured values .................................37
4.3 Access to the Menu Pages..............................................................................39
4.3.1 Retrieving measured and calculated values .................................40
4.3.2 Viewing the LED Indications .........................................................41
4.3.3 Resetting the quantities saved in the unit .....................................42
4.3.4 Viewing the Start/Trip page...........................................................42
4.3.5 Change the active parameter set..................................................42
4.3.6 Viewing the parameters of the individual protection functions......43
4.3.7 Changing a parameter of a protection function.............................43
4.3.8 Starting the Service Page .............................................................43
4.3.8.1 Viewing the FUPLA Cycle Time....................................................43
4.3.8.2 Viewing the Firmware Versions ....................................................43
4.3.8.3 Viewing the Communication Address ...........................................43
4.3.8.4 Setting the LCD screen contrast ...................................................44
4.3.8.5 Setting the internal MC time..........................................................44
4.3.8.6 Viewing the Load Flow Direction...................................................44
4.3.8.7 Enable/Disable Autoreclosing .......................................................44
4.3.8.8 Setting Communication Board according to IEC 60870-5-103.....44
4.3.8.9 Testing the switching devices .......................................................45

5 Parameter names...........................................................................................46

6 Setting of Control and Protection Functions..............................................50

6.1 Requirement on Current Transformer for Protection.......................................50
6.1.1 CT for Distance Protection............................................................50
6.1.2 CT for Differential Protection.........................................................53
6.1.3 CT for IDMT and Definite Time Overcurrent Protection................53
6.2 Power Factor Controller...................................................................................54
6.3 Current protection functions ............................................................................60
6.3.1 Inrush blocking ..............................................................................61
6.3.2 Directional overcurrent protection .................................................64
6.3.3 Definite Time Overcurrent Protection............................................65
6.3.4 IDMT .............................................................................................66
6.3.5 Earthfault protection function ........................................................67
6.3.6 Directional Earthfault protection....................................................67
6.3.6.1 System with isolated neutral point ................................................68

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6.3.6.2 Systems with Petersen-Coil Earthing............................................69

6.3.6.3 Systems with low-resistance earthing...........................................71
6.3.7 Sensitive earth fault protection......................................................71
6.3.8 Earth fault IDMT ............................................................................73
6.4 Voltage Protection ...........................................................................................74
6.4.1 Overvoltage Protection .................................................................74
6.4.2 Undervoltage Protection ...............................................................75
6.4.3 Residual Overvoltage Protection ..................................................76
6.5 Motor Protection ..............................................................................................77
6.5.1 Thermal Motor Protection .............................................................77
6.5.1.1 Setting the time constant ..............................................................79
6.5.1.2 Setting the temperature ................................................................79
6.5.1.3 Setting the time .............................................................................81
6.5.1.4 Functional test...............................................................................81
6.5.2 Motor Start Protection ...................................................................82
6.5.3 Blocking Rotor...............................................................................83
6.5.4 Number of Starts ...........................................................................83
6.6 Distance Protection .........................................................................................84
6.6.1 Function ........................................................................................84
6.6.2 Analog inputs ................................................................................85
6.6.3 Start...............................................................................................85
6.6.4 Phase selection.............................................................................88
6.6.5 Determining the impedance ..........................................................88
6.6.6 Directional memory .......................................................................90
6.6.7 Tripping logic.................................................................................91
6.6.8 Autoreclosure ................................................................................92
6.6.9 Signal comparison scheme...........................................................95
6.6.10 Switching onto faults .....................................................................97
6.6.11 Switchover to emergency overcurrent definite time......................98
6.6.12 Setting the Impedance Zone.........................................................98
6.7 Differential protection.....................................................................................100
6.7.1 Function ......................................................................................100
6.7.2 Vector Group Adaptation ............................................................101
6.7.3 Tripping Characteristic ................................................................103
6.7.4 Inrush Stabilization......................................................................103
6.8 Other Functions .............................................................................................104
6.8.1 Unbalanced Load Protection.......................................................104
6.8.2 Directional Power Protection.......................................................105
6.8.3 Low Load Protection ...................................................................105
6.8.4 Frequency supervision ................................................................105
6.8.5 Synchrocheck..............................................................................106
6.9 Fault recorder ................................................................................................107
6.10 Additional function .........................................................................................108
6.10.1 Function Autoreclosing ...............................................................108
6.10.2 Configuration...............................................................................109
6.10.3 Autoreclosure 1 attempt successful ............................................111

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6.10.4 Autoreclosure 1 attempt unsuccessful........................................111

6.10.5 Autoreclosure 2 attempts successful ..........................................112
6.10.6 Autoreclosure 2 attempts unsuccessful ......................................112

7 Maintenance Program .................................................................................113

7.1 Repeat test (function and protection test) .....................................................113
7.2 Calibration test...............................................................................................113

8 Durability of specific components.............................................................114

8.1 Power relay contacts .....................................................................................114
8.2 Electrolyte capacitors ....................................................................................114
8.3 LCD screen....................................................................................................114

9 List of the protection functions .................................................................115

10 Technical data..............................................................................................119
10.1 Analog input channels ...................................................................................119
10.1.1 With current and voltage transformer: ........................................119
10.1.2 With current and voltage sensor .................................................119
10.2 Binary inputs and outputs ..............................................................................119
10.2.1 With mechanical relays ...............................................................119
10.2.2 With static outputs.......................................................................120
10.3 Interface.........................................................................................................120
10.3.1 HMI Control Unit..........................................................................120
10.3.2 Central Unit: ................................................................................120
10.4 Analog output board (optional) ......................................................................120
10.5 Communication (optional)..............................................................................120
10.6 Power supply .................................................................................................121
10.6.1 Central Unit .................................................................................121
10.6.2 HMI Control Unit..........................................................................121
10.7 Temperature range........................................................................................121
10.8 Degree of protection ......................................................................................121
10.8.1 Central Unit .................................................................................121
10.8.2 HMI Control Unit..........................................................................121

11 Type test .......................................................................................................122

11.1 EMC...............................................................................................................122
11.2 Insulation .......................................................................................................122
11.3 Mechanical robustness..................................................................................122
11.4 Climatic conditions.........................................................................................122
12 Connection Diagram ...................................................................................123
12.1 Connector Plate.............................................................................................123
12.2 REF542plus with mechanical binary I/O .......................................................125
12.3 REF542plus with solid state binary I/O .........................................................128

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1 Introduction
This part of the manual describe the operation, commissioning and maintenance of
the REF542plus switchbay protection and control unit. The following section and its
subsections contain information on:

The control elements on the remote Human Machine Interface (HMI) as local
control unit

The different operating modes of the HMI

The control options available in the various operating modes

The different descriptions of the protection functions and their parameters in the
configuration program and on the pages that can be shown on the Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD) screen

Regular tests that should be run on the REF542plus

The maintenance schedule

The durability of single components of the REF542plus

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2 Abbreviations and Definitions

2.1 Abbreviations
AR AutoReclosure

CT Current Transformer

DFT Discrete Fourier Tansformation

FUPLA FUnktionblock Programming LAnguage also used as abbreviation for

function plan or chart

HMI Human Machine Interface as control unit

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LED Light Emitting Diode

LAG Lon Application Guide

MC MicroController

RHMI Remote Human Machine Interface, the same meaning as HMI

VDEW Association of German Utilities

2.2 Definitions
There are notes and warnings on hazards at the beginning of every section and also
in the text. They are in a different font to distinguish them from normal text.

The safety warnings must be observed in all circumstances. If they are not observed,
no guarantee claims will be accepted.

Note

A note indicates items that are significant in the specific context. A note may contain
information on the interplay of various software components and appears as shown
below.

Example:

Note Please read this section completely for information on the various formats for safety
notes.

Hazard information level 1

Level 1 hazard information indicates hazards affecting substations and devices. It

should always be observed, because otherwise function interruptions or malfunctions
may occur. An example is shown below:

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Caution Do not make any changes to the FUPLA unless you are familiar with the
REF542plus and the configuration software

Hazard information level 2

Level 2 hazard information indicates hazards affecting life and limb. It must be
observed to avoid injury to the operator or other personnel.

Example:

Warning! Never attempt to remove the protection covers on the busbars by force.

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3 HMI Control Unit

The next subsection shows what the operator needs to know to work with the HMI as
local control unit.

3.1 The Control Elements

The HMI Control Unit, as shown in figure 1, features a back-illuminated Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD), eight push buttons, several LEDs and an electronic key interface. The
language of the display, if available, can be selected via the related configuration
software tool, which is also used to define the protection and the control scheme.

Graphic Text
Display Display

Status LEDs

LED-Bars

Electronic
Key Command Menu Push
Push Buttons Buttons

Figure 1: View of the HMI Control Unit

3.1.1 LCD
The back-illuminated LCD screen of the HMI provides a graphical display of the
switching devices in the switchbay controlled by the REF542plus. The intensity and
the duration of the illumination can be set as required. The Single Line diagram
shows the current status of all the switching devices. The right half of the LCD screen
is for plain text, such as measurement values, main menu and submenu descriptions,
protection signals and event recording.

On the LCD screen, the following can be shown:

Up to eight switching device icons (when the binary I/O boards with mechanical
relays are used, a maximum of seven switching devices can be controlled)

Various icons for motors, transformers, sensors and transducers

A maximum of 40 individual lines.

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3.1.2 Status LEDs

Four system LEDs indicating the status of the REF542plus. These LEDs are:

3.1.2.1 Operational status

On the HMI front panel, the operational status is called 'Ready' and is displayed by a
green LED. The unit is not operational if this LED is off, and this occurs for example
during the downloading of the configuration for the operation of the switchbay or if a
fault is detected in the Central Unit.

3.1.2.2 Communication status

On the HMI front panel, this communication status is called 'Network Communication'.
If the REF542plus is to be connected to a station automation system, an extension
with an appropriate communications board is required. In this case a green LED is
used to indicate the correct operational status of the optional board. The LED color
changes to red if a communication failure has occurred.

3.1.2.3 Alarm indication

Several arbitrary alarm conditions can be defined and configured by the user. If one
of these conditions is fulfilled, the red LED will be on.

3.1.2.4 Interlocking status

The LED is green if no interlocking conditions have been violated. In case of a
switching action, which violates the interlock conditions such as switching a
disconnector in the closed condition of the Circuit Breaker (CB), the colour will
change temporarily to red.

3.1.3 LED Indication

Eight freely programmable, three color LED's are provided for local indication. The
number of LED display options can be quadrupled through the menu structure. As a
result, a total of 32 indication options are available for status indication regarding
protection, control, monitoring and supervision functions.

Each of the LEDs can be associated with physical entities of the REF542plus, e.g.
binary inputs, as well as with software events, e.g. start of a protection. This must be
done in the FUPLA diagram of the configuration tool. The user can also define the
character-string that can be associated to each LED for each color, e.g. green = I>>
active; yellow = I>> start; red = I>> trip.

The LEDs can operate in two modes. In the so called non-latched mode the LED
switches it`s color back when the status disappears, e.g. the auxiliary voltage is
recovered again. In latched mode the LED maintains the same color even when the
status disappears. When the LEDs are in latched mode, they can be reset by going to
the reset page and performing the corresponding action. The reset is allowed in any
operational mode of the HMI.

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3.1.4 Optical Interface for Local PC

An optical connector for connection to the local personal computer (PC), usually a
notebook running the Window NT software, for up- and downloading the
configuration file. On the back side of the HMI the optical interface has been changed
to an electrical interface according to RS 485 for connection to the central unit by a
shielded twisted pair wire connection. The maximum wire length shall be less than
100 m.

3.1.5 Control Push buttons

The control push buttons are used for operation of the switching devices during local
control. A total of eight push buttons are available

3.1.5.1 Menu and Navigation Push Buttons

A navigation area with three push-buttons for browsing the display of the menu after
pressing

Menu
The menu push buttons, which will be mentioned as < Menu > later in text,

The up direction push button, which will be mentioned as < ↑ > later in text,

The down direction push button, which will be mentioned as < ↓ > later in text

The enter push button, which will be mentioned as < <-' > later in text makes
entering the selected submenu possible.

3.1.5.2 Command Push Buttons

The command push buttons for local operation of the switching devices are:

O Open, as < O > later in text

l Close, as < I > later in text

Select switching device, as < > and

O Emergency open in the upper left corner. The desired action can be defined in
the FUPLA, for example by being pushed together with the open push button.

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3.1.6 LED bars for Measurement

Three freely programmable LED bars have been provided on front of the HMI Control
Unit. The nominal values of each LED bar, which corresponds to the ten green LED's
are defined by the configuration software. If the measurement values are higher than
the rated values, the red LEDs will light indicating an overload situation.

Even if the value of the measurement quantities are available on the LCD, the three
LED-bars on the HMI front-panel are useful for a quick inspection of the load situation
of the feeder. The three bars are marked M1, M2, M3 respectively and are user-
configurable. Each bar can be associated with one of the measurements in the
following table:
Table 1: Measurements quantities to the LED bars
Measurement quantities Name Unit
Phase current I A
Residual current IE A
Phase voltage ULE kV
Line voltage ULL kV
Residual voltage UNE kV
Active power P kW
Reactive power Q kVAr
Apparent power S kW

The symbol of the bar (M1, M2, M3) appears on the single line diagram close to the
measurement point followed by the name and unit of the corresponding measurement
quantities. Each bar is composed of twelve LEDs. The ten green LEDs shall be
normally dedicated to display between 0 and 100% of the nominal value of the
configured measurement quantity. If the dedication is to 100% of the nominal value,
then each LED is equal to 10% of the nominal value. Two red LEDs then indicate an
exceeding of the nominal value by 20%.

3.1.7 Electronic Key

Two different electronic keys are provided. As can be seen in the previous figure 1
wich shows the HMI Control Unit, one key can only be used for the parameterization
of the protection scheme. The other one is for the selection of the control modes
which can be switched off or provided in one of the three other modes: local, remote
or local/remote control mode. By using these two keys a certain separation between
protection and control operation can be achieved. If required a general key that
permits access to both modes is provided. The sensor for recognizing which
electronic key has been used is located on the front panel of the HMI Control Unit.

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3.2 Menu on the LCD

In normal operating conditions of the REF542plus the default page of the menu will
be displayed on the right hand side of the LCD. The default page can be defined by
the user. It is recommended to use either the measurement or the alarm page as the
default page. To gain access to the menu page the button < Menu > must be pushed
as shown in the next figure.

Menu
To other
selected menu

MENU
E-Key status
DEFAULT page Measurements
Alarms
Measurements Reset page
Start/Trip page
or Active set page Select line
Protection functions
Alarms Service page
Test page

< --' to exec

Figure 2: Navigation to menu page

The navigation between the menu pages using the UP < ↑ >and DOWN < ↓ > push
buttons on the LCD is described in the following paragraphs:

3.2.1 Electronic Key Status

When using one of the two possible electronic keys, the control or the protection key,
mode changing commands are allowed. The action can be performed by highlighting
the corresponding line on the page with the cursor and subsequently pressing the
ENTER < <-' > button. By using the wrong key, no desired action, e.g. changing the
control modes or the protection settings, will happen.

There are in total six modes available for operating the HMI Control Unit. Four of
them are used to define the control functions and two of them to define the protection
functions. To set the desired modes, the right electronic key must be used.

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3.2.1.1 Changing the control modes

The next figure shows the navigation through all four different control mode. At first
the menu page E-Key must be selected. Then by using the control key and pressing
the ENTER < <-' > push button the changing of the control mode will be selectable by
using the UP <↑↑> respectively the DOWN <↓↓> push button. The selected mode must
be confirmed by pushing the ENTER < <-' > push button. At the same time the former
menu page for E-Key Status will be displayed again. Then by pressing the <Menu>
push button the menu page will be shown on the LCD.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

E-Key Status E-Key Status

Control mode - NO CONTROL

LOCAL - LOCAL
Protection mode - REMOTE
OPERATIONAL - LOCAL & REMOTE
Select line
< --' to exec
Insert KEY
and press < --'
to change status

Figure 3: Changing the control operation mode by using the control key

The control modes are as follows:

Local Control:

It is possible to control the CB and other switching devices from the front panel of the
HMI control unit using the command push-buttons. The open and close operations
are effective only if the interlocking scheme allow them. The remote control from the
station automation system is blocked. It also allows the up-and/or down loading of the
configuration file via the optical interface.

Remote Control

In this mode the operation of the CB and other switching devices can only be
achieved remotely by the interbay bus of the station automation system. The local
control is blocked. But the up- and downloading of a configuration file via the optical
interface is possible in this mode.

No Control

It is not possible to operate the CB and other switching devices either from remote or
local control. In this case it is not possible to download a configuration file either
remotely by station automation system or locally by PC.

Local and Remote Control (special mode)

The local control of primary objects is always possible. The remote control of the
switching devices is only allowed, if a dedicated binary input is activated in the
REF542plus. The downloading of a configuration file and the parameterization of
control parameters is blocked. This mode is basically a “remote control” mode with
the added possibility of locally controlling the primary objects.

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Note This mode shall be selected, if the operating conditions required and the operating
Personnel at the network control centre are aware of the selection of this mode.

3.2.1.2 Changing the protection modes

The next figure shows the possibility of changing the protection mode. By using the
protection key it is possible to enter the protection mode in order to change the
setting.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

E-Key Status E-Key Status

Control mode - SET

LOCAL - OPERATIONAL
Protection mode
OPERATIONAL < --' to exec
Select line

Insert KEY
and press < --'
to change status

Figure 4: Changing the control operation mode by using the protection key

The available protection modes are as follows:

Operational Protection

In this operational mode the protection functions are in operation. The local changing
of the setting parameter is blocked. Parameterization via the station automation
system is possible.

Set Protection

This mode allows the possibility of locally setting the protection parameters from the
front panel of the HMI Control Unit by using the UP <↑ ↑> respectively or DOWN <↓ ↓>
push button.

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3.2.2 Measurement Page

In this menu page the values of the measurement quantities are displayed as primary
values. Depending on the number of measurements configured in the REF542plus
one or more pages are shown. The refresh time for the displayed measurements is
1s.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

Measurement
Measure 1
Value Unit
Measure 2
Value Unit
Change page Measure 3
Value Unit
......
......
......
......

Figure 5: Display of the measurement page

3.2.3 Protection Alarm Page

This menu displays the character strings associated with the three color - red, green
and amber, - fully configurable LEDs. Also the off state of the LED is defined as a
color.A maximum of your pages are allocated for the Reporting of Alarms. Not more
than 8 alarms can be shown on one page. If alarms are configured in latch mode,
they can be reset by jumping into the so called "Reset Menu". Each of the color LEDs
is associated with a string, which can be freely defined in the FUPLA using the
configuration software. To change the alarm page the UP < ↑ > respectively or
DOWN < ↓ > push button can be used.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

Alarm 1.1

Alarm 1.2
Alarm 4.1
......
Alarm 4.2
Change page ......
......
......
......
Alarm 1.8
......

Alarm 4.8

Figure 6: Display of the alarm page

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3.2.4 Reset Page

The possible reset actions are placed in these pages. Each reset can be selected
only if the HMI Control Unit is in the mode assigned to the reset. For example, the
resetting of the fault recorder is only allowed in the SET PROTECTION MODE. If the
related mode is not active, the resetting action will be denied, as shown in Figure 7.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

Reset page Reset page

Reset alarm
Reset max. values Reset
Reset energy values NOT allowed
Reset CB cycles in this mode
Select line Reset fault recorder
Reset Start/Trip < --' to return
Reset counters

< --' to exec

Figure 7: Resetting an information not in the appropriate control mode

Only one reset is allowed at a time. The action can be performed by highlighting the
corresponding line in the Reset Page with the help of the UP <↑↑> and DOWN <↓ ↓>
push buttons and by then pressing the ENTER < <-' > button.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

Reset page Reset page

Reset alarm Reset

Reset max. values completed
Reset energy values
Reset CB cycles < --' to return
Select line Reset fault recorder
Reset Start/Trip
Reset counters

< --' to exec

Figure 8: Resetting an information in the right control mode

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3.2.5 Start/Trip EventsPages

In this page up to 50 Start/Trip events are registered. The page shows a full screen
display. Correspondingly the single line diagram disappears during the display of this
page. Not more than seven events are shown on one page. The list is ordered
according to the event time appearance. The list can be cleared by using the
submenu page “Reset Start/Trip Pages ” on the menu "Reset page”.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

Start / Trip events

nnnn yyyy.mm.dd hh:mm:ss.mmm

Protection function
Start = xxxx ms
......
Change page
......

nnnn yyyy.mm.dd hh:mm:ss.xxx

Protection function
Trip = xxxxx ms

Figure 9: Display of events after protection activity

3.2.6 Active SET Page

On this page the active protection parameter set can be viewed and changed. In total
there are two parameter sets for each protection provided. To allow a parameter
change, the appropriate control mode on the HMI Control unit must be first selected.
If the control mode is wrong, no changes can be made. The next figure shows an
attempt to change the active parameter set in the wrong mode.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

Active SET page Active SET page

Active SET is X Change allowed

Change SET? only in
SET PROTECTION
< --' to change mode

< --' to return

Figure 10: Changing the protection parameter set not in an appropriate control mode

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In the correct control mode the change will be possible. The next figure shows the
dialog for changing the active parameter set of all protection functions implemented.

From main menu To main menu

Menu
To main menu
Menu

Active SET page Active SET page

Active SET is X Active SET is Y

Change SET? Change SET?

< --' to change < --' to change

Figure 11: Changing the protection parameter set in the right control mode

3.2.7 Protection Functions Pages

In this page a list of implemented protection functions can be seen.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

Protection functions

Prot. function 1
Prot. function 2
...
...
Select line Prot. function n

< --' to exec

Figure 12: List of the implemented protection functions on the LCD

Each Protection Function has parameters, that can be displayed after selecting the
↑> DOWN <↓
protection functions intended by using the UP <↑ ↓> and the ENTER < <-'
> push buttons. Then each protection function setting is shown in one or more pages.
These parameters can also be locally changed from the HMI Control unit.Therefore
the appropriate mode must be selected. In the wrong mode there will be no activity
possible, as shown in the next figure.

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NOT in correct operating mode

From submenu prot. functions

To submenu
Menu
prot. functions

Protection 1
SET X
Parameter 1 Changes allowed
value unit only in
Parameter 2
value unit SET PROTECTION
Select line Parameter 3 mode
value unit
< --' to return
< --' to exec

Figure 13: Changing of protection parameter not in the right control mode

To change the parameter use the Up<↑ ↑> or Down <↓ ↓> push buttons to select the
protection function. After pressing the Enter < <-' > push button the value of the
parameter can be increased or decreased by applying the Up<↑ ↑> or Down <↓↓> push
buttons again.

In correct operating mode

From submenu prot. functions

To submenu
Menu
prot. functions

Protection n Protection n
SET X SET X
Parameter 1 Parameter 1
value unit value unit
Parameter 2 Parameter 2
value unit value unit
Select line Parameter 3 Parameter 3 increment /
value unit value unit decrement
value
< --' to exec < --' to exec

Figure 14: Changing of the setting parameters of the selected protection function

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If a parameter has been changed in the right control mode of the HMI Control unit and
the SET view is left, a message appears for accepting or discarding the changes, as
shown in the next figure.

From submenu prot. functions To submenu

prot. functions
To submenu
prot. functions

Protection functions Protection functions

Parameters Parameters
have changed! STORED

Leave & Store < --' to return

Select line
Leave & NOT Store

< --' to exec

Figure 15: Confirming the changes of the protection parameters

If the new parameter shall be stored, then the page has to be left using the "Leave
and Store" submenu. Afterwards the storing of the parameter will be confirmed. After
pushing the Enter < <-' > push buttons the menu page "protection function" will be
displayed again as from the beginning.

3.2.8 Service page

The service contains several sub-pages. The access to the sub-pages is allowed only
in the appropriate mode The selection can be performed by highlighting the
↑>, DOWN <↓
corresponding line in the page using the UP <↑ ↓> and the enter < <-' >
push buttons.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

Service page

- Statistics
- Versions
- Comm. address
- LCD contrast
Select line - MC time
- Load flow dir.
- Autoreclosure mode
- IEC 103 board

< --' to exec

Figure 16: Menu service page

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The service page contains the following submenus:

3.2.8.1 Statistics
On this page a list of some constants and FUPLA cycle time can be seen.

From submenu service

To submenu
Menu
service

Statistics

Configuration:
x
FUPLA cycle time:
xxxxx us

Figure 17: Display of the submenu Statistics

3.2.8.2 Versions
This page is dedicated to show the version of the firmware of the Micro Controller
(MC), the Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and some other information more.

From submenu service

To submenu
Menu
service

Versions
MC software:
xxxxx
DSP software:
xxxxx
RHMI software:
xxxxx
Protection date
date time
Fupla date
date time
Configuration file:
xxxxx
Strings file:
xxxxx

Figure 18: Display of the submenu Versions

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3.2.8.3 Communication address

The LCD shows the communication address of the REF542plus unit.

From submenu service

To submenu
Menu
service

Communication adress

xx

Figure 19: Display of the communication address

3.2.8.4 LCD Contrast

Through this page it is possible to modify the contrast of the LCD screen as shown in
the next figure.

From submenu service

To submenu
Menu
service

LCD contrast

adjust contrast
pressing UP and DOWN
buttons
adjust
contrast

Figure 20: Menu for adjusting the LCD contrast

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3.2.8.5 Internal MC Time (Device time)

The actual time of the MC is shown on the page. The time is edited using the UP < ↑
>, DOWN < ↓ > and the ENTER < <-' > push buttons.

From submenu service

To submenu
Menu
service

MC time

Date time

<--' to edit
adjust
date / time

Figure 21: Menu for adjusting the internal clock of the REF542plus

3.2.8.6 Load Flow Direction

The direction of the load flow according to the definition of the direction in the
protection functions is displayed on this page. The load flow direction is based on the
existing current and voltage of the power system by using the connection of the
current and voltage transformer sensors at site.

From submenu service

To submenu
Menu
service

Load flow direction

FORWARD

Figure 22: Display of the load flow direction

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3.2.8.7 Autoreclosure mode

On this page the autoreclosure can be switched on and off

Fromsub menu service

To submenu
service

Autoreclosure mode

NOT ENABLED

<--' to return

Figure 23: Switching the autoreclosure mode on the HMI Control Unit

3.2.8.8 IEC 60870-5-103 board

On this menu the installation of the communication board using the IEC 60870-5-103
standard protocols can be displayed. In REF542plus the standard protocol is
extended with some command functions according to VDEW (Vereinigung Deutscher
Elektrizitätswerke = Association of German Utilities) guideline. In the next figure the
LCD menu is shown.

From submenu service

To submenu
service

IEC 103 board

NOT INSTALLED

<--' to return

Figure 24: LCD menu for communication using IEC 60870-5-103 standard protocols.

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If the communication board is installed, then the following submenu can be selected:

Block Monitor Direction

If the submenu Block Monitor Direction is selected on the LCD, as shown in the next
figure, the transmission of all information, like e.g. measurement values, from the
REF542plus to the Station Automation System will be blocked.

From submenu service

To submenu Menu
service

IEC ... 103 board

- Block monitor dir.

- Test mode

<--' to exec

Figure 25: Selection of submenu Block Monitor Direction

After selection of the submenu block monitor direction, the page to see the status of
the monitor direction will be displayed. If desired a change in the status can be done.

From submenu IEC ... 103

To submenu Menu
IEC ... 103

Block monitor
direction

Monitor direction is
UNBLOCK

change status?

<--' to change

Figure 26: Changing of the status of block monitor direction

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Test mode

If the transmission function is being tested, the test mode of the communication board
must be selected. By applying this mode all information sent from the REF542plus to
the Station automation system will be foreseen with the corresponding cause of
transmission "Test Mode". In the next figure the change in status of the test mode can
be seen.

From submenu IEC... 103

To submenu Menu
IEC...103

IEC ... 103 test mode

IEC ... 103

Test mode is
INACTIVE

change status?

<--' to change

Figure 27: Changing of the status for the test mode

3.2.9 Test page

On this Page, the following test possibilities can be viewed:

• Test RHMI

• Test primary obj.

From main menu

To main menu
Menu

Test page

Test RHMI
Test primary obj.

Select line

< --' to exec

Figure 28: Display of the Test Page

This menu page displays several sub pages. The access to the sub pages is allowed
only in the appropriate mode. The selection can be performed by highlighting the
corresponding line on the page using the UP <↑↑>, DOWN <↓ ↓> and afterwards the
ENTER < <-' > push buttons.

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3.2.9.1 Test HMI Control Unit

This page displays a message indicating the button to press to start the test of the
HMI Control Unit. The test switches on and off all the existing LEDs in each color
available, writes the complete LCD area with letters and, at the end, automatically
returns back to the Test HMI page. During the Test, the HMI module is NOT active. It
means that:

the push-buttons are not active

LEDs and LCD do not display actual information

But all protection functions implemented in the FUPLA are active during this test
procedure.

3.2.9.2 Test Primary Switching Devices

In this test mode the possibility of testing the primary switching devices is displayed.
But all interlocks defined in the FUPLA are disabled.

Caution In the test mode the interlocking of the switching device is taken out of
operation.

The OPEN <O>, CLOSE <I> and SELECT < > push buttons can be used to perform
the test. When the test is terminated a warning and confirmation page is displayed:

Warning! All of the primary equipment must be in the correct position before going back
to normal operation.

From submenu test

To submenu
Menu
test

Test primary objects

Enter
TEST mode?

ALL Interlocks
will be disabled

< --' to accept

Figure 29: Menu for testing the swiching devices

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3.3 Single Line Diagram View

This view is displayed on the left hand side of the LCD. In some pages the whole LCD
is needed. In this case the single line diagram is not visible. Due to the relatively quick
refresh time, the status of the switching devices is displayed immediately after the
switching action has been performed.

3.4 Interface to local PC

The HMI can be interfaced to a PC through a point-to-point serial communication
channel. The connector is an optical one and is installed on the front-panel of the
HMI. By using this interface the configuration file can be downloaded or uploaded
from the local PC, which hosts the configuration tool, to the REF542plus central unit.
Besides that, protection and operation events and the value of the measurement
quantities stored in the REF542plus.For example, the content of the start/trip,
operation and measurements pages, can be uploaded from the local PC for
monitoring purpose. During this downloading or uploading phase the HMI acts as a
gateway redirecting the data to and from the REF542plus central unit.

The optical connector on the front side of the HMI is an ABB standardized type and
requires a special cable for connection to the PC. In this way the PC can be isolated
from the REF 542 plus. The maximal speed of the data transfer is for the time being
9.6 kbit/s. In the following release the speed of the data transfer will be extended.

Opto converter
29.50

D-sub

49.75 21.50

Figure 30: Physical interface between HMI and local PC

3.5 Interface HMI to Central Unit

The physical interface of the HMI to the central unit of the REF542plus is the
standardized RS485 connector with a maximum communication speed up to 38400
bit/s. The maximum length of the cable shall be less than 100 m.

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4 Operation
There are a total of six modes available for operating the HMI Control Unit on site.
Four of them are used to define the control functions and two to define the protection
functions. The control modes, as aleady mentioned before, are as follows:

No Control:
All control operations from the front panel of the HMI Control Unit are blocked

Local Control
Control operations of the switching device are enabled. Hereby the switching
devices are interlocked as defined in the control configuration.

Remote Control
In this mode, no local operation of the switching device is allowed. Control of the
switching device can only be performed remotely by SCADA or the station
automation system.

Local and Remote Control

In this particular mode remote as well as local operation is possible.

The modes for protection are as follows:

Set
In general this mode is used to set the protection parameters. Changing the
active parameter set and setting the protection function on site is only possible in
this mode. Many protection functions and their parameters are labelled differently
in the configuration software and on some pages on the LCD. The difference will
be shown later in "Parameter Names".

Operational
In this mode no local setting of the protection functions is possible. The
parameterization of the protection functions is only possible by the station
automation system.

4.1 Functions in Protection Mode

In the following table an overview of the functions in protection mode are list together.

Table 2:
Mode of Operation Set Operational
------------------------------------------- Protection Protection
Functionality
Local edit of protection setting Yes No
Remote edit of protection setting No Yes

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4.2 Functions in Control Mode

The HMI Control Unit can be used for local control of the switchbays. The following
table shows an overview of the functionality depending on the selected control mode.
In this case the status of the protection key does not have any impact on the control
and monitoring functionality.

Mode of Operation No Local Remote L & R

------------------------------------------- Control Control Control Control
Functionality
Local Control of Switching No Yes No Yes
Devices
Remote Control of Switching No No Yes Yes
Devices
Up- and Download of configured No Yes Yes Yes
Application
FUPLA monitoring No Yes Yes Yes
Export Fault Recorder No Yes Yes Yes

In the following Paragraphs, the functionality in control mode of the HMI Control Unit
will be described.

4.2.1 Selecting and Actuating the Switching Devices

A switching device shown in the Single Line diagram can be selected and switched
directly on the HMI Control Unit of the REF542plus . If an interlock condition is
violated, it cannot be switched. The interlocking status LED will then be red.

Press the < > key one or more times until the desired switching device is selected.
The selected switching device will be displayed inverted each time.Deciding which
switching device is selected with the first press of the key and which switchgear can
be selected is set in the configuration software.

Press the <O> or <I> push button to open or close the selected switching device.

If double actuation is activated, two switching commands in succession can be

executed in a defined period with the selected switching device. Otherwise the
switching device must be selected before every switching command.

4.2.2 Downloading a configuration from PC into REF542plus

This function is selected by the configuration software and is independent of the
status of the electronic key.

Warning! Try and avoid downloading an application into the REF542plus when the bay is
operating. The switchbay protection and control unit is inoperative while an
application is being loaded from a PC into the REF542plus.

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Note If the PC has several serial interfaces, ensure that the one set in the configuration
software is used.

Connect the optical cable with the RS232 interface on one end to the PC and the
optical interface to the HMI of the REF542plus.

Open the application delete, that is to be transferred in the configuration software.

Note If the alarm status LED is on, the application cannot be successfully exported from
the PC to the REF542plus.

Select the related menu item.

The test routine of the configuration program is now automatically started again. If
there is any error, the application cannot be exported.

Remove the optical cable after finalizing the download.

While the application is being transferred, status messages are shown in the
configuration software. Indications are given regarding which part of the configuration
data is being transferred. Messages about data received are also shown on the LCD
of the REF542plus. During the transmission of the application the Ready LED status
on the HMI Control Unit of the REF542plus is off. This indicates that the REF542plus
is not operating. When the transmission is finished, a message indicating that it is
complete appears in the configuration software. The REF542plus then restarts with
the new application. The Single Line diagram appears on the LCD screen and the
green Ready status LED is on again.

Once a new application has been created and loaded into the REF542plus, its cycle
time must be checked. The value can be found in the menu Service Page, submenu
Statistics, which will be mentioned later in this manual.

Warning! The cycle time of an application must be less than 30 ms to ensure good
functioning of the REF542plus.

4.2.3 Uploading a configuration from REF542plus into PC

This function is selected by the configuration software and is independent of the
status of the electronic key.

Warning! The functions of the REF542plus are not affected while an application is being
uploaded from the REF542plus to the PC. However, local control is not
available during this period.

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Note If the PC has several serial interfaces, ensure that one set in the configuration
program is used.

Connect the optical interface of the optical cable to REF542plus and the serial
interface RS232 to the PC.

Start the configuration software

Select the related menu item.

Remove the optical cable, after finalising the upload.
While the application is being transferred, status messages are shown in the
configuration program. Indications are given regarding which part of the application
data is being transferred. Messages on the data sent are also output to the LCD
screen. When the transmission is finished, a message appears in the configuration
program. If required, the application can be viewed and re-edited.

4.2.4 FUPLA Monitoring and Displaying Measurement Values

If required, the status of the binary inputs or outputs and the wires in the FUPLA can
be monitored. The connection between REF542plus and the PC must first be
established similar to the uploading of the configuration mentioned before. By
selecting the related menu item in the configuration software, the logical status of the
wires in the FUPLA can be viewed. Also all of the available measurement values can
be displayed on the PC after selecting the corresponding menu item in the
configuration software.

4.2.5 Local Export of fault recorder (when configured)

This function is selected by the configuration software and is independent of the
position of the electronic key. If a fault recorder is configured in the application, its
data can be exported from the REF542plus. The configuration software converts the
raw data to the COMTRADE format. The fault events can then be displayed using, for
example, the ABB WINEVE programs. The fault recorder data can also be
forwarded to the station automation system via the interbay bus, e.g LON per Lon
Application Guide (LAG) 1.4.

Connect REF542plus to the PC using the corresponding cable having a RS232

and an optical interface.

Start the configuration software.

Select the related menu item. If there are no fault records in the REF542plus, a
message indicating that, will appear in the configuration program.

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In case a fault is recorded the following dialog window appears:

Figure 31: Example of a dialog window for exporting fault records

The fault records stored in the REF542plus are shown in the side of the window. The
fault record with the highest number is the latest entry. The box window shows the
default file names of the fault records that are to be loaded.

Check the settings for saving the fault records on the PC in the Default
Settings information field.
The Path shows the memory location for the fault records.
The Prefix is the character combination that is placed in front of the four-digit
fault record number in the file name.
The Format shows the format to which the fault record data from the
REF542plus will be converted.
Please read the information in the following subsection to change the defaults.

Mark a fault record with the mouse and click the >> button. The file name under
which the fault record will be saved on the PC will appear on the right side of the
window. The characters >>> will appear in place of the moved fault record on the
left side of the window.
Repeat this operation for additional fault records if they are also to be saved.
If the Shift key on the keyboard is held down while marking the fault records,
several fault records can be marked simultaneously and then moved all at once
on the right side of the window with the >> button.
The << button removes a marked fault record from the list of fault records to be
loaded.

Click the OK button to export the marked fault records with the displayed defaults
from the REF542plus. The dialog window is closed and the user is returned to the
main menu of the configuration program.
The Cancel button stops the export of fault records to the PC. Changes to the
defaults are not saved. The dialog window is closed and the user is returned to
the main menu of the configuration program.

Status messages are shown in the configuration program during export of the data
from the fault recorder.

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Changing the default

Click the Modify Settings button to start the configuration dialog for
changing the fault records. The following dialog window appears:

Figure 32: Example of a dialog window for setting the fault record defaults

The list window, which indicates the current path, enables the memory location for the
fault records to be selected. To make a selection, double-click on the memory
location with the right mouse button. Then you can move through the directory trees
of the memory media step by step.

The input field Prefix allows the input of a maximum of 4 characters, which are
placed before the four-digit fault record number in the file name.
E.g.: Fault record 0034 will become file XXXX0034.dat when saved

Select the format in which the fault record should be saved in the file Format
selection list. In this version of the configuration program the fault records can only be
saved in the COMTRADE [ASCII] format. This format is read by programs such as
WINEVE from ABB, which proceses the fault record data and displays them
graphically.

4.2.6 Exporting the input or output status

The current values of the binary inputs or outputs on the REF542plus can be
displayed. They can also be printed and saved. Because the procedure and the
structure of the dialog window are identical, the two processes are described in
parallel.

It is also possible to export the status of the binary inputs and outputs regularly and
automatically.

Connect the optical interface of the HMI Control Unit of the REF542plus to the PC
serial interface with the optical-RS232 cable.

Start the configuration program.

Select the menu item Main Menu/Transfer/Input Status or Main Menu/

Transfer/Output Status.

One of the following dialog windows will appear: However, no data is yet shown in the
list field.

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Figure 33: Examples of the dialog windows for displaying the status of the analog inputs or
outputs

Click the Get new dataset button. If the connection to the REF542plus is
correct, the current data of the first two binary input and output boards will be
displayed in the corresponding list field after transmission:
The export date and time are followed by a list of the available binary
inputs/outputs. The status of the specific input/output is then given.
1: A logical 1 means BIO is contacted/can be tapped.
0: A logical 0 means BIO is contacted/can be tapped.
--: The input/output has not been defined in the function chart.
xxx: A connection to the REF542plus could not be established.

If it is not possible to connect to the REF542plus, an error message, which must be

acknowledged, will appear first.

Note The date and time are set by the exporting PC. Please ensure that the system time is
set correctly.

If the Get new dataset button is clicked again, another list with the new data
will be appended to the previous list.

Select the save dataset button to start a standard operating system dialog.
This enables the data to be saved in any directory under a name that can be
freely selected. The data is saved as ASCII text with line breaks.

Note There is a danger that the application will be overwritten. Therefore, do not select the
name of the current application.

Select the print dataset button to start a standard operating system dialog.
This enables the data to be output to a printer.

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Select OK button to close the dialog window and return to the main menu of
the configuration program. The Cancel button closes the dialog window and
returns the user to the main menu of the configuration program.

4.2.7 Exporting the operational measured values

Part of the operational measured values and the calculated values can be exported
from the REF542plus. They can also be printed and saved. Only the values that are
found in the screenshot below are displayed. For example, the external phase-to-
neutral voltages are not shown.
In addition, a configuration dialog can be started that displays the operational
measured values and, if selected, the status of the binary inputs and outputs.

Connect the optical interface of the HMI Control Unit of the REF542plus to the PC
serial interface with the related optical cable.

Start the configuration software.

Select the menu item Main Menu/Transfer/Measurement….

The dialog window shown below appears. Part of the information window is still
empty at this point and no data is shown.

Figure 34: Examples of the dialog window for displaying the operational measured values

Click the get new dataset button. If the connection to the REF542plus is
correct, the corresponding data will be displayed in the corresponding list field
after transmission: This is the current data at the time of transmission.
If it is not possible to connect to the REF542plus, two error messages appear.
After acknowledging them, the dialog window appears again with the empty
information window.

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If the get new dataset button is clicked again, the content of the information
window is updated.

Select the save dataset button to start a standard operating system dialog.
This enables the data to be saved in any directory under a name that can be
freely selected. The data is saved as ASCII text with line breaks.

Note There is a danger that the application will be overwritten. Therefore, do not select the
name of the current application.

Select the print dataset button to start a standard operating system dialog.
This enables the data to be output to a printer.

Select Exit button to close the dialog window and to return to the main menu of
the configuration program.

Select the Continuously Measuring button to start the dialog as shown in Figure
35. It regularly and automatically enables the operational measured values and the
status of the binary inputs and outputs to be exported from the REF542plus.

Figure 35: Configuration dialog for the continuous measured value scan

Enter the period between measurements in seconds into the input field get new
dataset after.
Setting range: 3 … 3600 seconds (One step: 1 second)
Default: 15 seconds

Mark the Binary Inputs and/or Binary Outputs checkboxes to include their
status in the continuous measured value acquisition process.
The input field above the two buttons (measuring) has no function.

Click the Start button to begin continuous acquisition of the operational

measured values (and the status of the binary inputs and outputs, if configured).
The dialog window is closed.
Click the Stop button to close the dialog window and thus stopping continuous
acquisition of measured values.

A standard operating system dialog window for file backup appears. The various
settings required to back up the data from the continuous measured value
acquisition are made here.
The data is saved as ASCII text with line breaks and the corresponding time

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information; some data is separated by tabs. New data is always appended to

previous data.

The dialog window with the operational measured values appears. This always
shows the last set of measured values transferred from the REF542plus. The OK
button has now become the Stop button.

Click the Stop button to stop continuous measured value recording. The Stop
button then becomes the Exit button.
Press the Exit button to close the dialog window and return to the main menu of
the configuration program.

4.3 Access to the Menu Pages

The access of the menu pages depends also on the seleted mode. The following
table shows the complete access list:

Mode of Operation / No Local Remote L & R Set Opera-

Menu page Control Control Control Control tional
E-Key Status Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Measurements Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Alarms Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Reset page
– Alarm Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
- max. values No Yes No No No No
– energy values No Yes No No No No
- CB cycles No Yes No No No No
- fault recorder No No No No Yes No
- Start/Trip No No No No Yes No
– counters No Yes No No No No
Start/Trip page Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Active set page
- View pameter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Change set No No no No Yes No
Protection functions
- View Parameter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Change Parameter No No no No Yes No
Service Page
– Statistics Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Versions Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Communication adress Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
- LCD contrast Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
- MC time Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
- Load flow direction Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Autoreclosure mode No No No No Yes No
- IEC 60870-5-103 board Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Test Page
- HMI Control Unit Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Primary No Yes No No No No

The handling of some important menu pages will be described in the following
chapters.

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4.3.1 Retrieving measured and calculated values

The measured and calculated values of the REF542plus can be continuously
displayed on the right half of the LCD screen. They are displayed as absolute values.
The maximum value within configurable time interval can also be indicated . For this
purpose the calculation of the maximum value must be configured in the configuration
software with the menu <Configure/Calculated Values>.

In addition, 3 further arbitrary measurement quantities, currents and/or voltages, can

be indicated by the LED-bar. A measurement range of e.g. 0 to 120% of the rated
value of each measurement quantity can be displayed.

The displayed values are arranged in a ring menu on several measurement pages.
Only those that have been measured or whose calculation has been configured are
displayed. The calculated values must also be required by a protection function. This
minimizes the DSP (protection and measuring processor) processing requirements.

The Selection of next/previous page can be achieved by pressing the UP < ↑ > or
DOWN < ↓ > push buttons to call up the next or previous pages in the ring menu. The
following table shows an overview of all possible displayed values, the corresponding
unit and the conditions required to display the value.

Displayed value Unit Condition

Current IL1 A Min. 1 current measurement connected at
analog input 1 or 4
Current IL2 A Min. 2 current measurement connected at
analog input 1,2 or 4,5
Current IL3 A Min. 3 current measurement connected at
analog input 1,2,3 or 4,5,6
Current I1L1 A Min. 6 current measurement connected at
Current I1L2 analog input 1, 2,3,4,5,6)
Current I1L3
Current I2L1
Current I2L2
Current I2L3
Current IE A Min. 1 current measurement connected at
analog input 7 or calculated by the ground fault
protection
Voltage U1E kV Min. 1 voltage measurement connected at
analog input 1 or 4
Voltage U2E KV Min. 2 voltage measurement connected at
analog input 1,2 or 4,5
Voltage U3E KV Min. 3 voltage measurement connected at
analog input 1,2,3 or 4,5,6
Voltage U12 kV Min. 2 voltage measurement connected at
analog input 1,2 or 4,5
Voltage U23 kV Min. 3 voltage measurement connected at
analog input 1,2,3 or 4,5,6
Voltage U31 kV Min. 3 voltage measurement connected at
analog input 1,2,3 or 4,5,6

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Displayed value Unit Condition

Voltage U11E kV Min. 6 voltage measurement connected at
Voltage U12E analog input 1, 2,3,4,5,6)
Voltage U13E
Voltage U112
Voltage U123
Voltage U131
Voltage U21E
Voltage U22E
Voltage U23E
Voltage U212
Voltage U223
Voltage U231
Current IL1m A Maximum value for IL1 is configured
Current IL2m Maximum value for IL2 is configured
Current IL3m Maximum value for IL3 is configured
Apparent power S kVA The power calculation is activated and the
Active power P kW. corresponding analog inputs are connected
Reactive power Q KVAr.
Active Energy KWh
Reactive Energy kVAh
Frequency Hz Always
Operating hours H Always (If the function block operating hours
counter is not activated, the time for which the
REF542plus is on the auxiliary voltage is
counted. If the function block operating hours
counter is activated, the time for which its
starting condition is met is counted.)
Switching cycles - CB is configured
Switched current kA
Phase Difference ° Indication only by activating the synchronism
Voltage Difference V check function
U11E kV
U12E kV
U13E kV
U112 kV
U212 kV
Motor temperature °C Indication by application of the thermal overload
Motor Start in min protection function
Trafo temperature °C Indication by application of the thermal overload
Trafo on in min protection function
Cable temperature °C Indication by application of the thermal overload
Cable On in min protection function
Energy counters - Max. 15, there are as many indication as the
number of counter configured

4.3.2 Viewing the LED Indications

The message texts of the eight LEDs can be set up as desired in the configuration
software. The text can be defined in independent of the LED color and should provide
information on what the LED is indicating. If desired, the indication of each LED can
be defined to be in latch mode. In this case, the reset of the latched LED should be
performed after the information is read out.

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4.3.3 Resetting the quantities saved in the unit

Various data are saved in the REF542plus. For example, this includes the switched
currents or the maximum currents per conductor in a specified period. The reset page
is used to delete specific data from the unit's memory.

Proceed as follows:
Set the electronic key for control to "local“. Then activate by using the UP < ↑ > or
DOWN < ↓ > push buttons on the Reset page submenu "Reset max. values". Then
the confirmation can be seen on the LCD screen. Getting back to the menu page is
achieved by pushing the Enter < <-' > button.

4.3.4 Viewing the Start/Trip page

The Start/Trip pages show full screen information based on the starting and tripping
of the configured protection functions. During the display of the Start/Trip page no
Single Line Diagram can be shown. This information is specific to the protection
functions and is available as soon as a protection function is started. The Start/Trip
page is structured as shown below:

Sequential number (0…65537, then 0 again),

Date and time stamping,

Name of protection function,

Action of protection function (start or trip) and

Various relevant values with units.

The data for the tripping page is saved in a ring buffer with a capacity of 50 entries. If
the ring buffer fills up, the oldest data will be deleted and the newest data saved
(FIFO strategy: First In, First Out).

Press the < Menu > and afterwards use UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons to
open the Start/Trip page. Press the UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons keys to
call up the previous or the next values. To leave the Start/Trip page again, press the
< Menu > key.

If the tripping page is opened in the event of a persistent fault, the times and trip
values are shown by *****. If the fault is successfully acknowledged, the
corresponding values will be shown instead of the asterisks.

4.3.5 Change the active parameter set

Most protection functions have two parameter sets in which different starting and
tripping characteristics can be specified. Changing the active parameter set is only
possible in the protection mode "Set". This page can be used to switch back and forth
between the two parameter sets. To proceed select the protection mode "set“ by
applying the right electronic key. Get into the "Active SET" page by pushing the UP <
↑ > or DOWN < ↓ >buttons. Then the active set will be displayed on the LCD screen.
By pushing the ENTER < <-' > button the active parameter set can be changed.

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Note If there is an alarm on the HMI Control Unit of the REF542plus, the active parameter
set cannot be changed. The alarm must first be acknowledged.

4.3.6 Viewing the parameters of the individual protection functions

Both parameter sets of the protection functions in the application can be viewed on
the menu page “Protection functions”. This menu page can be achieved by pressing
the <Menu> and afterwards using the UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons. On this
page the UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons can be used again to open the
desired parameter pages. Depending on the number of configured protection
functions, several pages are used for this purpose.

Many protection functions and their parameters are shown differently in the
configuration program and on the parameter pages. The differences will be listed and
mentioned later in Chapter "Parameter names".

4.3.7 Changing a parameter of a protection function

The various parameters of the configured protection functions can be changed on the
protection page. But it is required that on the menu page “electronic key status” the
protection status is set to “Set” mode by applying the related electronic key. Using the
UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons the parameter to be changed can be selected.
After confirmation by the ENTER < <-' >.push buttons, the parameter value can be
enlarged or reduced using the UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons again. Leaving
this page can be achieved by pressing the ENTER < <-' >.push button. If desired the
changed parameter values can be stored on the next menu.

4.3.8 Starting the Service Page

The service page can be viewed by pressing the < Menu > push button and selecting
the “Service Page” by scrolling up or down using the Up < ↑ > and the Down < ↓ >
push buttons. From this page, service the following subpages can be found and
accessed:

4.3.8.1 Viewing the FUPLA Cycle Time

The FUPLA cycle time can be viewed in the submenu “Statistics” of the menu
“Service page”. On this page the FUPLA cycle time can be viewed.

4.3.8.2 Viewing the Firmware Versions

The implemented firmware can be viewed in the above mentioned menu “Service
page”, submenu “Versions”.

4.3.8.3 Viewing the Communication Address

The actual communication address can also be viewed in the above mentioned menu
“Service page”, submenu “ communication address”.

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4.3.8.4 Setting the LCD screen contrast

The LCD is back lighted. The duration of the lighting is fixed for the time being. If one
of the push buttons is pressed, then the LCD lighting is automatically on. The lighting
contrast of the LCD screen on the REF542plus can be changed at submenu “LCD
contrast” in menu “Service page”. To adjust the LCD contrast the Up <↑ ↑> push button
or the Down <↓ ↓> push button can be applied again to increase or to reduce the LCD
contrast.

4.3.8.5 Setting the internal MC time

The submenu “MC time” is located in menu “Service page”. On this page the date and
time of the internal clock can be set by pressing at first the Enter < <-' > push button
for selecting the related value. Afterwards the selected value can be increased or
decreased by the using the Up <↑ ↑> push button or the Down <↓ ↓> push button.

4.3.8.6 Viewing the Load Flow Direction

To view the load flow direction the submenu “Load flow direction” of menu “Service
page” must be entered. The displayed direction of the load flow depends on the
terminal connection of the measured current and voltage analog measurement inputs.

4.3.8.7 Enable/Disable Autoreclosing

Some protection functions have the option of autoreclosing (AR). The autoreclosing
function may be activated or deactivated on the submenu “Autoreclosure mode”.

Note The autoreclosure must generally be enabled when setting up the application with the
configuration software

4.3.8.8 Setting Communication Board according to IEC 60870-5-103

If an optional communication board for the IEC 60870-5-103 protocol is installed in
the REF542plus and the local control mode is set on the submenu “IEC103 board”
the following parameters are provided:

Block Monitor Direction

When the parameter “Block monitor direction” is selected and confirmed by the Enter
< <-' > push buttons, the information generated in REF542plus will not be transferred
to the substation automation system. This is useful for testing the protection function
during the maintenace phase.

Test mode
In test mode all information to the station automation system is sent with the related
cause of transmission.

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4.3.8.9 Testing the switching devices

This submenu is used for testing the switching devices. All interlocking are
deactivated. This test mode can only be achieved in “Local Control” mode. After
accepting the information displayed on the LCD screen, that all interlocks will be
disabled, the testing of each switching device can begin.

Note When setting up the application with the configuration software the test mode must be
defined as enabled.

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5 Parameter names
Many of the protection functions and their parameters have different names in the
configuration software and on the following pages of the LCD screen:

Pages with the parameter view

Parameter setting pages

Tripping pages

This is the result of the limitation on the length of texts on the pages of the LC display
screen. The following table shows the equivalent names opposite one another.

Table 3: Different parameter name on configuration software and on LCD screen

Configuration Software Parameter Name on Setting Page
Current Protection functions
Inrush Blocking Inrush

N n
M m
Time Time

Overcurrent Instantaneous Overcurrent Inst

Overcurrent Definite Time High Set Overcurrent Def High
Overcurrent Definite Time Low Set Overcurrent Def Low

Start value Start

Time Time

Overcurrent Directional High Set Overc Def Dir High

Overcurrent Directional Low Set Overc Def Dir Low

Start value Start

Time Time
Direction Dir
– forward –0
– backwards –1

IDMT IDMT (type of curve)

I/In Start
k k

Earth fault high set Gnd Non Dir Hi

Ground fault low set Gnd Non Dir Low

Start value Start

Time Time

Ground fault Directional high set Gnd Dir Hi

Ground fault Directional low set Gnd Dir Low

Start value Start

Time Time
Network type Net type
– isolated –0

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Configuration Software Parameter Name on Setting Page

– earthed –1
Direction Dir
– forwards –0
- backwards –1

Groundfault IDMT Gnd IDMT (type of curve)

I/In Start
k k

Voltage Protection functions

Overvoltage Instantaneous Overvoltage Inst
Overvoltage High Set Overvoltage Def High
Overvoltage High Set Overvoltage Def Low
Residual Overvoltage High Set Resid OverV Def High
Residual Overvoltage Low Set Resid OverV Def Low

Start value Start

Time Time

Undervoltage Instantaneous Undervoltage Inst

Undervoltage High Set Undervoltage Def High
Undervoltage High Set Undervoltage Def Low

Start value Start

Time Time

Motor Protection functions

Number of Starts Nr. of Starts

Number of warm starts N warm

Number of cold starts N cold
Temperature for warm start T warm
Time Blocking time

Motor Start Motor start

Motor current Ie Ie
Start value Is Is
Time Time
Motor Start It

Thermal Overload Thermal Overload

T nom T nom
I nom I nom
Ini Temp T init
Time Constant I < 0.1 Ie TC OFF
Time Constant standard TC NORM
Time Constant I > 2 Ie TC FAULT
Max Temp T max
Warn Temp T warn
Enviro Temp T amb
Op Time Time

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Configuration Software Parameter Name on Setting Page

Block Rotor Blocking Rotor

Motor current Ie Ie
Start value Is Is
Time Time

Distance Potection
Distance Protection Distance protection

Network type Network type

– high ohmic –0
– low ohmic –1
Earth Start Est/Gst
– IE> used –0
– IE> unused –1
CT grounding Tr/Gr side
– Line side –0
– Busbar side –1
Switching onto faults Switch on fault
– Normal behavior –2
– Overreach zone used –0
– Trip after occurence of general start –1
Phase selection Phase S
– acyclical L3-L1-L2 –0
– cyclical L1-L2-L3-L1 –1
– acyclical L1-L3-L2 –2
– cyclical L3-L2-L1-L3 –3
Type of power transmission line
– Only cable – Cond. = 1 Struck = 0
– Only overhead line – Cond. = 1 Struck = 1
– Over before cable – Cond. = 0 Struck = 0
– Cable before overhead – Cond. = 0 Struck = 1
Border cable/overh Zb
– Cable reactance – Zcable
– Overhead line reactance – Zoverhead
I> I>
I0> I0>
IF> IF>
UF< UF<
Factor k EF Real
Angle k EF Imag
Signal comp time Sig C Time
Zone 1,2,3, Overreach, Autoreclosure Zone 1,2,3, Overreach Zone, AR Zone
- Resistance R –R
– Reactance X –X
– Angle Delta 1 – d1
– Angle Delta 2 – d2
– Time – Time
– Direction – Direction
– forward –0
– backwards –1
– zone unused –2

Dir. Backup Dir. Back up

– Direction - Direction
– forward –0
– backwards –1
– zone unused –2
– Time – Time
Non Dir Backup Non-dir backup
– Time – Time

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Configuration Software Parameter Name on Setting Page

Differential Protection
Differential Protection Differential protection

Transformer Group g
Transformer Earthing
– Primary side - ES1
– Secondary side - ES2
Primary Nominal Current (In1) In1
Secondary Nominal Current (In2) In2
Threshold Current Idt
Unbiased Region Limit Ibu
Slighly Biased Region Threshold Ids
Slighly Biased Region Limit Ibs
Heavily biased Slope Chi
Trip by Id> Id3
Second Harmonic
– Threshold Gamma
– Block H2BE
Fifth Harmonic
– Threshold Epsilon
– Block H5BE
Other Protection
Unbalanced load Unbalanced load

Is Ie
k k
Reset time Reset time
Timer decreasing rate alpha

Directional Power Directional power

Nom Real Power P nom

Max Rev Load Max Rev Load
Op Time Time
Direction Direction
– forwards –0
– backwards –1

Low Load Low Load

Nom Real Power P nom

Min Load Min Curr
Op Time Time

Frequency Supervision Frequency supervision

Start value Start

Time Time

Synchro Check Synchrocheck

Start value Delta U

Time Time
Phasen diff Delta phase

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6 Setting of Control and Protection Functions

The main task of the REF542plus is to carry out the protection functions in order to
rapidly and selectively switch off all faults that have occured in the system. Therefore,
the measurement quantities must be provided with related accuracy. That is why it is
essential, if applying the conventional measurement transformers, to carefully define
the requirements of the Current Transformer (CT). Otherwise the CT will go into
saturation. The CT in saturation impacts the behavior of the protection function and
consequently the selectivity of the whole feeder protection scheme. In the following
Paragraphs, some examples for setting control and protection functions will be
described.

6.1 Requirement on Current Transformer for Protection

Protection must switch off the system fault fast and selectively. To fulfill this task it is
necessary that the quantities of the current measurement are relatively good.
Therefore the CT for protection must meet the following requirement:

6.1.1 CT for Distance Protection

The behavior of distance and differential protection depends on the quality of the
current measurement quantities. In case of CT-saturation, which is normally caused
by a slowly decaying DC-component, the current measurement quantities could be
deformed in such a manner, that the distance protection is not in position anymore to
work properly. That is why it is necessary, the CT fulfills certain requirements
independent of the magnitude of the short circuit current at the place where the CT is
installed. In the following Paragraphs the design of the CT for protection purposes,
especially for distance protection in REF542plus is described. The design is done in
that way, so that the proper function of the distance protection is always guaranteed.
But after the tripping is released, the CT may be saturated, so that the accuracy of the
calculation of the fault impedance in the fault locator would be strongly affected.

In principle, CTs of the type TPS, TPX or TPY with accuracies according to IEC
60044-6 or better may be used. Also linearized CTs of the type TPZ can be applied.
Due to the thermal constant it must always be considered that the ratio between the
maximal short circuit current at CT-installation to the primary nominal current should
be less then 100. On the other hand it must also be taken into account, that the
minimal short circuit current, which has to be detected by the protection, should be in
the range of the setting parameter of the distance protection. Because the burden of
the CT is proportional to the square nominal current, it is recommended to use
preferably CT with 1A nominal current then 5A.

In principle the distance protection in the REF542plus has already been designed in
such way that it is not sensitive against CT-saturation. With the implemented
algorithm based on the Digital Fourier Transformation an unwanted tripping is not to
be expected. But the tripping time can be delayed for a long time, the whole
selectivity of the system could be in danger. That is the reason why it is necessary to
fulfill at least the following minimal requirements for the design and selection of the
CT. For this reason it is necessary, that the CT must be able to transfer the
symmetrical short circuit current without any saturation at faults immediately in the
neighborhood of the CT installation. From the protection point of view it is needed,
that faults in forward and the backward direction would not cause CT-saturation.

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In designing the CT, it is reasonable to apply the definition of the so called ‘knee
point’ voltage of the secondary side of the CT. As result of the above mentioned
minimal requirement, the knee point voltage can be formulated as follows:

æ ö
I I ç 0,1 VA
E 2 min ≥ Kmax Sn R
ç CT + RL +
IPn ç 2
IREF542
è
Thereby

E2min minimal knee point voltage under symmetrical short circuit current

condition,

Ikmax maximal symmetrical short circuit current on the CT primary side,

Isn nominal current of CT secondary side,

IREF542 nominal current of the distance protection in REF542plus,

RCT resistance of the CT secondary winding (internal burden),

RL resistance of the connection and additional burden.

Normally the maximum magnitude of the short circuit current will be in three phase
faults. In systems with the neutral point directly grounded it is also possible that the
magnitude of the short circuit current during a phase to ground fault is higher than the
short circuit current during a three phase fault. Therefore it is recommended, that the
short circuit calculation should at least be done for both mentioned cases. Then the
larger magnitude of short circuit current should be taken when designing the CT.
Furthermore, it is important to distinguished between phase to phase fault and phase
to ground fault when determining the knee point voltage. In the case of phase to
phase fault, only the resistance of the direct connection from REF542plus to the CT-
terminal has to be considered. In a phase to ground fault the connection to the neutral
of the CT has also to be taken into account.

In principle the distance protection within REF542plus can be operated with above
the minimal knee point voltage. In case of a fault, where the short circuit current is
super positioned by DC-component, the occurrence of CT-saturation cannot be
avoided. In such cases the tripping of the distance protection could be delayed by up
to three times the net time constant. The fast tripping time, which is under sinusoidal
measurement quantities of about 30 ms, would not be achieved anymore. The
consequence is that the selectivity of the system could be in danger.

When the saturation of the current transformer cannot be avoided, it is recommended

setting the first impedance zone of the distance protection with the fast possible
response time of 30 ms. This setting strategy is necessary to relieve the CT as much
as possible. By applying this setting the CT has only to transfer correctly the short
circuit current for about 25 ms.

For the design of the CT is must be assumed that the fault location is in the middle of
the first impedance zone of the distance protection. Then the CT must be able to
transfer the short circuit current correctly within the first 25 ms. Under this condition
the distance protection would still generate the tripping of the circuit breaker after a
short tripping time of 30 ms. This rule has been derived from an extensive computer
simulation study.

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i [A]

20

10

-10

-20

0 20 40 60 80
I1 I2 I3
Current transformer with nominal burden
Current = n x In (n=10 at knee point voltage); Net time constant = 50 ms

Figure 36: An example of current calculation from computer simulation

In figure 36, above an example of the short circuit current calculation in distance
protection REF542plus is shown. The CT is nominally burdened. The symmetrical
part of the short circuit current is, in this case, in accordance with the so called
nominal overcurrent-number, which means that under symmetrical condition the knee
point voltage is exactly achieved. The time constant of the decaying DC-component is
50 ms. Thereby I1 is the primary, I2 the secondary current of the CT and I3 the
calculated current using an algorithm based on Digital Fourier Transformation. Due to
the CT-saturation in the first 25 ms the result of the current calculation leads only to
35% of the real magnitude of the short circuit current. The consequence is that the
fault will be wrong calculated which results in an error of the real fault-distance. The
tripping of the protection will be delayed accordingly. That is the reason why it is
necessary to fulfill the above mentioned requirement.

By means of short circuit calculation the maximal magnitude of all short circuit current
and the corresponding net time constant at every CT installation places can be
determined. Then to calculate the minimum required knee point voltage the following
equation can be applied:

IKmax I Sn æç 0,1 VA
ö
E 2DC ≥ ç R CT + RL + 2 K (ct )
IPn ç I
è REF542
Thereby is:

E2DC needed knee point voltage in case of short circuit current with

decaying DC-component

Ikmax maximal symmetrical short circuit current of the CT primary side,

Isn nominal current of the CT secondary side,

IREF542 Nominal current of distance protection within REF542plus,

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RCT Resistance of the secondary winding (internal burden),

RL Resistance of the connection and additional burden,

K(ct) Factor for the design of the CT in case of super position by DC-

component.

The factor K(ct) is proposed for the design of the CT. By using this factor no
saturation can happen within the first 25 ms after the fault has appeared. The values
of the factor K(ct) can be taken from the next figure.

Figure 37: Factor K(ct) for the CT-design in used with distance protection.

6.1.2 CT for Differential Protection

The same requirement as in the case of distance protection must also be taken into
account, if a transformer is to be protected by the differential Protection. It is
necessary that the first 25 ms of the short circuit current can be replicated on the
secondary side without saturation. Within this time the differential protection can
decide whether the fault is inside or outside the protection zone. If this possibility is
not given, then the tripping time at fault inside the protection zone can be delayed due
to the difficulties of detecting the fault location.

6.1.3 CT for IDMT and Definite Time Overcurrent Protection

Current transformers complying with IEC VDE Class 5P. or 10P. are recommended.
C.Ts designed according to the following requirements guarantee a correct relay
tripping function.

The above mentioned protection function also provides a safe tripping signal with
saturated C.T.

The high set instantaneous units that are normally realized by the function
instantaneous overcurent protection, start up within their specified operating time as
long as the maximum fault current is not higher than 10 times the symmetrical current
for which the C.T. begins to saturate. A d.c. offset in the fault current would not have
a remarkable influence on the operating time but may increase the delay.

For the inverse time units that are is normally realized by the function IDMT
protection, no c.t. saturation is acceptable up to 20 x IB. Above this limit c.t. saturation

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is allowed, but this then will have an influence on the operation time delay, namely the
c.t. saturation will increase the tripping time of this IDMT protection function a little
with short delay settings.

It is recommended making use of the low relay setting values (i.e. IB = 0,1 x In) and a
proposed C.T. rated current is as follows:

ICT1 ≤ 6 x IL for IDMT protection

ICT1 ≤ 2 x IL for thermal protection

ICT1 = 1 x IL for any combination, when ground fault protection

functions will be added by calculating the zero sequence component of the
ground fault current.

Thereby:

ICT1: rated primary current of the c.t.

IL: primary load current of the feeder.

IB: basic setting of the protection function.

Warning! When a ground fault overcurrent function is applied by the calculation of the
zero sequence component of a three phase c.t. group and if the c.t.'s would
saturate, they will produce current signals. The output current also will appear
without having a ground fault. Under these circumstances the c.t. design
and/or the relay setting must be done in the correct way.

6.2 Power Factor Controller

The power factor controller function is in position to compensate the reactive power
with a maximum of 4 banks of capacitors that can be switched on and off. The power
factor controller is designed for reactive power compensation in power systems. The
magnitude of the reactive power in the network is derived from the measured power
factor. Consequently the power factor controller permanently monitors the power
factor, which is defined as the ratio of the effective power to the active power.

When a reactive power consumer is switched into the network, the current variable
increases. Simultaneously the phase displacement increases in relation to the asso-
ciated voltage quantity. As a result, the active power increases and the power factor
is reduced by the same amount. Because of the increase in the current variable and
the angle for the phase displacement, an increased voltage drop in the power system
must be expected.

The following figure shows the origin of the increased voltage drop. The section on
the left shows the single-pole equivalent c.t. circuit of the power system. In this case
U 1 is the source voltage, assumed constant, U 2 is the voltage in the network with the
activated consumer of active power and reactive power. To simplify the explanation,
the transformation ratio of the transformer is assumed to be 1. The center of the
diagram shows the case where only pure active power is consumed. The current and
voltage quantities are in phase. As shown in the vector diagram, the amplitude of the
voltage U 2 is virtually uninfluenced by this. However, if additional inductive reactive
power is used, as shown in the vector diagram on the right, the amplitude of the
voltage U 2 in the network can be substantially reduced.

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U1 U2 U1
U1
U2

U2
I I

Figure 38: Increase in voltage drop resulting from inductive reactive power

To maintain the voltage drop within limits in the event of a high consumption of
reactive power, capacitors must be used for compensation. The power factor
controller function integrated in the REF542plus switchbay control and protection unit
offers the option of regulating the demand for capacitor power to compensate for the
inductive reactive power in networks with variable reactive power consumption and
therefore enabling optimum switching of the required capacitor banks.

Function

The principle of compensation of the reactive power is explained in Figure 39. P is the
active power and Q the reactive power. As in the vector diagram in the previous
illustration, the active power P is shown on the vertical axis and the reactive power Q
on the horizontal axis. The power factor cos ϕ1 , which is shown as a straight line in
the diagram, shows the relationship between the active power P1 and the active
power S1. The active power S1 is again dependent on the magnitude of the consumed
reactive power Q1 . This enables the consumption of reactive power to be
compensated with the aid of the measured power factor so the voltage drop in the
network always remains within the allowable tolerance limits.

Q1 S1

ϕ1
P
P1

Figure 39: Reactive power diagram

The capacitor output required to compensate for the reactive power consumption can
be determined as shown in the power diagram in the Figure 40. In this case cos ϕ1 is
the set power factor, which is generally referred to as the reversal point in the power
factor controller. The resulting active power is S1 , active power P1 and reactive power

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Q1. Furthermore, S2 is the instantaneous active power, P2 the instantaneous active

power and Q2 the instantaneous reactive power.

Q2 S2

Q1 S1

ϕ1
P
P1 = P2

Figure 40: Determining the capacitor output for compensation

To determine the required capacitor output, the active power P1 at the reversal point
or at the set power factor cos ϕ1 is set to be equal to the instantaneous active power
P2. The associated or the allowable reactive power Q1 can then be calculated with the
following equation:

1 − cos 2 ϕ1
Q1 =
cos ϕ1

The reactive power ∆Q that must be compensated is calculated from the difference of
the instantaneous and the allowable reactive power as follows:

∆Q = Q2 − Q1
As a result, the capacitor output for the capacitor banks that are to be switched on or
off to compensate for the reactive power can be determined depending on the sign of
the reactive power ∆Q that is to be compensated.

Operating modes and requirements

The power factor controller has the following operating modes:

Manual

Automatic

During manual operation every individual capacitor bank can be switched on or off via
the inputs provided for the purpose. This requires the signals for switching on and off
to be pulse-type signals.

If a capacitor bank is switched on, a logical signal 1 will show at the associated
output. When it is switched off, the output will show a logical signal 0.

To ensure that the controller is always informed of the switch status of the capacitor
banks, checked confirmations of the switch settings must be fed back via the binary
inputs.

The reactive power compensation should normally only be required when the network
is in operational status. Therefore, the power factor controller's activities are made
dependent on the voltage status of the power system. For this reason, project
planning for reactive power compensation must ensure that the power factor

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controller always includes the overvoltage (U>>) function and the undervoltage (U<<)
function for monitoring the voltage status in the network. If one of the set voltage
limits, either overvoltage or undervoltage, is exceeded and the associated time delay
has expired, all active capacitor banks are immediately switched off. This function is
independent of whether the power factor controller is in manual or automatic
operating mode. The binary input VMIN/MAX is used for this function.

The binary input DISCONNECT also has the capacity to disconnect all active
capacitor banks on receiving the logical signal 1.

Time settings

After the auxiliary voltage supply has been activated, the function of the power factor
controller is first blocked by the initialization period. It is in operation again only after
expiry of this initialization period. The initialization period is also started when the
voltage in the network returns after a system fault, e.g. when the undervoltage
protection is reset from the operating position, the binary input DISCONNECT is
active. Reasonably, the initialization period should always be set to be greater than
the blocking time for discharging the capacitor banks.

If a capacitor bank is switched on to compensate for reactive power during a control

process, transient processes will generally be initiated in the network. Determining the
power for control must therefore be delayed until the transient process has mostly
subsided. The dead time required for this must be set in the power factor controller.
Further switching of the capacitor group will only be enabled when the dead time has
expired. However, this requires the capacitor bank in question to be already fully
discharged.

When a capacitor bank is switched off, the stored power must first be discharged. For
vent its being switched on again. The power factor controller can have a discharge
blocking period set. This ensures that a capacitor bank has sufficient time to
discharge the accumulated power before being switched on again.

Indications

As noted in the previous section, control is started only when the input of reactive po-
wer in the network falls below the power factor cos ϕ set as the reversal point. In
addition, to be able to supervise the input of reactive power in the network
continuously, the power factor controller has an additional setting for power factor cos
ϕ to generate an alarm message (binary output ALARM COS ϕ). It makes sense for
the setting value for cos ϕ=alarm to be set to less than the setting value for cos
ϕ=reversal point for starting the control process. This enables the cos ϕ=warning to be
generated only if the power factor controller cannot switch on a capacitor bank
because of operating conditions.

However, if all capacitor banks are already switched on and the reversal point still has
not been reached, the alarm Q (binary output ALARM Q) will be generated. This
signals that the needed reactive power can no longer be compensated, because all
capacitor banks are already switched on.

In the event of a power system fault, such as when the overvoltage protection or
undervoltage protection function is activated (binary input V MIN/V MAX is used for
this function), all switched-on capacitor banks will be switched off. Then the General
Alarm (binary output ALARM GENERAL) is generated.

The power factor controller also has inputs that will generate the General Alarm
message when they receive a signal. In this case information on overtemperature
(binary input OVERTEMP.) in the capacitor banks or the upper limit of the service
voltage U> (binary input V A MAX) on the relevant inputs being exceeded is present.

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As soon as the General Alarm is generated, the power factor controller functions are
blocked in the automatic mode. The power factor controller can only be reactivated
after this indication has been reset.

The number of switchgear switching cycles for switching the individual capacitor
banks on or off is monitored and compared with the set value for the switching cycles.
If this value is exceeded, an alarm is sent (binary output ALARM OPERAT.)

Automatic power factor controlling

In automatic operating mode the power factor and its required reactive power in the
network is continuously monitored. The sign of the difference of the reactive power
∆Q, which is determined from the current and allowed reactive power, enables the
capacitor banks to be switched on or off with reference to compensation for the
reactive power. If the sign is positive, a capacitor bank must be switched on. In the
event of a negative sign, an appropriate bank must be switched off.

To switch on a capacitor bank, a reactive power must first be defined as the activating
threshold QON . The activating threshold here must be set by multiplying an adjustable
factor KON in percent by the smallest installed reactive power of a capacitor bank QCO.

QON = K ON QC0
Then capacitor bank 0 (C0) is set as the smallest bank. The controller is enabled for
the reversal point set as power factor cos ϕ as soon as the relationship between the
compensating reactive power ∆Q in the network and the smallest installed capacitor
output QC0 is greater than the set activating threshold QON in percent. This is shown
by the following equation:

æ ∆Q K ON ö
çç − >0
è QC0 100%
The number NON (QCO) of the capacitor banks to be switched on can be determined
with the follo-wing relationship:

æ ∆Q K ON ö
N ON (QC 0 ) = çç − +1
è QC0 100%
Once a capacitor bank is switched on, a set dead time sequence starts. It should be
delayed until the transient processes in the network have somewhat subsided. Power
calculation will only be resumed after expiry of this dead time and only then a control
process will be permitted to start again.

However, if the inductive reactive power decreases, the current power factor cos ϕ in
the network may become capacitive. In this case, the reactive power ∆Q, which is ge-
nerated from the difference between the current and the resulting reactive power
corresponding to the reversal point, will naturally have a negative sign. This
capacitive state is also not desirable for system operation, because in these
circumstances overvoltages could be expected in the system. As a result, in this case
at least one capacitor bank must be switched off. A criterion for the switch-off
threshold must also be defined here, similar to that above for switching on.

QOFF = (K OFF − K ON ) QC0

In this case QOFF is the switch-off threshold defined here to switch off the capacitor
bank, KOFF is the so called insensitive zone in percent (hysterisis) that can be set on
the power factor controller, KON is the adjustable factor for the activating threshold in
percent and QC0 is again the smallest installed power of a capacitor bank. The power

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factor controller will enable the control for switching off the capacitor bank if the ratio
of the negative reactive power difference ∆Q to the smallest installed capacitor output
is greater than the switch-off threshold QOFF in percent. This is shown by the following
equation:

æ ∆Q Q ö
çç − ON > 0
è QC0 100%
The number NOFF (QC0) of the capacitor units that are to be switched off can be
determined. with the following relationship:

æ ∆Q QOFF ö
NOFF (QC 0 ) = çç − −1
è QC0 100%

cos ϕ

Figure 41: Configuration of the capacitor banks for reactive power compensation in the
network

The figure above shows an example of the configuration of the capacitor banks for
compensating reactive power in a single-line view. Capacitor banks must be swit-
ched on and off depending on the power intake of the inductive consumer, so that the
power factor does not drop below the allowable limit.

The REF542plus bay control and protection unit enables a control process to be run
with a maximum of 4 capacitor banks. The various capacitor banks are referred to as
bank C0, bank C1 , bank C2 and bank C3. The individual capacitor banks can be
defined separately or differently with the same reactive power. In the case of different
power ratings, bank C0 must be configured with the smallest capacitor output. Then
the recommended power rating based on C0 is listed in the following table.

C0 / C0 C1 / C0 C2 / C0 C3 / C0
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2
1 2 2 2
1 2 4 4
1 2 4 8

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If all capacitor banks are defined equally, it is possible to switch them on and off in
accordance with a linear or a circular switching program. With a linear switching
program the capacitor banks are switched on in ascending order and switched off in
descending order of indices. In contrast, with a circular switching program the
capacitor banks are always switched on and off in ascending order.

The capacitor banks are switched on or off in accordance with the calculated number
NON or NOFF . Only the calculated whole number before the decimal point is taken into
account. For example, if it is assumed that the calculated number of capacitor banks
to be switched on is equal to 3 and if the configuration of the capacitor banks is set to
1:2:4:8, the controller first attempts to switch on the next lower bank C1 with 2QC0 . If it
is known from the reconfirmation of the switch that bank C1 is already switched on,
the next smaller bank C0 will be addressed with QC0 . However, if bank C1 is already
switched on, the next free bank, for example bank C2 with capacitor output 4 QC0 , will
be selected and switched on.

After bank C2 has been switched on, the control function is first blocked for the
duration of the set dead time. The reactive power controller only becomes active
again after expiry of the dead time. Because the switched-on capacitor output is too
big in the event of unchanged network conditions, the power factor controller will have
to detect that a capacitor bank with power QC0 should be switched off. If the switch-off
conditions, which must be determined from the setting of the neutral zone, are met,
the switch-off process for bank C0 will be started. Switching off the capacitor banks is
in principle similar to switching them on.

6.3 Current protection functions

The overcurrent time protection, definite time or inverse time (IDMT), directional or
non-directional, acts as the main protection for simple feeder fields. It switches off
overcurrents that are above the maximum load current with a time delay. Which
overcurrent time protection will be used depends on the operator's protection policy
and also on the network configuration.

A non-directional definite time overcurrent protection is sufficient for a simple radial

network with a defined power direction from one power supply to several consumers.
The time delay set here depends on where the protection device is installed and is
specified in the setting table. The shortest delay period is set on the overcurrent time
protection that has the shortest distance to the end user. The delay period is adjusted
to the smallest phase fault current or the largest load current. In the setting table the
next higher-order overcurrent time protection contains a longer delay period and a
higher tripping current.

In some countries the inverse time overcurrent protection (IDMT) is used instead of
the definite time version. In this case, the delay period is inversely proportional to the
flowing fault current; if the fault currents are increasing, the trip time decreases.
Several hyperbolic (inverse time) time characteristics are available. To optimize the
relay setting, the same time characteristic for all overcurrent relays should be set for
the entire network.

If a ring or mesh network is being configured, definite time and inverse time (IDMT)
can no longer be selectively graded. In this case, as a minimum, directional definite
time overcurrent functions must be used. The protection system will then operate
selectively. With complex mesh networks even the directional definite time
overcurrent is no longer sufficient. Distance protection is required in this case.

All overcurrent protective functions can also be implemented as backup protective

functions in transformer and carrier feeders or cable feeders. This implementation is

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also referred to as an emergency overcurrent definite time with carrier and cable
feeders.

In motor feeders the overcurrent definite time functions are included as permanent
components of the motor protection.

The items described above refer to overcurrent time protective functions for phase to
phase and also for phase to earth fault. In the latter case the analog measured
quantities can be calculated from the total of the line currents or can be tapped as
measured quantities at the seventh measuring input of the REF542plus.

The functioning and setting of the earth fault time protective functions depend,
particularly with the directional protection, on how the system earthing of the network
is handled. With low-resistance neutral point treatment the earth fault currents reach
values in the range of the multiphase phase fault currents. Therefore, the term "zero-
sequence current" is used. If the network neutral point has a high-resistance earth
resistance or even insulated, the earth fault current has very low values, and it is
referred to as earth fault current.

Depending on whether the network neutral point is earthed directly via a resistor or a
coil or operated unearthed, the phase angle between the residual current and the
zero-sequence voltage changes. This must be observed with the earth fault
directional function for locating earth faults.

6.3.1 Inrush blocking

The following current protection function can be impeded by the inrush current
blocking on tripping. Additional circuitry in the function chart is not required for this.

Overcurrent definite time protection/overcurrent instantaneous

Overcurrent definite time protection/overcurrent high

Overcurrent definite time protection/overcurrent low

Directional overcurrent definite time protection/overcurrent directional high

Directional overcurrent definite time protection/overcurrent directional low

If other protective functions are impeded by the inrush current blocking on their
tripping, their blocking must be implemented in the FUPLA.

Note To ensure that the inrush current blocking functions properly, the overcurrent definite
time functions must be included in the application.

The inrush current blocking can be activated on the basis of the evaluation of the tem-
poral course of the measured current (rms value). To represent a switch-on process,
the measured current must exceed the configurable value M·I> within 60 ms and then
after another 100 ms fall to less than M·0.65·I>. Overall, the inrush current blocking
remains active during the parametrization period (tESB). Here I> is the starting value of
the overcurrent low protective function. If this function is not configured, a standard
value of 0.05·IN is used.

The inrush current blocking itself is activated if the measured current exceeds the limit
N·I>> in less than 20 ms after the starting procedure. If this limit remains exceeded for
at least 60 ms after the starting process, the inrush current blocking is immediately
tripped. In this case, the tripping of the surge short circuit protective function I>>
would still be delayed by the delay period t>> set there.

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The following two diagrams are not to scale and are provided solely for a better
understanding of the explanations of how the inrush current blocking functions. The
variables M and N and also tESB (time) may be set in the configuration software.

The first diagram describes a detected switch-on process. The three conditions
required for this have been met. Therefore, the inrush current blocking prevents the
protection functions from being tripped for the time tESB.

First condition: The current exceeds the M·I> limit within 60 ms.

Second condition: The current falls below the 0.65·M·I> limit within the next
100 ms.

Third condition: The current remains below the N·I>> limit within the period
tESB.

Figure 42: Current-time characteristic of the detected switch-on process when using inrush
current blocking

The following diagram describes a detected fault. The three conditions required for
detecting a switch-on process are not all met. The inrush current blocking prevents
the protective functions described initially from being tripped for only 160 ms.

First condition: The current exceeds the M·I> limit within 60 ms.

Second condition: The current does NOT fall below the 0.65·M·I> limit within
the next 100 ms. Depending on the amount of the current, either the
overcurrent high protective function or the overcurrent low I> protective function
is activated. It is then tripped after the 160 ms plus the relay period and the
minimum delay period set in the protective function for which that of the fault
current must flow.

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Third condition: The current remains below the N·I>> limit within the period tESB.

The diagram shows the current paths that are possible in principle in which one of the
two current protective functions is addressed.

Figure 43: Current-time characteristic of the detected fault when using inrush current blocking

The last diagram describes a detected fault (overload). The three conditions required
for detecting a switch-on process are not all met. The inrush current blocking prevents
other protective functions from being tripped for only 60 ms.

First condition: The current does NOT exceed the M·I> limit within 60 ms.
Depending on the height of the current, either the overcurrent high protective
function or the overcurrent low I> protective function is activated. It is then
tripped after the 60 ms plus the relay period and the minimum delay period set
in the protective function for which that of the fault current must flow.

Second condition: The current does NOT fall below the 0.65·M·I> limit within
the next 100 ms. This condition is not evaluated by the inrush current blocking,
because a current protective function has already been activated and if
necessary, tripped.

Third condition: The current remains below the N·I>> limit within the period
tESB.

The diagram shows the current paths that are possible in principle in which one of the
two current protective functions is addressed.

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Figure 44: Current-time characteristic of the detected overload when using inrush current
blocking

6.3.2 Directional overcurrent protection

There are two directional definite time functions in the REF542plus, each of which
can be independently activated and have parameters set:

Overcurrent directional low and

Overcurrent directional high.

The directional phase fault current protection function evaluates the value of the
measured current. If the setting value is exceeded the protection will be activated.
After the set operation time is expired the protection function will be tripped.

To determine the fault direction the REF542plus must be connected to all phase
voltages. The protection function has a voltage memory, to enable a directional
decision to be made even if a fault occurs in the immediate area of the voltage
transformer/sensor.

The detection of the direction is made by the sound phases. A directional signal can
be sent to the opposite station with the output (trip) and/or (BO). The content of a
directional signal from the opposite station (BS output) can be used to release tripping
of its own directional protective function. This enables a directional comparison
protection to be established if there is a signal connection between the stations.

In the following figure in case of a three phase fault the forward and backward
direction in the impedance diagram is shown. Due to the application of the sound
phases, the directional decision area in case of unsymmetrical fault condition can
change depending of the system parameter.

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Forward
R

Backward

Figure 45: Impedance diagram of the directional area of the directional overcurrent protection
in case of a three phase faults

The one or two-stage, three-phase autoreclosure (AR) can be activated with the
directional surge short circuit protection I>>dir.

6.3.3 Definite Time Overcurrent Protection

The REF542plus has three independent overcurrent time protective functions, which
can be independently activated and the parameters set:

Overcurrent definite time low

Overcurrent definite time high and

Overcurrent definite time instantaneous.

Each one can be configured as two-phase or three-phase. The definite time functions
evaluate the rms value and the initial phase-fault current function also evaluates the
1/√2- peak value of the measured current value. If the set response time is exceeded,
the activation occurs first. If the response time is exceeded for at least the time setting
parameter, it is tripped. It is phase-selective for these functions.

The three definite time functions enable an overcurrent time-step characteristic to be

generated for one feeder, which is shown in the following figure.

Figure 46: Schematic view of the definite time tripping steps

The one or two-stage autoreclosure (AR) can be activated with the surge I>> and the
initial I>>> phase-fault current function.

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Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the three independent overcurrent
time protective functions.

6.3.4 IDMT
The REF542plus enables an IDMT function in which the four current-time
characteristics can be selected to be activated:

Normal inverse,

Very inverse,

Extremely inverse and

Long-term inverse.

The function can be configured as single-phase or three-phase. The trip signal for the
function is not phase-selective. Two parameter sets can be configured for the
function.

The IDMT function evaluates the rms value of the measured current value. If the fault
current factor is exceeded by 1.14 times, the activation occurs first. If the response
time is exceeded for at least the time setting, it will be tripped. The time delay
depends here on the current quantity and the selected current-time characteristic.
The formula for the trip time according to British Standard (BS) 142 and IEC 60255-3
is as follows:

kß k
t = t =
(I I EB ) α
−1 (G GS )α −1

BS142 IEC60255-3

t: Time until the protective function trips under sustained overcurrent

k: Curve parameter (0 =k =1)(BS 142) or time value (IEC 60255-3)
α=: Constant according to the list below
ß=: Constant according to the list below (BS 142)
I/I EB : Fault current factor
I = G: Actual measured current; already transformed by the transducer/sensor
IEB = GS : Base current setting value: Minimum current at which the protection is
activated; already transformed by the transducer/sensor

The following table shows the two constants α=and ß=of the four different current-time
characteristics. To retain the specific families of curves, the formula in accordance
with BS 142 is used and the k-factor of 0.1 to 1 is increased in increments of 0.1.

Current-time characteristic α (BS142) ß (BS142) k (IEC 255)

Normal inverse 0.02 0.14 0.14
Very inverse 1.0 13.5 13.5
Extremely inverse 2.0 80.0 80.0
Long time inverse 1.0 120.0 120.0

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6.3.5 Earthfault protection function

The REF542plus has two earthfault timer functions, which can be activated and the
parameters set independently of each other:

Earthfault low and

Earthfault high.

Each earthfault function is single-phase configured. This gives the option of

calculating the earthfault current from the sum of the three phase currents. This can
be done in networks with low-resistance neutral earthing in which large zero-
sequence currents occur with no other settings.

The second option is to connect the earthfault current measuring input to a separate
residual current transformer. This option should be used in networks with high-
resistance, compensated or isolated neutral point. Very small earthfault currents
occur here. Therefore a separate residual current transformer in the primary circuit is
needed for this purpose. This can be implemented very easily with cable feeders as a
converted transformer.

The earthfault current timer functions evaluate the rms value of the measured residual
current or the calculated neutral current. As soon as the response time is exceeded,
the protective function is activated. If the response time is exceeded for at least the
set time delay, the protective function will be tripped.

The one or two-stage autoreclosure (AR) can be activated with the Earthfault high
protection.

Two parameter sets can be configured for both earthfault stages.

6.3.6 Directional Earthfault protection

The REF542plus has two directional earth fault functions, each of which can be in-
dependently activated and the parameters set:

Earthfault directional low

Earthfault directional high.

Each earth fault current function is single-phase configured. This gives the option of
calculating the earth fault current from the sum of the three phase currents, which can
be done in networks with low-resistance neutral earthing in which large zero-
sequence currents occur with no other settings.

The second option is to connect the earth fault current measuring input to a separate
residual current transformer. This option should be used in networks with high-
resistance, compensated or isolated neutral point. Very small earth fault currents
occur here. A separate residual current transformer is included in the primary circuit
for this purpose. This can be implemented very easily with cable feeders as a
converted transformer.

Current and voltage quantities must be connected to the function to detect the
direction. The required zero-sequence voltage is calculated from the three phase
voltages.

The earth fault directional protection functions evaluate the values of the neutral
current and the neutral voltage. Calculated or measured quantities may be used. In

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the case of the earth fault directional protection, all three voltages must always be
configured and connected, because the REF542plus uses the sum of the three phase
voltage values.

To decide the direction for networks with permanent, low or high-resistance and with
a compensated neutral point, the effective power proportion of the neutral system is
calculated and evaluated. The reactive power proportion of the neutral system is used
for networks with isolated neutral point. A minimum neutral current and neutral
voltage value is required to calculate the effective or reactive power of the zero
sequence system. The minimum neutral current value corresponds to the earth fault
current setting value of the function and the minimum neutral voltage value is
permanently set and equals 10% of the neutral to earth voltage value.

If the set earth fault current response time is exceeded and the minimum required
voltage value for specifying the directional decision is present, the protective function
will be activated. If it remains activated for at least the set time delay, the protection
function will trip.

Two parameter sets can be configured for both protection functions.

6.3.6.1 System with isolated neutral point

A medium-voltage system with isolated neutral remains in operation, even if a earth-
fault occurs. For locating the earth-fault, an indication of the direction is needed. The
medium-voltage system can remain in operation. The following figure shows the
earthfault current and the residual voltage in case of an earthfault in forward direction.

UNE Earthfault in
forward direction
IE

Figure 47: Vector diagrams of the directional earth fault protection (isolated networks sin ϕ)

As shown in the following figure, the setting of the earth-fault function has to be
"isolated" or sin ϕ. For determining the direction, a time delay of approximately 500 to
1000 msec should be used to make sure that the transients have practically subsided.
The operative direction should be generated if the earth fault is located in the
direction of the line. If an indication is required with regard to the other direction as
well, output BO in the function chart needs to be serially connected, with an external
time delay (ascending edge delay), using the same setting.

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Figure 48: Setting for systems with isolated neutrals

Note For checking the operative direction, it is advisable to specify a single-phase current
quantity with an inductive, leading single-phase voltage quantity. In this case, it is
assumed that the current transformer terminal K or P1 points in the direction of the
busbar and that terminal L or P2 points in the direction of the line.

Note Since, the fault current of 10A will branch off in the direction of the feeder connection
and, consequently, become smaller, it is necessary to use a current transformer with
a relatively low rated current for fault detection. It is recommend using a cable-type
current transformer.

6.3.6.2 Systems with Petersen-Coil Earthing

A medium-voltage system with earth-fault compensation by Petersen-coil continues to
be in operation, even if an earth-fault occurs. For locating the earth-fault, an indication
of the direction is required. The medium-voltage system can remain in operation. The
following figure shows the earthfault current and the residual voltage in case of an
earthfault in the forward direction.

UNE

IE
Earthfault in forward direction

Figure 49: Vector diagrams of the directional earth fault protection (isolated networks cos ϕ)

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As in the case of systems with isolated neutrals, the function for a directional ground-
fault is used. As shown in the following Figure, the setting is "grounded" or cos ϕ. For
determining the direction, a time delay of approximately 500 to 1000 msec should be
specified. The forward direction is generated if the ground-fault is located in the
direction of the line. If it should be necessary to make a statement for the other
direction, the output BO in the function chart should be connected with an external
time delay in the FUPLA, using the same setting as mentioned above.

Figure 50: Setting for systems with ground-fault compensation by Petersen-Coil

Note For checking the operative direction, it is advisable to specify a single-phase current
quantity with an inductive, leading single-phase voltage quantity. In this case, it is
assumed that the current transformer terminal K or P1 points in the direction of the
busbar and that terminal L or P2 points in the direction of the line.

Note Since, the fault current of 10A will branch off in the direction of the feeder connection
and, consequently, become smaller, it is necessary to use a current transformer with
a relatively low rated current for fault detection. It is recommended to use a cable-
type current transformer.

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6.3.6.3 Systems with low-resistance earthing

In systems with low-resistance earthing, the directional earth-fault protection is
normally used as a back-up protection. Nevertheless, in this case as well, a relatively
fast trip is required. The setting depends on the type of grounding used.

Low-resistance earthing with reactance

In cases where a reactance is used for low-resistance earthing, the setting should be
'isolated' or sin ϕ. However, it is necessary to select the reverse direction as the
setting direction so that earth-faults in the direction of the line can be detected.

Note To check the operative direction, a single-phase current quantity should be specified
with a lagging capacitive, single-phase voltage quantity. It is assumed that the current
transformer terminal K or P1 points in the direction of the busbar and that terminal L
or P2 points in the direction of the line.

Low-resistance earthing with resistor

If a resistor for low-resistance earthing is used, the setting is 'grounded' or cos ϕ . The
same direction setting is also used here, so that earth faults in the direction of the line
can be detected.

Note For checking the operative direction, a single-phase current quantity should be
specified with a single-phase voltage quantity in phase opposition. It is assumed that
the current transformer terminal K or P1 points in the direction of the busbar and that
terminal L or P2 points in the direction of the line.

6.3.7 Sensitive earth fault protection

Particularly in networks with strong harmonics or which is subject to significant
disturbance variables at a frequency of 16 2/3 Hz from the railway power system, the
so called sensitive earth fault protection shall be used.

The difference from previous functions is how the measured quantities are processed
and the configuration of the transducers or sensors. Initially, the base harmonic is de-
termined from the measured quantities in the neutral system, i.e. from the neutral
point ground voltage and the ground current, with the DFT algorithm (DFT = discrete
Fourier transformation).

The neutral point ground voltage is calculated directly from the sum of the 3 conduc-
tor-ground voltages. As a result, the connection to zero-voltage transformers or open
delta winding in the voltage transformer set is not required. The ground current must
be obtained by a cable current transformer, whose rated current should be as low as
possible. The measured quantities from the cable current transformer must always be
to the 7th input. In networks with ground fault compensation, the effective power
proportion of the neutral system (cos ϕ scheme) is generally calculated and evaluated
for directional decision. In contrast, the reactive power proportion (sin ϕ scheme) in
networks with isolated neutral point of the neutral system must be used.

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If the ground current response time and the setting value of the neutral ground
voltage are exceeded, the protective function is started. The setting of the neutral
ground voltage is based on the neutral voltage, which is derived from the sum of the
phase voltages. If the starting and a decision in the forwards direction is present, the
protection function generates a "trip" signal after expiry of the time delay, which can
be adjusted. If the decision is in the backwards direction, a "BO" signal (= Blocking
Output). is generated.

Note The indication ground fault in the backwards direction is sent to the BO output
immediately. In this case, the function does not wait for the time delay to expire. The
BO signal may be used for signal comparison protection if required.

To ensure the required sensitivity and discrimination for the earth fault detection, in its
implementation in the REF542plus the response characteristic is formed with
additional adjustability. The following diagram shows the shape of the response
characteristic.

Earthfault in
backward direction UNE

δ
α
IE>
Earthfault in
forward direction

Figure 51: Characteristic of the earthfault directional sensitive for networks with ground fault
compensation (cos ϕ scheme).

The parameter δ initially offers the option of variable settings for the angle between
the current and the voltage-proportional measured quantities in the range of –180° to
180°. The provides the option of compensating for a possible phase error in the repre-
sentation of measured quantities from the network. For example, if it can be assumed
that the phase errors in representation can be disregarded, in networks with ground
fault compensation (cos .=circuit) the angle δ will have to be set to equal 180°. In con-
trast to that, in networks with isolated neutral point (sin j circuit) an angle of 90°
(inductive) will have to be set. If the phase error is not to be disregarded, the setting
will have to be corrected.

The other parameter α is used to improve the discrimination of the directional

decision. This opening angle can suppress a possible fault response of the directional
decision. This means that only directional earth -fault protection functions, which are
in the immediate vicinity of the ground fault location, should respond.

The setting value of IE > gives the parallel displacement of the response characteristic
from the axis. In the above diagram the response characteristic for networks with
ground fault compensation (cos .=circuit) is shown with δ equal to 180°. The
displacement from the horizontal axis is set by the response time IE. The response

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characteristic for the forwards or backwards direction is found to be balanced. When

making settings for networks with isolated neutral point (sin j circuit), the response
characteristic must be displaced parallel to the vertical axis.

Figure 52: Setting for systems with ground-fault compensation by Petersen-coil

An example for the setting of the sensitive, directional earthfault is shown in the
above Figure. The direction angle denoted by ‘angle delta’ should be set to 180°,
which defines the operative direction. The opening angle denoted by ‘angle alpha’
should be set to zero first. Only when necessary, the opening angle can be increased.

6.3.8 Earth fault IDMT

The dependent earth fault current timer protection, like the IDMT, is a time-delay
function with a set of hyperbolic current-time characteristics. An earthfault IDMT
function in which four current-time characteristics may be selected, can be activated
in the REF542:

Normal inverse,

Very inverse,

Extremely inverse and

Long-term inverse.

Two parameter sets can be configured for the dependent earth fault stage.

The function is single-phase configured. This gives the option of calculating the earth
fault current from the sum of the three phase currents. This can be done in networks
with low-resistance neutral earthing in which large zero-sequence currents occur with
no other settings.

The second option is to connect the earth fault current measuring input to a separate
residual current transformer. This option should be used in networks with high-resi-
stance, compensated or isolated neutral point. Very small earth-fault currents occur
here. A separate residual current transformer is included in the primary circuit for this
purpose. This can be implemented very easily with cable feeders as a converted
transformer.

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If the fault current factor is exceeded by 1.14, the activation occurs first. If the
response time is exceeded for at least the time setting, it will be tripped. The time
delay depends here on the current quantity and the selected current-time
characteristic. The formula for the trip time according to British Standard (BS) 142
and IEC 60255-3 is as follows:

kß k
t = t =
(I I EB ) α
−1 (G GS )α −1

BS142 IEC60255-3

t: Time until the protective function trips under sustained overcurrent

k: Curve parameter (0 k (BS 142) or time value (IEC 60255-3)

α: Constant according to the list below

β : Constant according to the list below (BS 142)

I/I EB : Fault current factor

I = G: Actual measured current; already transformed by the transducer/sensor

I EB =GS : Base current setting value, the minimum current at which the protection
is activated

The following table shows the values of two constants β and α for the four different
current-time characteristics. To retain the specific families of curves, the formula in
accordance with BS 142 is used and the k-factor of 0.1 to 1 is increased in
increments of 0.1

Current-time characteristic α (BS142) ß (BS142) k (IEC 255)

Normal inverse 0.02 0.14 0.14
Very inverse 1.0 13.5 13.5
Extremely inverse 2.0 80.0 80.0
Long time inverse 1.0 120.0 120.0

6.4 Voltage Protection

6.4.1 Overvoltage Protection
There are three overvoltage definite time protection functions in the REF542plus,
which can be activated and the parameters set independent of one another:

Overvoltage low,

Overvoltage high

Overvoltage instantaneous.

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Every overvoltage timer protective function can be one, two or three-phase

configured. All overvoltage timer protective functions evaluate the rms values, the
overvoltage instantaneous function and also 1/√2 times the peak value of the line
voltages. If the response time is exceeded, it is first activated. If the response time is
exceeded for at least the time set in the parameters, it will be tripped.

The overvoltage protective functions, like the overcurrent protective function, are used
in a time graded coordination. An example of grading is shown in the following
diagram.

Figure 53: Overvoltage response grading.

Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the three overvoltage time
protection functions.

6.4.2 Undervoltage Protection

There are three undervoltage timer protective functions in the REF542plus, which can
be activated and parameters set independently of one another:

Undervoltage low.

Undervoltage high.

Undervoltage instantaneous.

Every undervoltage timer protective function can be one, two or three-phase

configured. If it falls below the response time set in the parameters, it will be tripped.

The undervoltage protective functions are used in a graded coordination. An example

of staging is shown in the following diagram.

Figure 54: Undervoltage protection response stages

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Because a feeder has no voltage when switched off, an undervoltage timer protection
function remains activated. It is not be possible to switch the feeder on again.
Therefore, the relevant configuration dialog provides the option of deactivating the
undervoltage function if the voltage is in the range of 0 to 40% of the response time.
The diagram below shows how this functions.

Figure 55: Configuration of the undervoltage limit = 0

If the voltage level of 40% of the response time is too high, the undervoltage function
can also be blocked via the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact. Then the entire duration
for which the feeder was switched off will be shown on the tripping side. After the
circuit-breaker blocking is deactivated by the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact,
activation of the undervoltage function must be delayed. Otherwise it would trip
immediately, because its own time delay has long since expired during the blocking
process.

Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the three undervoltage time
protection functions.

6.4.3 Residual Overvoltage Protection

There are two residual overvoltage protection functions in the REF542plus, which can
be activated and parameters set independently of one another:

Residual overvoltage high and

Residual overvoltage low.

Both functions use the value of the residual voltage, which is fed to them over an
external neutral to earth voltage transformer. As an alternative, the use of the sum of
the measured phase voltages is also possible.

As soon as the response time is exceeded, the protection function is activated. If the
response time is exceeded for at least the set time delay, the protective function will
be tripped.

Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the two residual voltage protective
functions.

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6.5 Motor Protection

Damage caused by defects in electrical drives risks not only complex repair work but
also, and most importantly, loss of production.

To reduce the effects of faults to a minimum, overload and insulation defects must be
detected promptly. For this reason, protection equipment, particularly for high-voltage
motors, comes in the form of numerical protection devices – such as the REF542plus.
This enables them to be closely adapted to the machine characteristics as well as
being space-saving solutions.

The protection functions described in the following subsections are provided for
protection of the motor from overloads and faults.

6.5.1 Thermal Motor Protection

In motor protection applications, the thermal overload protection is one of the key
functions for monitoring the admissible motor temperatures with regard to potential
operational overloading. In compliance with the applicable national and international
standards, the REF542plus uses a thermal image with full memory function. Before
operation, the parameter settings described below need to be made.

Figure 56: Configurationsdialog for setting of thermal overload

Thereby is:

Tnom (ϑMn) Nominal Temperature (admissible Temperature) of

the motor

Inom Nominal Current (Current value on the primary side)

of the motor

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Tini Initial Temperature of the warm condition of the

memory contents after switched on or after
reappearance of the auxiliary voltage for the power
supply.

TimeConst I < 0.1 Ie (τoff) Cooling-off time constant at I < 0,1 Imn (Motor in
standstill)

TimeConstNormal (τNORMAL) Temperature-rise time constant at 0,1 IMn < I < 2 Imn
(Motor in operation)

TimeConst I > 2 Ie (τFAULT) Temperature rise time constant at I > 2 Imn (Motor at
start condition)

Max. Temp. (ϑMAX) Setting value of the temperature for tripping

Warn. Temp (ϑWARN) Setting value of the temperature for warning

Enviro. Temp (ϑU) Setting value for the ambient temperature

Op.Time Additional time delay for tripping

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Note To make a proper setting for the moror protection the relevant technical data of the
motor should be available

6.5.1.1 Setting the time constant

In this example, it is assumed that the motor is rotor-critical. Therefore the
temperature-rise time constant is assumed to be the same throughout the entire
current range I > 0.1 In. Accordingly, the settings for τFAULT (Time Constant I > 2 Ie)
and τNORMAL (Time Constant Normal) have to be identical.

For setting the time constant, it can be assumed that the thermal memory is full if the
cold motor remains locked after of the blocking time has expired. The applicable
equation can be derived from the following relation:

t e (cold)
τ NORMAL = 2
(I e IMn )
ln
2
(I e IMn ) − 1

where τNORMAL is the temperature-rise time constant (to be determined) in rotor-critical

motors, which is to be chosen equal to the setting of τFAULT. Furthermore, te (cold) is
the maximum admissible blocking time in cold motor condition, Ie is the occuring
blocking current, IMn is the nominal motor current. If the value of the blocking current
is unknown, the maximum starting current can be used instead.

The temperature-rise time constant τNORMAL for non-rotor-critical motors could

typically be chosen larger than the above temperature-rise time constant. It is
recommended consulting with the motor manufacturer on this issue. If this parameter
is not known, the time constant τFAULT value can be used, since a premature trip is to
be expected in this case.

The cooling-off time constant for in a motor at standstill τOFF (Time Constant I < 0,1 Ie)
should be at least 3 to 5 times τNORMAL. In this case, consultation with the motor
manufacturer is also recommended.

6.5.1.2 Setting the temperature

After the time constants have been calculated, the thermal memory needs to be
defined. For this purpose, it is necessary to specify the temperature limits for the
thermal memory. At ϑMn , the rated temperature for the motor should be specified as
the upper limit value. The rated temperature is that temperature which develops
during steady-state motor operation at rated current. The upper limit can be taken
from the table below, provided the thermal stability class is known.

Table 4: Thermal stability class

Thermal stability class Y A E B F H C
Continuous temperature (°C) 90 105 120 130 155 180 > 180

If the thermal stability class is not known, it may be expedient to choose 120° as the
upper limit temperature. After that, the ambient temperature ϑU (Environment

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Temperature) is entered as the lower limit, e.g. 20 °C. The difference between the
upper and lower limit actually represents 100 % of the memory contents. In this
chosen example, 100°C corresponds to a memory contents of 100%.

Now, the temperature values for warning or tripping can be defined. When the tripping
temperature is chosen equal to the rated motor temperature, a trip will be effected at
a 100 % memory contents. If the motor manufacturer would allow a higher tripping
temperature, the memory contents could be increased by raising the tripping
temperature. For instance, if a trip is specified to take place at 110% of the memory
contents, the tripping temperature in this example — considering the chosen ambient
temperature — would be Tmax or ϑMAX = 110°C + 20°C = 130°C.

The tripping time can be calculated with the following equation:

2
æ I ö ϑp − ϑu
ç ÷
çI ÷ − ϑ − ϑ
è Mn
t = τ ln
Mn u
2
æ I ö ϑ * −ϑu
ç −
çI ϑMn − ϑu
è Mn

where I is the actual on-load current, IMn is the nominal motor current, ϑp is the
temperature resulting from the initial load, ϑu is the ambient temperature, ϑMn is the
rated motor temperature, and ϑ* is the limit temperature for warning or tripping.

In the case of a thermal motor-protection image without full memory function as

comparison example, the initial load is not taken into consideration. In this case, the
temperature for the initial load ϑp is chosen to be identical with the ambient
temperature ϑu. The trip temperature ϑ* is usually set to the temperature which
develops during operation at rated current ϑMn. This simplifies the above equation to:
2
æ I ö
ç ÷
çI ÷
è Mn
t = τ ln 2
æ I ö
ç −1
çI
è Mn
This time, no initial load is taken into account and a trip is assumed to take place at
100% of the memory contents. For a trip at higher memory contents, 110% as
mentioned in above example, the denominator changes accordingly as shown in the
following equation:
2
æ I ö
ç ÷
çI ÷
è Mn
t = τ ln 2
æ I ö
ç − 1. 1
çI
è Mn
If the DC supply is switched off and on again, the thermal image with a predefined
memory contents of ϑINI will start computing. It is recommended to set the value to be
in the range of 40 to 60% of the memory contents. For instance, in the case of a
setting to a 40% memory contents, the definition has to be derived from temperature
settings ϑMn and ϑU, for the entire memory contents first. It is to be noted that in warm
conditions, usually memory contents of 20 to 80% is assumed.

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Based on the above example, the memory contents are proportional to the
temperature difference of

(120 - 20) °C = 100 °C.

In the case of assumed memory contents of 40 %, the setting must be

ϑini = 20 + 40 = 60°C

Since the setting of ϑini is related to ϑMn , a percentage value of 50 % has to be

chosen.

6.5.1.3 Setting the time

It is possible to delay the trip by another, additional time setting. Since the maximum
admissible temperature has already been exceeded when a trip takes place, setting
an additional delay is not advisable. It is therefore recommended to set the time delay
to the lowest setting value, i.e. 1 sec.

6.5.1.4 Functional test

The functional test requires three-phase test equipment. The phase currents shall be
tested with three identical test currents in order to be able to check the proper tripping
times. If a functional test is to be performed with single-phase test equipment,
attention must be paid to the fact that the current needs to be increased accordingly.
In this case, the calculation of the memory contents is based on the root-mean-
square value of the individual phase currents.

2
IL1 + IL2
2
+ IL3
2
I average (3 - phase) =
3

where:

Iaverage (3-phase) Root-mean-square value of the temperature-rise current in a

three-phase functional test

IL1 Current in phase L1.

IL2 Current in phase L2.

IL3 Current in phase L3.

Therefore, in the case of single-phase test equipment, only one temperature-rise with
a current of:

2
IL1
I average (1phase) =
3

is taken into consideration, where:

Iaverage (3-phase) Root-mean-square value of the temperature-rise current in a
single-phase functional test

IL1 Current in phase L1,

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As a consequence, for a single-phase test, the current

I (1phase) = I (3phase ) 3

should be increased by a factor √3 in order to obtain a comparable temperature-rise

as in the case of a three-phase functional test.

6.5.2 Motor Start Protection

The motor start can be overloaded if the load duration or the current increases. The
motor start behavior depends on the switching torque of the specific load machine. In
general, these overloads are more critical for the rotor (rotor-critical motor) than the
2
stator. The manufacturer assigns an allowable current-time start integral I ·t for
motors. As an alternative, information on the maximum allowable start current and the
maximum allowable start time is provided.

The current-time start integral is proportional to the short-term thermal load on the
motor. It is calculated by the integration of the current path i(t) in the time interval from
0 to tSTART:
T MStart
I 2 ⋅T = i (t ) 2 dt
0

In a simplified form the following applies:

I 2 ⋅ T = I MStart
2
⋅ TMStart

I: Current rms value

T: Duration
i(t): Temporal current path
IMStart: Motor star current rms value
TMStart: Motor star time

The motor start protection function in the REF542plus supervises the motor start
behavior with the values described. The current-time-starting integral is measured if
the set starting current value Istarting is exceeded within the first 100 ms while the motor
2
is starting. It is tripped, if the current-time integration exceeds the default I ·t value.

A start is registered when a step change increases from I < 0.10·In,M (= rated motor
current) to I > Istarting within 100 ms. The starting start signal is reset if I is < Istarting. If
the motor current falls below 0.10·In,M, the motor will shut down. The corresponding
thermal total cooling time constant will be activated. The starting supervision can then
react to the next motor start.

The starting supervision protective function totals the current-time-starting integrals of

the three conductors, divides them by three and compares them to the product
2
I MStart · TMStart. The setting values start value and time of the active parameter
set are used for this product.

The motor start function block has two output signals that can be used for control and
blocking in the FUPLA. The protective function is activated (Start) if a motor start
has been detected and the response time has been exceeded. If the response time is
exceeded for at least the time set in the parameters, it will be tripped (Trip).
Functions available in the event of a malfunction in the motor standard operating

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status can be blocked during the motor starting procedure with the starting output
signal.

However, because blocked functions expire with set time delays, they would trip
immediately after the blocking signal stops if the activation criterion were still present.
Therefore a delayed reset timing circuit (slope delay falling) should be installed
downstream from the blocking signal. This will delay the blocking for the time range
during which the motor current falls back from the starting response value Istarting to the
rated motor current In,M. A setting of 1% of the starting time of the motor is
recommended as the reset delay time.

The cold and warm starts are counted with the starting output signal (START) and
they also have to be configured in the FUPLA.

Two parameter sets can be configured for the starting supervision function.

6.5.3 Blocking Rotor

The blocking rotor protective function on the BS input is blocked via a tachometer
generator or a speed switch, which sends a defined signal at a specified speed. If the
rotor of the monitored motor is blocked, the missing speed signal will ensure that the
overcurrent function integrated in the protective function will continue to remain
active. If the set response time (start value) is exceeded, it will initially be
activated. If the response time is exceeded for at least the delay period (Trip) set in
the parameters, it will be tripped.

The protective function can also be used like this without a speed signal. However, in
this case the trip threshold and the delay period must be selected so a standard
starting procedure will not be deactivated. The advantage of the fast tripping is only
available with the speed signal. The trip signal can then be sent after a shorter time
than the set motor starting time if the speed signal is not received.

Note The signal of a tachometer generator or a rpm gauge should be available in the
FUPLA for the blocking rotor protective function.

6.5.4 Number of Starts

The REF542plus has an additional motor protection function that supervises the
number of motor starts. It distinguishes between cold starts and warm starts, the
allowable number of which is generally provided by the motor manufacturer. If this is
not the case, in accordance with IEC 60034 and IEC 60050 three cold and two warm
starts are recommended. The starting signal (Start output) of the starting
supervision protective function is used to count the starts. This must be set and
configured in the FUPLA.

The temperature calculation specifies whether a start is a cold or warm start. A

temperature from which starts are classified as warm starts can be set. If the
calculated temperature is below this value, a cold start will be assumed.

A reset period is also set. This has two tasks:

If the start is successful only after several allowable attempts, the counted
number of starts counted will be reset to one after the reset period has expired
(cooling period).

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If the set number of starts has been reached, the protective function will be
activated and a logical 1 can be tapped at the WARN output. If there is another
start, the protective function will trip. The trip signal (TRIP output) remains in
effect until the reset period has expired. A starting block can be implemented in
the FUPLA with this warning signal.

The manufacturer's information on the thermal cooling period is taken into account for
the reset period.

Two parameter sets can be configured for the number of starts function.

6.6 Distance Protection

The distance protection is dedicated to protect a meshed medium-voltage system and
a simple high-voltage system. In this case it is irrelevant how the neutral point is
treated. The distance protection comprises the following subordinate functions:

Start,

Impedance determination,

Directional memory and

Tripping logic.

6.6.1 Function
The starting is intended to check for the presence of a malfunction and selectively, to
detect the type of malfunction. The appropriate measured quantities for determining
the impedance and the directional decision are selected depending on the type of
malfunction. Once the direction and the zone of the malfunction have been
determined, the tripping logic is used to determine the trip time in accordance with the
set impedance time characteristic.

The distance protection also includes the autoreclosure function, also referred to
below as AR. This enables short disconnections to be carried out. A maximum of two
autoreclosures is possible. It must be noted that after the second autoreclosure the
power circuit-breaker will require a longer dead time to be able to restore the
complete On-Off cycle.

The underlying signal comparison protective function, with which a very short line unit
can be selectively protected, is also integrated. This requires a pair of pilot wires for
signal exchange.

For network operation, it is important to localize the fault as soon as possible after
malfunction to repair the damage. Because medium-voltage networks are usually
spread over wide areas, fault tracking information in km is desirable for network
operation after the malfunction has caused a trip. For this reason, the fault locator,
which can derive the fault distance from the measured fault impedance, is also
implemented in the distance protection. It calculates the distance in km to the fault
from the carrier or cable reactance.

Once the malfunction in the network has been deactivated and localized, it may also
be of interest to network operation to run a fault analysis from the sequence of
disturbance variables and signaling events. The fault recorder function for recording
the faulty system quantities is provided in the REF542plus for this purpose.

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The fault recorder function is started either by an external signal (via a binary input) or
by a signal from the distance protection. The general start, general starting or tripping
outputs may be used for this purpose.

If the fault recorder is started with the general starting signal, the disturbance
variables will be recorded for every fault that occurs in the network where the distance
protection is in an operated position on the basis of the set activation. However, if the
recording should only be done in the event of faults in the protection zone of the
distance protection, the fault recorder should be started with the tripping signal.

In networks with an isolated neutral point or with earth fault compensation, the
directional earth fault supervision function can be added to the distance protection.

The option of switching the protection function of the distance protection over to the
overcurrent protection is also provided. This procedure is generally referred to as
emergency definite time overcurrent and is required if the voltage input variables are
not available because of an MCB device failure. The function chart programming
(FUPLA) provided in the configuration program must be used to block the distance
protection with the aid of a binary input signal.

The FUPLA also aids in implementing any additional logic. This enables project-
specific additional circuits to be implemented with relatively little effort.

6.6.2 Analog inputs

Measured quantities proportional to the current or the voltage are required from the
distance protection to run the protective function.

The line currents and the phase voltages are always arranged in consecutive groups
of three. The following combinations can be configured here:

Measuring input 1,2,3:

current transformer or sensor in line L1, L2, L3,

Measuring input 4,5,6:

voltage transformer or sensor in line L1, L2, L3,

or

Measuring input 1,2,3:

voltage transformer or sensor in line L1, L2, L3,

Measuring input 4,5,6:

current transformer or sensor in line L1, L2, L3,

The seventh measuring input is usually intended for acquisition of the current
measured quantities for the watt-metric directional earth fault supervision.

6.6.3 Start
The start in the distance protection is there to detect faults in the network quickly and
selectively. The activation must be capable of enabling the distance protection to
function properly both in networks with high-resistance earthing and also in networks
with low-resistance earthing. Here, high-resistance earthing means that the network is
operated with an isolated neutral point or with earth fault compensation. The distance
protection must also function properly when the network operation is switched over
from earth fault compensation to low-resistance neutral earthing for a short time for
the purpose of earth fault tripping.

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The activation, with a suitable selection of measured quantities, must be capable of

adapting to the variable phase-fault power in the network. During the day the
minimum fault current is mostly much greater than the maximum occurring load
current because of the available high phase-fault power. Over this period one
overcurrent starting is sufficient to detect the fault quickly and selectively.

However, at night the phase-fault power can decrease to such an extent that the fault
current may be less than the above-mentioned load current. Under these
circumstances reliable fault detection is not possible without processing the voltage
information.

To ensure fault-free function for the distance protection in all situations, the activation
consists of:

Overcurrent starting I>,

Earthearth fault current starting IE> and

Voltage controlled overcurrent starting UF</ IF>

The overcurrent starting I> is used to monitor the line currents exceeding the
threshold values. The following diagram shows the associated signal processing.

Figure 57: Logic diagram of overcurrent starting

If the overcurrent criterion is exceeded in a conductor, the starting signals Start-R,

Start-S and Start-T for the corresponding conductor appear. The Start-E signal is
derived from the earth current supervision, which is calculated from the sum of all line
currents. Then the General-Start signal is generated with the OR interconnection of
all starting signals (optionally also with the Start-E signal). However, it is important to
note that the setting for the Start-E starting must be selected to prevent a starting
resulting from a earth fault occurring in the network with isolated neutral point or with
earth fault compensation.

The voltage-controlled overcurrent starting is formed from the logical interconnection

between the footing point current IF> and the footing point voltage UF<. The system
voltage in this case must be less than the footing point voltage UF< setting and the
associated line current must exceed the footing point current IF>.

As shown in the following diagram, the start signals for the two or three-pole
malfunction without earth contact are formed from the combinations of two line
currents each with the corresponding external phase-to-neutral voltage. Only one
start signal is generated if the footing point currents are exceeded in the two
conductors and the undervoltage condition of the external phase-to-neutral voltage is
met.

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Figure 58: Logic diagram of the voltage-controlled overcurrent starting

In the event of faults with earth contact, depending on the neutral treatment only the
phase voltages or the line voltages are combined with the earth current. In this case
the presence of the earth current is already sufficient to detect the faulty system
status. The line currents are then not monitored at all. Finally, the undervoltage
condition is used to detect the faulty conductor.

In networks with low-resistance earthing the signal from the earth current is
connected to the signals from phase voltages. In contrast, in networks with high-
resistance earthing the signal from the earth current is logically combined with the
signals from the external phase-to-neutral voltages. The combination with the external
phase-to-neutral voltage enables starting to take place only with a cross-country fault.

The logical interconnections (Boolean algebra) of the signals for forming the
corresponding start signals are formulated as below:

For networks with high-resistance earthing:

Start R = IR> ∨ {(IFR > ∧ IFS> ∧ UFRS<) ∧ (IFT> ∧ IFR> ∧ UFTR<)}

∨ {(IE> ∧ UFRS<) ∧ (IFR ∧ IE> ∧ UFTR<)}

Start S = IS> ∨ {(IFS > ∧ IFT> ∧ UFST<) ∧ (IFR> ∧ IFS> ∧ UFRS<)}

∨ {(IE> ∧ UFST<) ∧ (IFS ∧IE> ∧ UFRS<)}

Start T = IT> ∨ {(IFT> ∧ IFR> ∧ UFTR<) ∧ (IFS> ∧ IFT> ∧ UFST<)}

∨ {(IE> ∧ UFTR<) ∧ (IFT ∧ IE> ∧ UFST<)}

and for networks with low-resistance earthing:

Start R = IR> ∨ {(IFR> ∧ IFS> ∧ UFRS<) ∧ (IFT> ∧ IFR> ∧ UFTR<)}

∨ {(IFR ∧ IE> ∧ UFRE<)}

Start S = IS> {(IFS > ∧ IFT> ∧ UFST<) ∧ (IFR> ∧ IFS> ∧ UFRSRS<)}

∨ {(IFS ∧ IE> ∧ UFSE<) }

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Start T = IT> ∨ {(IFT> ∧ IFR> ∧ UFTR<) ∧ (IFS> ∧ IFT> ∧ UFST<)}

∨ {( IFT ∧ IE> ∧ UFTE<)}

∨: OR interconnection

∧: AND interconnection

Note In networks with short-term low-resistance earthing the "low-resistance earthing"

network type should be selected.

6.6.4 Phase selection

Networks with isolated neutral point or with earth fault compensation, for reasons of
supply dependability by the network operation, are required not to shut down an earth
fault. However, if the earth fault develops into a cross-country fault, again because of
the above-mentioned dependability reasons, only one of the two earth fault footing
points may be shut down.

To coordinate the shutdown of the earth fault footing point, a phase selection is
programmed into the distance protection. This enables the distance protection to shut
down the conductor with the earth fault according to a set sequence. The following
phase preferences can be set:

• Acyclical: L3 before L1 before L2

• Cyclical: L1 before L2 before L3 before L1

• Acyclical: L1 before L3 before L2

• Cyclical: L3 before L2 before L1 before L3

For example, if the acyclical phase preference L3 before L1 before L2 is set in the
distance protection, in the event of a L2-L3-E cross-country fault the earth fault
footing point in conductor L3 will be shut down first. The earth fault in conductor L2
will remain active until it is shut down from the system control center after appropriate
switchover action in the network.

Note To ensure correct functioning of the conductor preference, the measured quantities of
the phase voltages must be correctly connected (correct phase sequence).

6.6.5 Determining the impedance

After the starting has caught the fault and correctly detected it, the impedance is
calculated. First, the discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) is used as an aid to
calculate the associated real and imaginary components from the digitalized current
and voltage-proportional measured quantities. The DFT is used here because the
measured quantities are mostly superimposed by transient influences or disturbance
variables of varying frequency. The DFT allows disturbance variables above the base
frequency to be eliminated so effectively that the calculation of the impedance is
improved.

The equation for calculating the real and imaginary component of a current variable
with DFT is shown as an example:

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2 n −1 k ⋅ 2π
Real component: Re {I } = i k ⋅ cos( )
nk = 0 n

2 n −1 k ⋅ 2π
Imaginary component: Im {I } = i k ⋅ sin( )
nk = 0 n

The sampling frequency in the REF542 is 1.2 kHz. The number of sampling values n
is 24 at a network frequency of 50 Hz.

After calculating the real and imaginary components, the fault impedance is
determined with the following ratio for the two-pole fault without earth contact:

U L −L
ZL − L =
I L −L

ZL-L is the fault impedance to be determined and UL-L or IL-L is the associated voltage
or current variable. They are each formed from the geometrical difference of the
voltage or the currents in the relevant conductors.

The following equation must be used with a fault with earth contact:

U L −E
ZL − E =
IL + k ⋅IE

ZL-E is again the fault impedance to be determined, UL-E or IL is the associated voltage
or current variable of the relevant conductor and IE is the earth current resulting from
the sum of all line currents.

I E = I R + I S + IT

However, for the final calculation of the impedance, the earth current must first be
corrected with the complex earth factor k as follows:

1 æ Z0 ö
k= ⋅ çç −1
3 è Z1

In this case Z0 is the impedance of the neutral system and Z1 is the impedance of the
positive-sequence system. Positive-sequence, negative-sequence and neutral system
are defined in the theory of the symmetrical components.

To acquire all fault types correctly, six impedance loops must be calculated; three
loops for faults without earth contact and three loops for faults with earth contact. The
calculation of the impedance should be shown here based on the determination of the
fault impedance for a fault between the conductors L2 and L3. Corresponding to the
ratio previously shown, the line voltage U23 and the concatenate I23 must first be
derived from the difference of the two phase voltages and related line currents.

Line voltage U23:

Re{UL23} = Re{UL2} - Re{UL3}

Im{UL23} = Im{UL2} - Im{UL3}

Concatenate current I23:

Re{IL23} = Re{IL2} - Re{IL3}

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Im{IL23} = Im{IL2} - Im{IL3}

Once the calculation operation has been completed, the ratio for calculating the real
resistance R and the reactive resistance X is derived:

Re{U L 23 } Re{I L 23 } + Im{U L 23 } Im{I L 23 }

R=
(Re {I L 23 })2 + (Im{I L 23 })2

Im{U L 23 } ⋅ Re{I L 23 } − Re{U L 23 } ⋅ Im{I L 23 }

X =
(Re{I L 23 })2 + (Im{I L 23 })2

The impedance is then calculated with the following equation.

Z = R + jX

Because of various influencing quantities the fault impedance may deviate greatly
from the theoretical impedance value of the line unit. A typical example for this is an
arc short circuit. In this case, the fault impedance is overlain with the non-linear arc
resistor. To prevent faults resulting from the tripping, a tripping surface is the default
for forming the OFF command.

Figure 59 shows this polygon tripping characteristic for the distance protection.

Figure 59: Tripping characteristic for the distance protection

In the first quadrant the tripping characteristic is set by a horizontal and a vertical line.
The reactance setting X is the standard for the horizontal line and the resistor setting
R for the vertical line. The tripping surface is eventually connected by two rays in the
second and the fourth quadrants. The angle of rotation of the ray is δ2 in the second
quandrant and δ1 in the fourth quadrant.

6.6.6 Directional memory

The directional decision is normally derived from the complex fault impedance
variable. Therefore, the voltage measured variable contained in the fault is used to
determine the direction. However, if the fault occurs in the immediate vicinity of where
the voltage transformers/sensors are installed, the formation of the directional
decision can be seriously affected because of the low voltage measured variable and
the interspersed disturbance variables.

For this reason a voltage memory is always used to form the directional decision. All
voltages (phase and line voltages) that were measured before the fault occurred are
saved there.

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After the fault occurs a phase displacement angle of approximately ± 30° may occur.
For example, this occurs on the transition from fault-free network operation to the
cross-country fault. This fact should be taken into account when setting the tripping
surface.

The tripping surface should be set as follows to retain a correct directional decision
permanently:

In the second quadrant at

δ2 = 90° + 30° = 120°

and in the fourth quadrant at

δ1 = 0° – 30° = – 30°.

6.6.7 Tripping logic

The tripping logic connects the distance and directional decision from determining the
impedance with the set timer function to impedance-timer characteristics or setting
characteristics. In total, three impedance zones, one impedance-independent
directional zone and five timer functions are available. The adjustable
impedance-timer characteristics can be seen in the following diagram.

Figure 60: Impedance-timer characteristics

As can be seen in the above diagram, every impedance zone and the impedance
independent directional zone can be set either backwards or forwards. The timer
functions are assigned as follows:

Time t1 of impedance zone Z1,

Time t2 of impedance zone Z2,

Time t3 of impedance zone Z3,

Time t4 of impedance-independent directional zone

as directional backup and

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Time t5 of impedance and direction-independent zone

as non-directional backup.

Every single zone can be deactivated. Which of the impedance-timer characteristics

should be selected is determined on the one hand by the network topology and on the
other hand by the draft of the protection concept.

In addition, the tripping logic shows the interface for autoreclosure (AR), signal
comparison protection and acquisition of switching on in the event of faults.
Therefore, the functioning of the impedance zone Z1 is superimposed by two special
zones the "overreach zone" and the autoreclosure blocking zone. The setting
parameters that must be taken into account are described in the following sections.

6.6.8 Autoreclosure
The autoreclosure (AR) is provided to restore network operation after a fault tripping.
The VDEW damage statistics show that faults in overhead cables are mostly of a
transient nature. A fault in an overhead cable, such as from a lightning strike, can be
corrected after an autoreclosure cycle (Off–On–Off). Network operation can then be
restarted without problems.

An autoreclosure-capable power circuit-breaker is required for this function. It must be

capable of running a complete autoreclosure cycle within a preset period. If several
autoreclosure-cycles are run, the power circuit-breaker must be able to recover
relatively quickly for the next cycle. This function must be activated in the distance
protection to enable an autoreclosure in the network.

The autoreclosure may only become ready for operation when the power circuit-
breaker has reported that it is ready for operation (CB-OK). In this connection the
blocking time from any previously occurring autoreclosure must have expired. Once
the autoreclosure is ready for operation, the overreach zone ZÜ is activated in the
distance protection with the associated time tü. The overreach zone is superimposed
on the first impedance zone Z1.

The following two diagrams show the flow chart and the signal flow chart of the
autoreclosure for the distance protection.

Figure 61: Flow chart for the distance protection autoreclosure

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Figure 62: Signal flow chart for distance protection autoreclosure

Figure 63 shows the principal view of the impedance-time characteristic. The line unit
that is to be protected is between stations A and B. The impedance-time
characteristic is shown with autoreclosure for distance protection in station A.

Figure 63: Impedance-time characteristics for autoreclosure on an overhead cable

In overhead cable networks the overreach zone ZÜ is generally set approximately

from 120 to 150% of the line impedance ZL. The timer setting tÜ should, in this case,
be set for the time t1 of the first impedance zone Z1. The autoreclosure blocking zone
should be set to inactive here.

When the General-Start signal occurs, the fault time tw1 is started in the event of a
fault in the network. It should also be set for the period of the overreach zone tÜ. If a
trip is actuated within this fault time by the distance protection, the autoreclosure is
started. In the event of a trip outside this fault time the autoreclosure is blocked. If the
dead time tp1 has expired after the autoreclosure has started, the power circuit-
breaker will be reactivated. The signal first AR (autoreclose) will be sent in this
event. The autoreclosure will then be blocked for the duration of the blocking time tsp if
the number of autoreclosure is set to lone.

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If the fault is still present after the autoreclosure, the line unit will definitely be shut off
if only one autoreclosure cycle has been configured. The autoreclosure did not
succeed in this case.

If the autoreclosure is successful, another autoreclosure cycle will not be allowed

within the blocking time tsp. Another cycle is possible if the next fault occurs after the
blocking time tsp has expired.

On expiry of the fault time tw1 the overreach zone ZÜ will be deactivated again. In the
event of an unsuccessful autoreclosure, it will be tripped in accordance with the
impedance-time characteristic. This means that only faults within the zone Z1 with
time t1 will be tripped. The reach of zone Z1 is normally 85 - 90% of the total line unit.

Faults outside this zone are tripped with the grading time in accordance with the set
impedance-time characteristic. Therefore, the discrimination is maintained with an
autoreclosure.

If the number of autoreclosures are set to 2, another autoreclosure is released if one

is unsuccessful. In this case, the blocking time running after the first autoreclosure
has no influence on the course of the second autoreclosure. Here also, similarly to
the first autoreclosure, the fault time tw2 is activated when the General-Start signal is
sent. This should be adapted to the time setting t2 of the second impedance zone Z2.
The second impedance zone should be set to the forward direction and the first
impedance zone Z1 should be immediately above. In some circumstances, this setting
enables a fault to be corrected with the second autoreclosure when it occurs in the
last range of the line unit beyond the impedance zone Z1.

If the tripping occurs after the first autoreclosure within the fault time tw2, the dead
time tp2 will be started. This must be set correspondingly longer to ensure the required
recovery time of the power circuit-breaker. The autoreclosure readiness must then be
set to safety. The autoreclosure will be set to the output state after expiry of this dead
time tp2. The power circuit-breaker is no longer directly monitored at this time and if
necessary has to be implemented via the FUPLA.

However, if the first of two possible autoreclosures is successful, when the blocking
time expires the autoreclosure will be reset to the output state. If a system fault
occurs at this time, the autoreclosure cycle will be restarted again.

In the event that a mixed line unit comprising cable and overhead cable has to be
protected, an autoreclosure is allowed only in the area of the overhead cable. From
the distance protection point of view, if the line unit begins with the overhead cable
and ends with the cable, in principle the same setting as described above with the
standard autoreclosure is valid. The autoreclosure blocking zone ZB will only be set to
approximately 90% of the overhead cable impedance of the first section of the unit.

Figure 64 shows the corresponding impedance-time characteristic.

Figure 64: Impedance-time characteristics for autoreclosure on overhead cable-cable

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In this case, the autoreclosure blocking zone operates to release the autoreclosure
within the set zone. If the fault occurs in the cable area, the autoreclosure will be
blocked.

The restriction on the reach of the overreach zone is required because it is known
that faults of approximately 5% must be expected with the current and voltage
measurement. If the current and voltage measurement is more precise, the reach of
the overreach zone should be set correspondingly.

From the distance protection point of view, if the cable is monitored first and then the
overhead cable, the autoreclosure blocking zone ZB is used for the blockade. The
following figure shows the impedance-time characteristic that must be set.

Figure 65: Impedance-time characteristics for autoreclosure on cable-overhead cable

If there is a fault on the cable the autoreclosure will be blocked by the blocking zone
ZB. The autoreclosure blocking zone ZB, because of the above-mentioned faults with
current and voltage measurement, should be set to approximately 110% of the total
cable impedance. The reach of the overreach zone ZÜ with the associated time tÜ
sets the range for activating the autoreclosure on the overhead cable side.

6.6.9 Signal comparison scheme

If the carrier protection range is less than the smallest setting range in the
REF542plus, the distance protection must be supplemented with the underlying
signal comparison protection. This enables the time-graded protection to function
intermittently as comparison protection. With the signal comparison protection,
distance protection becomes a protection system with a communications connection.
However, there are no specific requirements on the signal connection and
transmission as would be the case with line differential protection. A part of the
protection system, in this case the distance protection, also functions without the
communications connection.

The following figure illustrates the principle of distance protection with the underlying
signal comparison protection and the pair of pilot wires required for this.

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Figure 66: Impedance- time characteristic for the distance protection with underlying signal
comparison protection

As noted above, the impedance of the line unit to be protected to ensure the
discrimination can be so small that the first impedance zone Z1 must be set greater
than the impedance of the entire line unit. To ensure selective tripping, a signal
comparison must be underlying. Therefore, the time t1 of the first impedance zone is
initially increased from, for example, 0.2 to 0.3 s. In this way, a fault can always be
tripped by distance protection in the increased base time independent of the status of
the communications connection.

The two distance protection units at each end of the line unit are connected to each
other with the pair of pilot wires to form a comparison protection system. This enables
the General-Start and impedance Z1< protection signals occurring during the fault to
be compared with each other. The following image shows an example of the
functioning of the signal comparison protection with the aid of simple relay contacts.

Figure 67: Functional principle of the distance protection with underlying signal comparison
protection

The two distance protection units are connected with the pair of pilot wires. This forms
a loop over the two protection devices. An auxiliary voltage is applied at each end of
the loop. Half each of the auxiliary voltage is assigned to the two binary inputs in use.
It can also be used to monitor the pair of pilot wires. If the auxiliary voltage is faulty an
interference signal can be generated after expiry of a configurable time delay of, for
example, 5 s. If necessary, this will then be forwarded to the control station. As
described above, in the case of the faulty pair of pilot wires the line unit will continue
to be protected by distance protection with increased base time.

If a fault occurs in the network now, both distance protection units (at the line ends)
will be tripped. Each will send a General-Start signal. The G-Start N/C contacts and
with them the comparison loop will be opened. The connection to the signal
comparison is initially broken. Because the loop is only open for a fraction of 1 s, an
interference signal is not sent.

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However, a tripping by the distance protection is only possible if both protection units
send a fault impedance within the first impedance zone Z1. In this case, the signal Z1<
which closes the comparison loop is sent again. The closed state of the loop means
that the fault is within the protection zone of both distance protection units at this time.
In the event of a fault outside the protection zone, the loop cannot be closed by a di-
stance protection unit because of the missing signal Z1<. Therefore, a trip does not
occur.

The signal comparison protection also functions if the line unit is fed from only one
side after switchover actions in the network. A quasi-echo circuit is implemented with
the implemented comparison loop. The loop remains closed because the distance
protection at the other end of the line is and remains in quiescent status with a fault
within the protection zone. The tripping is then generated on the supply side by the
distance protection.

A fault within the protection zones can be tripped quickly and selectively with the
signal comparison protection. However, when making the settings, the operating time
of the signals must be taken into account. It is important that the G-Start signal
always appears before the signal Z1< to ensure that the loop is opened at the right
time.

In addition, the fact that the signals required for the signal comparison protection are
not always received simultaneously at both ends of the line unit must be considered.
Sufficient closing delays must be defined at the binary inputs.

6.6.10 Switching onto faults

The distance protection also has a function for switching on persistent faults. This is
generally referred to as manual-on acquisition. With this setting activated, the tripping
response of the distance protection can be remotely or locally influenced with the clo-
sing command of the power circuit-breaker as follows:

Standard operation
In this case the function "switching on persistent fault“ is not activated. The
distance protection ignores the On command of the power circuit-breaker. A
fault is only tripped in accordance with the set impedance-time characteristic or
the setting characteristic. This means that a fault will be tripped in the first
impedance zone with the time t1 and in the second impedance zone with the
time t2.

Use overreach zone

With this setting the overreach stage will be activated for about 200 ms by the
closing command of the power circuit-breaker. The protection zone is
determined by the setting of the overreach stage ZÜ. This is normally about
120 … 150% of the line impedance ZL. The tripping then occurs with the
associated time tÜ. When the power circuit-breaker is closed by the
autoreclosure function, the overreach zone is not activated.

Tripping after general starting:

In this setting the General-Start signal or the general starting is standard. If the
general starting signal occurs when the power circuit-breaker is closed, the
distance protection trips immediately. The impedance measurement is not used
here.

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6.6.11 Switchover to emergency overcurrent definite time

In the event of an mcb device failure in the voltage instrument transformer the
distance protection will be unable to function correctly because of faulty voltage
measured variables. For this reason it is necessary to block the distance protection
and to switch over to the emergency definite time overcurrent protection functions.
The automatic switchover to the emergency definite time is currently only possible via
the automatic device failure signal.

6.6.12 Setting the Impedance Zone

Distance protection is a non-unit protection (relative selectivity). In order to get the
required selectivity, time-grading is used for this purpose. The individual ranges are
limited by means of impedance zones.

After generating the trip, the fault impedance and the reactance are indicated on the
LCD screen for fault-locating purposes. The values of the fault impedance and of the
reactance, as usual for fault-locator, are indicated as primary values.

The impedance zones have to be set as secondary values. These values need to be
calculated, depending on the transducers or sensors used. The secondary setting of
the impedance zone is normally based on current and voltage transformers with
secondary rated values 1A and 100 V. By default, the interposing transformers for
converting current and voltage values are rated at 1A and 100 V. Therefore, the
conversion is based on the following relation:

Ti
Zsec = Zpri
Tu
where Zsec is the secondary impedance quantity, Zpri is the primary impedance
quantity, Ti is the transformation ratio for the current transformer, and Tu is the
transformation ratio for the voltage transformer.

If the secondary rated value of the current transformers deviates from 1A, the
equation needs to be extended as follows:

Ti Isn
Zsec = Zpri
Tu 1A
where, as before, Zsec is the secondary impedance quantity, Zpri is the primary
impedance quantity, Ti is the transformation ratio for the current transformer, and Tu
is the transformation ratio for the voltage transformer. Furthermore, the rated current,
Isn, and the rated voltage, Usn, on the secondary side of the transducers have to be
taken into consideration.

The following example of distance protection illustrates how the primary impedance is
converted for setting the respective impedance value. For this purpose, a series of
data from the transducers and sensors are used.

CT 100/1 A and VT 20,000/100 V

The above-mentioned data for the current and voltage transformers can be used to
calculate the secondary impedance value for the protection by using the first
equation:

100
Zsec = Zpri = 0.5 Zpri
200

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The primary impedance values can be converted into the secondary impedance
values by applying factor 0.5.

CT 100/5 A and VT 20,000/100 V

With this transducer, the calculation must be made using the second equation which
looks like this:

20 5 A
Zsec = Zpri = 0.5 Zpri
200 1A

Note Please note that the interposing transformer for the nominal current of 5A must be
used for connecting.

CT 100/1 A and VT 20,000/110 V

Since the voltage transformer transforms the primary line voltage to 110V, the
reference quantity for the calculation in distance protection needs to be adapted. For
this purpose, the calibration factors for the voltage inputs have to be adjusted from
100V to 110V, by setting them to 1.1. For converting, the same relation is used:

100
Zsec = Zpri = 0.5 Zpri
181.81

Sensor 80A/150mV and 20,000V/2V

The sensors transform the primary measured quantities directly to the reference
quantity for signal processing in the REF 542plus. The current quantity is then
converted to 150 mV and the voltage quantity is converted to 2V. In principle, the first
equation can be used for calculation. However, this is based on the assumption that
the primary measured quantities are converted to secondary quantities of 1A and
100V. Moreover, it must be assumed that the rated quantities for the interposing
transformers are 1A and 100 V as well. Consequently, the secondary setting is
determined as follows:

80
Zsec = Zpri = 0.4 Zpri
200

Note The same voltage sensor that is used for 20 kV rated voltage with a divider ratio of
10,000:1 is also used for systems with rated voltages below 20 kV. Therefore the
calculation of impedance values must be based on the same rated voltage 2V x
10.000 = 20 kV. The rated voltage must always be based on the actual divider ratio.
For example, a sensor with a divider ratio of 20,000 : 1 corresponds to a resulting
rated voltage of 2V x 20,000 = 40 kV.

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6.7 Differential protection

Differential protection is used to protect power transformer, motor and generator in
order to switch off an occuring fault immediately and selectively. The protection
function has the following properties:

Differential protection of two windings power transformer

Amplitude and vector group adaptation

Zero sequence current compensation

Three fold tripping characteristic

nd th

Inrush stabilization by the 2 and 5 harmonics

Stabilization during through faults also in case of ct saturation

Processing of Buchholz - Signals

6.7.1 Function
The differential protection is a current comparison scheme for the protection of a
component with two ends, like e.g. two windings power transformer, therefore the
incoming and outgoing currents through the component to be protected are compared
with each other. If no fault exists in the protection zone, the incoming current and the
outgoing current must be identical. Therefore the difference between those currents,
the differential current, can be used as criteria for fault detection. Consequently the
protection zone of the differential protection is limited by the place where the current
transformers or current sensors are installed.

To perform the current comparison, it is necessary to correct the amplitude of the

current. In the differential protection the amplitude correction adaptation is done by
software. In the case of power transformer protection for example, the current
measurement quantities on the primary and the secondary side must be corrected by
taking the different ct nominal values into account. Also the adaptation of the vector
group between the primary and the secondary side including the compensation of the
zero sequence component of the current must be considered.

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6.7.2 Vector Group Adaptation

Vector Grounding Calculation of the current comparison

group
HS LS HS LS
0 (bzw. 6) No No IL11 IL12
IL21 IL22
IL31 IL32
No Ja ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
Ja No ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
Ja Ja ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
1 (bzw. 7) No No ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12
( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22

( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32

No Ja IL11 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3

IL21 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
IL31 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
Ja No ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12
( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22

( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32

Ja Ja ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12 - IL02

( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22 -- IL02

( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32 - IL02

2 (bzw. 8) No No IL11 - IL22

IL21 - IL32
IL31 - IL12
No Ja ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
Ja No ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
Yes Yes ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3

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Vector Grounding Calculation of the current comparison

group
HS LS HS LS
3 (bzw. 9) No No ( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22

( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32

No Yes IL11 ( IL32 - IL22 ) / √3

IL21 ( IL12 - IL32 ) / √3
IL31 ( IL22 - IL12 ) / √3
Yes Yes ( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22

( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32

Yes Yes ( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12 - IL02

( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22 -- IL02

( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32 - IL02

4 (bzw. 10) No No IL11 IL32

IL21 IL12
IL31 IL22
No Yes ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
Yes No ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
Yes Yes ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
5 (bzw. 11) No No ( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL12
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL22

( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL32

No Yes IL11 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3

IL21 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
IL31 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
Yes No ( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL12
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL22

( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL32

Yes Yes ( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL12 - IL02

( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL22 -- IL02

( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL32 - IL02

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The vector Adaptation table shown above is the calculation of the vector group
adaptation for power transformer listed. In the vector group case, which number is
incremented by 6, has in this calculation the polarity inverted in order to achieve a
phase shift of 180°. Therefore HS is the primary high voltage side, LS the secondary
low voltage side of the power transformer, IL1 to IL3 the current in the phase L1 to L3
and the indexes 1 and 2 represent the primary high and the secondary low voltage
side of the transformer respectively.. If a transformer is grounded on the primary or on
the secondary side it must also to take into consideration that the earthing is carried
out by grounding transformers. The vector group adaptation is also in position to
cover the situation, where the grounding transformer is inside the protection zone.

6.7.3 Tripping Characteristic

The tripping characteristic of the differential protection function is a three fold
characteristic. In the following figure the characteristic is shown. Therefore In is the
nominal current of the object to be protected, Id the differential current and ID the
through current. Due to the measurement error of the current quantities on both sides
of the object to be protected, a small differential current will occur during normal
operation condition. The through current according to the definition in the IEC
standard is the smaller one of the two currents to be compared.

Id/In Id>/In

I1 I2

Id
Assumption:
I1 > I2, then I2 = ID
ID Through current
Id Differentialcurrent

Slope
Id2/In

Id1/In

ID1/In ID2/In ID/In

Figure 68: Tripping characteristic of the differential protection function

The first fold of the characteristic curve is given by the settable threshold value of the
differential current Id1 by the through current ID equal to zero. The second fold of the
characteristic curve is defined by the threshold value Id2 of the differential current and
the through current ID2. Afterwards the characteristic is continied by a line with a
slope. In case of the occurence of a high differential current, a direct tripping can also
be generated by the threshold value Id> as the third fold of the tripping characteristic.
The setting value should be selected in such a way, that no tripping could happen
during the energization of the power transformer.

6.7.4 Inrush Stabilization

When switching on a no load power transformer high inrush current might occur,
especially if the switching moment happens to be at voltage zero. As a consequence
undesired tripping might happen, because of the high amplitude of the inrush current.

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To stabilize this switching on condition of the power transformer the occurance of the
nd
2 harmonic in the differential current can be used as criteria. Therefore the portion
nd
of the 2 harmonic current to the current with fundamental frequency is substantial.
As soon as the threshold value is exceeded, a blocking signal must be generated in
order to block the complete protection function.

Also in case of switching on a parallel no load transformer the inrush current can also
be generated in the transformer, that is already in operation. In this case it is
th
necessary to detect the 5 harmonic in the differential current to avoid the undesired
tripping. For that reason the differential protection in REF542plus is foreseen with the
nd th
2 and the 5 harmonic blocking possibilities, which can be set separately from each
other.

Note For application in motor and generator protection the blocking provision it is not
necessary to use the harmonic blocking facilies.

6.8 Other Functions

6.8.1 Unbalanced Load Protection

The unbalanced load protection function is to be used to supervise and protect the
electrical component against unsymmetrical load condition. Most applications can be
found in the protetcion of motors and generators. The unbalanced load is derived in
this case from the negative sequence component of the current. According to the
definition in the standard the unbalanced load is the ratio between the negative phase
sequence current to the nominal current of the component to be protected.

Because the unbalanced load can produce a non-allowed heating, e.g. in the iron
part of the rotor, a tripping of the motor shall be performed depending on a quadratic
time characteristic. This characteristic simulates an adiabatic heating of the rotor by
the unbalanced load. The tripping characteristic can be set according to the following
equation:

K
t=
I 2 − Is
2 2

Thereby t is the tripping time, K the heating parameter of the component to be

protected, I2 the unbalanced load and IS the start value for the tripping time calculation
of the unbalanced load condition. Both quantites are referred to as the nominal
current of the component to be protected.

If a trip is generated, e.g. in case of a motor protection, the motor should be blocked
for reclosing. The signal BO is in this case dedicated to block the reclosing possibility
of the motor. During the blocking condition, the heating memory content will be
decremented linearly. Therefore it is possible, when the motor is reclosed again, a
faster tripping time will result if the unbalanced load condition is still presented.

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6.8.2 Directional Power Protection

Directional power supervision can be added as a supervision function with
generators, transformers and three-phase asynchronous motors. It monitors the
direction of the power flow and generates an alarm or a tripping after detecting
reverse power.

The directional power supervision is based on comparing the calculated effective

power with a configured limit value. If the result of the internal power calculation is
negative, reactive power is measured. If this exceeds the set response time, a
starting follows. If the response time is exceeded for at least the time set in the
parameters, it will be tripped.

The nominal effective power that must be set (P nom) is based on the three-phase
calculated effective power. This is determined from the voltage and current measured
quantities, which are always based on the rated quantities of the analog inputs of the
REF542plus.

The correct directional condition must be present at the transducer and sensor termi-
nal, because otherwise the power calculation will not function correctly.

6.8.3 Low Load Protection

Low load supervision calculates the effective power from the configured REF542plus
current measurement inputs and automatically adds the corresponding voltage
measurement inputs. For this reason the parameters for the relevant voltage inputs at
the analog inputs must be set.

The low load supervision is based on comparing the calculated effective power with
the configured response time. If the response time falls below the set response time,
the protective function will be activated. If it falls below the response time for at least
the time set in the parameters, it will be tripped. The rated effective power that must
be set is based on the one, two or three-phase effective power calculated from the
rated values of the current and voltage measurement inputs.

In addition, a pick-up current (Min.Current) can be configured from which the low
load supervision is first activated. Offload and pick-up ratios can be taken into
account with this parameter.

6.8.4 Frequency supervision

Frequency changes influence, for example, the power dissipation, the speed (motors)
and the firing characteristics (converters) of equipment. There are also consumers
that control their time settings over the network frequency.

The frequency supervision function block is used to report frequency variations in a

frequency band with configurable positive and negative frequency difference. A
starting is activated initially after the response time has been exceeded or underrun. If
the frequency range is exceeded or underrun for at least the parameters in the time
setting, it will be tripped. The frequency is automatically determined from the voltage
measured value of an analog input.

The rated frequency is specified in the basic settings for the calculated quantities
during the configuration.

Two parameter sets can be configured for frequency supervision.

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6.8.5 Synchrocheck
The paralleling monitoring checks the voltage quantities of two networks and only ge-
nerates a closing command if the difference of the voltage amplitudes, the phase dif-
ference and the frequency vary within the set allowable limits for a specific period. For
this purpose the paralleling monitoring initially uses two conductor-ground voltages
from the 1st network, i.e. the voltage U1L1E from the phase L1 and voltage U1L2E from
the phase L2. Then the line voltage U1L12 is calculated from the above measured
values. Therefore, to implement the synchronism monitoring, the line voltage U2L12
from the 2nd network between the phases L1 and L2 is required.

To execute the synchrocheck function a differential voltage ∆U must initially be

determined from the two line voltages as an auxiliary quantity. This auxiliary quantity
is used to check the synchronism of the two networks with respect to their phase
angle and amplitude, in which the differential voltage in amplitude and phase must
remain within set time limits.

If the values of the differential voltage and the phase difference are within the set
limit, the protection function will be started (St). When the values remain within these
limits for at least the set time, both networks are equal in their frequencies. The signal
(SYN) for parallel switching of both networks is formed. Two parameter sets may be
configured for the paralleling monitoring.

The setting of the paralle monitoring function is shown by examples below. If two
networks must be switched in parallel, the voltage amplitudes in both networks must
first be almost equal and should approximate the value of the rated voltage. So long
as the frequencies in the networks are different, the two voltages will naturally not be
synchronous. A phase displacement occurs between the two voltages that need to be
equalized. As a result a differential voltage dependent on the time occurs. This
differential voltage can be used to determine whether the two networks can be
switched in parallel. The voltage ratios are shown in an example in the following
diagram.

U2

δ ∆U
U1

Figure 69: Vector diagram of the voltage quantities with unequal frequencies.

As shown in the diagram, the phase difference that needs to be set depends on the
setting of the differential voltage as follows:

æ ∆U ö
∆δ = arctan ç
è U

∆δ: Setting the phase difference

∆U: Setting the differential voltage as start value
U: Nominal voltage as reference quantity

After transposing the above equation the required voltage difference can be calcula-
ted:

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∆U = U tan ∆δ

A time window, t, can be used to check the frequency variation

2 Tn ∆δ fn
t =
360° ∆f
t: Time window to check frequency
Tn: Period duration at rated frequency
fn: Rated frequency
∆f: Frequency difference

So long as the frequency difference remains within an allowable limit, the set time can
run out. This enables the signal "SYN" to be formed for parallel switching of both
networks.

A synchrocheck function is required for coupling two networks. The sycnchrocheck

function can also be used before autoreclosing of a switch off line.

6.9 Fault recorder

This function block allows the seven REF542plus analog input signals to be recorded
for a period of at least 1 second and for a maximum of 5 seconds. It is also possible
to record up to 32 digital signals simultaneously from the function chart.

The faultrecorder is started within the application. The recording time of the fault
recorder is a combination of the time before the fault and the time after the fault. The
time before the fault refers to the period recorded before the fault recorder has
actually started. The time after the fault is the period after the fault recorder has
started. Dynamic recording of the fault record (e.g. from start signal to signal LS OFF)
is not possible.

The specific fault record is saved by the ring buffer process, i.e. the oldest fault record
is always overwritten with a new one. The number of saved fault records depends on
the record time. The total duration of all saved fault records is 5 seconds. For
example, 5 fault records can be saved with a record time of 1 s (time before the fault
+ time after the fault).

The fault records are exported with the configuration software and then converted to
the COMTRADE format. The fault records can also be exported over the interbay
bus.

Please observe the following limitations on the use of the fault recorder:

• At least one protective function must be configured and

• The start signal for the fault recorder must be implemented in the FUPLA.

The analog signals are digitized and processed with a 1.2 kHz sampling rate,
because they are decisive for the protection trips. They therefore within a time grid of
0.833 ms. Start and trip signals from protection functions are recorded and sent to the
binary outputs immediately.

In contrast, the digital signals are processed in accordance with the FUPLA cycle
time. The cycle time depends on the application in this case.

The digital signals are therefore in a grid that is significantly larger than the analog
signal grid. The fault recorder is dedicated for recording fault data during a short

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circuit in the network. The data can be exported from the REF542plus later and
displayed with suitable program.

Figure 70: Example showing the graphic display of fault record data of a two-pole short circuit
with the WINEVE program

6.10 Additional function

The function described in the following subsections cannot be started as an
independent function block, but it is a component of some protective functions.

Note Autoreclosure for the distance protection is described in the distance protection
section.

6.10.1 Function Autoreclosing

In overhead cable networks most faults are short circuits with arcing. The line has to
be temporarily switched off to stop the arc. It can be reactivated after deionizing the
arc section. The fault is tripped by protection equipment and the subsequent quick,
independent autoreclosure is also referred to as a short disconnection (SD) (also AR,
“autoreclose“ or “refermeture automatique“).

To enable this procedure, the following protective functions implemented in the

REF542 can be combined with the autoreclosure (AR) function:

Overcurrent instantaneous

Overcurrent high

Overcurrent directional high

Earthfault high

Earthfault directional low

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Two parameter sets can be configured for the autoreclosure.

6.10.2 Configuration
Please observe the following basic conditions for proper functioning of the autoreclo-
sure:

The autoreclosure must generally be released in the REF542 hardware

configuration.

The blocking time must be set longer than the longest dead time.

The fault time must be longer than the trip time of the protection for which the
autoreclosure is configured.

The power circuit-breaker closing command may not be interlocked while the
autoreclosure is running.

The dialog window is the same for all autoreclosure-compatible protective functions
and is reached via the autoreclosure button in the configuration dialog of the
corresponding protective function.

Caution The definition of the fault time used here is not the same as the standard defini-
tion of the fault time.

The definition used here is in the following description shown in Figure 71 of the
configuration dialog. In contrast to this, the definition of the fault time for the distance
protection-autoreclosure is the same as the standard definition.

Figure 71: Configuration window autoreclosure (AR)

Input field number of recloses (once per parameter set/setting): Indicates how
often the autoreclosure is activated in succession.
Setting range: 0, 1 or 2
Default: 0

Input field ArTime Shot 1 (once per parameter set/setting): Input of the time in ms
for which a protective starting must persist after the first tripping before a second
tripping.
Setting range: 30 ms … 300 000 ms (increment: 1 ms)
Default: 80 ms

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Note The time set in the configuration dialog of the protective function will be overwritten by
this parameter (fault time 1).

Input field ArDelayTime Shot 1 (once per parameter set/setting): The time in ms
for which the power circuit-breaker (LS) remains open before the first autoreclosure.
Finally an LS-On command is generated.
Setting range: 200 ms … 300 000 ms (increment: 1 ms)
Default: 2 000 ms

Input field Artime Shot 2 (once per parameter set/setting): Input of the time in ms
for which a protective starting must persist after the second tripping before a third
tripping.
Setting range: 30 ms … 300 000 ms (increment: 1 ms)
Default: 300 ms

Note The time set in the configuration dialog of the protective function will be overwritten by
this parameter (fault time 2).

Input field ArDelayTime Shot 2 (once per parameter set/setting): The time in ms
for which the power circuit-breaker (LS) remains open before the second autoreclosu-
re. Finally an LS-On command is generated.
Setting range: 200 ms …300 000 ms (increment: 1 ms)
Default: 20 000 ms

Input field ArReclaimTime (once per parameter set/setting): Recovery time in ms for
the power circuit-breaker; i.e. the time in which the autoreclosure is generally blocked.
If the protective function is tripped during the blocking time, there will be no autoreclo-
sure.
Setting range: 200 ms … 300 000 ms (increment: 1 ms)
Default: 2000 ms

Button OK: All settings are saved in the configuration program. The dialog window is
closed.

Button Cancel: Settings are not saved in the configuration program. The dialog
window is closed.

Note An unsuccessful autoreclosure must be acknowledged. The autoreclosure-active

signal persists until it is acknowledged. A successful autoreclosure need not be ack-
nowledged.

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Some flow charts of autoreclosures are shown below to clarify its functioning.

6.10.3 Autoreclosure 1 attempt successful

Figure 72: Autoreclosure flow chart, one successful attempt

6.10.4 Autoreclosure 1 attempt unsuccessful

Figure 73: Autoreclosure flow chart, an unsuccessful attempt

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6.10.5 Autoreclosure 2 attempts successful

Figure 74: Autoreclosure flow chart, two successful attempts

6.10.6 Autoreclosure 2 attempts unsuccessful

Figure 75: Autoreclosure flow chart, two unsuccessful attempts

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7 Maintenance Program
Because of the high quality standards of the REF542plus and its components and
processing, we suggest the following procedure:

Function test (automatically done on commissioning)

Secondary test (protection test – also automatically done on commissioning)

Regular tests of the REF542plus are not really necessary. The self-monitoring
functions immediately signal all faults that occur. However, the following tests are
worth carrying out to check the safety technology of the unit.

7.1 Repeat test (function and protection test)

Six months after commissioning and then every 2-5 years.

7.2 Calibration test

The calculated long-term drift of the components in use is 0.3% per 10 years. For this
reason we recommend that the analog input values be tested every 10 years.
Recalibration can be done on site with little effort.

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8 Durability of specific components

8.1 Power relay contacts
The power relay contacts on the binary input/output board with conventional relays in
the REF542plus cannot directly trip the trip coil without shortening their life. However,
the contact life is at least 10 full load trips.

Normally a mechanical auxiallary switch is switched in series with the trip coil to
reduce the load on the power relay contacts. This again increases their life cycles.

8.2 Electrolyte capacitors

The durability of the electrolyte capacitors used depends primarily on the ambient
temperature. The calculated operational life of the REF542plus under normal
conditions is more than 35 years.

If the REF542plus is continuously operated at temperatures over the specifications,

the electrolyte capacitors of the power supply board should be replaced every 10
years.

8.3 LCD screen

The guaranteed life of the LCD screen is 16 years at ambient temperatures below
55°C and subject to 60°C for no more than 10% of operational time. The end of its life
is signaled by black or white spots on the display.

If black spots that do not change when the display changes become obvious well
before the end of its life, the seal of the LCD screen is defective and must be
replaced.

If the contrast is too low and can no longer be increased, there is a fault in the LC
display screen control electronics. The complete display screen module must be
replaced in this case.

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9 List of the protection functions

ANSI Protection Function and DSP Load

Code the Setting Parameter in %
Digital Filtering as basic load 16
68 Inrush stabilization 3
Only in connection with I>> and I>
67 Overcurrent directional high 7
I>> = 0,05 ... 40 In
t = 65 ... 300.000 ms
67 Overcurrent directional low 7
I > = 0,05 ... 40 In
t = 65 ... 300.000 ms
50 Overcurrent instantaneous 3
I>>> = 0,1 ... 40 In
t = 15 ... 300.000 ms
51 Overcurrent high 2
I>> = 0,05 ... 40 In
t = 35 ... 300.000 ms
51 Overcurrent low 2
I > = 0,05 ... 40 In
t = 35 ... 300.000 ms
51 IDMT 3
Standard, very, extremely or long time inverse time characteristic,
Ie = 0,05 ... 40 In
K = 0,05 ... 1,0
51N Earth fault high 3
IE>> = 0,05 ... 40 In
t = 65 ... 100.000 ms
51N Earth fault low 3
IE> = 0,05 ... 40 In
t = 65 ... 100.000 ms
51N Earth fault IDMT 3
Standard, very, extremely or long time inverse time characteristic,
Ie = 0,05 ... 40 In
K = 0,05 ... 1,0
67N Earth fault directional high 3
IE>> = 0,05 ... 40 In
t = 35 ... 300.000 ms, for- / backward
67N Earth fault directional low 3
IE> = 0,05 ... 40 In
t = 35 ... 300.000 ms, for- / backward

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ANSI Protection Function and DSP Load

Code the Setting Parameter in %
67N Earth fault directional sensitive 12
IE>> = 0,05 ... 2 In
t = 100 ... 100.000 ms, for- / backward
UNE> = 0,05 ...0,7 Un
Slope angle α = 0 ... 20°,
Slope angle δ = - 180 ... 180°
59 Overvoltage instantaneous 2
U>>> = 0,1 ... 3 Un
t = 15 ... 300.000 ms
59 Overvoltage high 2
U>> = 0,1 ... 3 Un
t = 15 ... 300.000 ms
59 Overvoltage low 2
U> = 0,1 ... 3 Un
t = 15 ... 300.000 ms
27 Undervoltage instantaneous 2
U<<< = 0,1 ... 1,2 Un
t = 45 ... 300.000 ms
27 Undervoltage high 2
U<< = 0,1 ... 1,2 Un
t = 45 ... 300.000 ms
27 Undervoltage low 2
U< = 0,1 ... 1,2 Un
t = 45 ... 300.000 ms
59N Residual overvoltage high 2
UNE>> = 0,05 ... 3 Un
t = 35 ... 300.000 ms
59N Residual overvoltage low 2
UNE> = 0,05 ... 3 Un
t = 35 ... 300.000 ms
st
49 Thermal overload protection (thermal equation 1 order) 3
With complete memory function
Tn = 50 ... 400 °C
In (Mot) = 1 ... 10000 A (primary values)
Tini = 50 ... 120 % Tn
τcool = 10 ... 20.000 s at I and n = 0
τwarm = 10 ... 20.000 s at 0,1 In < I < 2 In
τwarm = 10 ... 20.000 s at I > 2 In
Tmax = 20 ... 400 °C
Twarn = 20 ... 400 °C
Tenvi = 50 ... Tini
51 Motor start protection (adiabatic characteristic) 2
I(Mot) = 0,3 ... 1,2 In
I(Start) = 0,1 ... 20 I(Mot)
t = 65 ... 300.000 ms
I> = 0,6 ... 0,8 I(Start)

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ANSI Protection Function and DSP Load

Code the Setting Parameter in %
51LR Blocking rotor (definite time characteristic) 3
I(Mot) = 0,3 ... 1,2 In
I> = 1 ... 19,99 In
t = 65 ... 300.000 ms
66 Number of starts 0
n(warm) = 1 ...10
n(cold) = 1 ...10
n(warm) = 20 ... 200 °C
21+79 Distance protection with autoreclosing 18
U / I- Start characteristic:
IF> respectively I> = 0,05 ... 4 In
UF< = 0,05 ... 0,9 Un
System earthing = high/low ohmic
Phase selection = cyclic/acyclic
Earth factor:
k = 0,00 ... 10,00
ϕ (k) = -60 ... 60°
3 Impedance- and 1 overreachstage:
R = 0,05 ... 120 Ω (secondary values)
X = 0,05 ... 120 Ω (secondary values)
t = 25 ... 10.000 ms
1 directional stage
Direction 0 ... 90 bzw.-45 ... 135°
t = 25 ... 10.000 ms
1 non directional stage
t = 25 ... 10.000 ms
AR with short/long time reclosing
87 Differential protection 22
Group = 0 ... 11
Transformer earthing primary / secondary
Nom. current In primary / secondary = 0 ... 100.000 A
Threshold current (ID=0) = 0,10 ... 0,50 In
Through current ID1 = 0,2 ... 2 In
Threshold current (ID=ID2) = 0,20 ... 2,00 In
Through current ID2 = 1,0 ... 10,0 In
Slope = 0,4 ... 1,0
Trip with Id> = 5 ... 40 In
Stabilization with 2nd and 5th harmonics = 0,10 ... 0,30.
46 Unbalance load 9
Is = 0,05 ... 0,3 In
k = 2 ... 30
tReset = 0 ... 200 s
32 Directional power 2
Pnom = 1 ... 1000.000 kW (primary values)
Pmax.rev = 1 ... 50 % Pn
t = 1 ... 1000 s
37 Low load 2
Pnom = 50 ... 1000.000 kW (primary values)
Pmin = 5 ... 100% Pn
Imin = 2 ... 20 % In
t = 1 ... 1000 s
81 Frequency monitoring 2
Start at ∆ f = 0,04 ... 5 Hz
t = 1 ... 30 s

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ANSI Protection Function and DSP Load

Code the Setting Parameter in %
25 Synchronism check 4
∆ U = 0,02 ... 0,4 Un
∆ ϕ = 5 ... 50°
t = 0,50 ... 1000,00 s
Fault recorder 2
Recording time = 1000 ... 5000 ms
Pre fault time: = 100 ... 2000 ms
Post fault setting = 100 ... 4900 ms
Max. 5 records
55 Power factor controller 0
Power factor = 0,70 ... 1,00
QC0 = 1,000 ... 20000,000 kVAr
Series of banks = 1:1:1:1 ... 1:2:4:8
Number of banks : 1 ... 4
Insensitivity = 105 ... 200 % QC0
Threshold = 0 ... 100 % QC0
Switching program = sequential/circuit switching

Note Due to the limitation of the DSP calculation power not all function blocks can be combined
without restrictions. Please refer to the following table for applicable restrictions.

Function block Restrictions

Protection functions Max. 12 protection functions
Max. 120 protection parameters
Max. 120 protection parameters
100% DSP load
Fault recorder Max. 1 fault recorder and Min. 1 configured protection
function
Cycle time of application Max. 30 ms
Memory object Max. 1
Power counter Max. 15
Switching object Max. 62
Threshold object Max. 10 per analog input
Direct write-read command Max. 100
Connections Max. 560, number of connections 502
Signaling LED's Max. 32 on 4 sides of 8 LED's each

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10 Technical data
10.1 Analog input channels
10.1.1 With current and voltage transformer:
Rated current In 1A or 5A
Rated voltage Un 100V / √3 or 100V (also suitable for 110V)
Rated frequency fn 50 Hz / 60 Hz

Thermal load capacity

Current path 4 In continuous,

100 In for 1s,
250 In (peak value) dynamic

Voltage path 2 Un / √3 continuous.

Consumption
Current path ≤ 0,1 VA with In
Voltage path ≤ 0,25 VA with Un

10.1.2 With current and voltage sensor

Rated current In 150 mV (RMS)
Rated voltage Un 2V (RMS)
Rated frequency fn 50 Hz / 60 Hz

10.2 Binary inputs and outputs

Each binary I/O board has the following number of inputs and outputs:

10.2.1 With mechanical relays

14 inputs for auxiliary voltage
20 to 90 V DC (threshold 14 V DC)
80 to 250 V DC (threshold 50 V DC)

Each input has a fixed filter time of 1 ms and can be extended by corresponding
configuration.

5 power outputs
Maximal Operation voltage 250V AC/DC
Make current 20 A
Load current 12 A
Breaking capacity 300W
Operation time 9 ms

2 signal outputs and 1 Watchdog - output

Operation voltage 250V AC/DC
Load current 2 A
Operation time 5 ms

1 Static output
Maximal Operation voltage 250V AC/DC
Operation time 1 ms

1 switch circuit monitoring

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10.2.2 With static outputs

14 inputs for auxiliary voltage
48 to 265 V DC (Threshold 35 V DC)

Each input has a fixed filter time of 1 ms and can be extended by corresponding
configuration.

2 power outputs
Operation voltage 48 to 265V DC
Make current 70 A for t ≤ 10 ms
Load current 12 A for t ≤ 30 s
Operation time 1 ms

4 power outputs
Operation voltage 48 to 265V DC
Make current 16 A for t ≤ 10 ms
Load current 10 A for t ≤ 30 s
Operation time 1 ms

2 Signal outputs and 1 Watchdog - output

Operation voltage 48 to 250V DC
Make current 0,3 A
Operation time 1 ms

1 switch circuit monitoring

10.3 Interface
10.3.1 HMI Control Unit

Optical interface to the Notebook PC (at the front)

Electrical isolated interface according to RS485 to the Central Unit (at

the rear)

10.3.2 Central Unit:

Electrical isolated interface according to RS485 to the HMI

Electrical interface according to RS232 for updating the firmware

Optical interface IRIG-B for real time synchronization with standard ST

connector for glass fiber

10.4 Analog output board (optional)

Four channel 0 to 20 mA or 4 to 20 mA

10.5 Communication (optional)

SPABUS, electrical with RS232 interface or optical connector snap-in type for
plastic respectively standard ST type for glass fiber

LON (according to LAG 1.4), optical with standard ST connector for glass fiber

IEC 60870-5-103 with extension according to VDEW for controlling, optical with
standard ST connector for glass fiber

Dual MODBUS RTU, electrical with two RS 485 interfaces or optical with two
standard ST connector for glass fiber

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10.6 Power supply

10.6.1 Central Unit
Rated voltage 48 to 220 VDC (-15%, +10%) or selectable
110 VDC (-15%, +10%) respectively,
220 VDC (-15%, +10%).
Power consumption ≤ 18 W
Inrush current ≤ 10 A peak value

10.6.2 HMI Control Unit

Rated voltage: 48 to 110 VDC (-15%, +10%) or
110 to 220 VDC (-15%, +10%)
Power consumption ≤6W

10.7 Temperature range

Operation -5 ... + 55°C
Transport and storing -20 ... +70°C

10.8 Degree of protection

10.8.1 Central Unit
Housing IP20

10.8.2 HMI Control Unit

Front IP 54
Rear IP 22

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11 Type test
All relevant tests according to the standard IEC 60255, EN 61000 respectively to the
new product standard EN 50263

11.1 EMC

Interference suppression per EN 55022 respectively. IEC CISPR 11, Group 1

Immunity to electrostatic discharge per IEC 61000-4-2, level 3

Immunity to radiated electromagnetic energy per IEC 61000-4-3, level 3

Electrical fast transient or burst per IEC 61000-4-4, level 3

Surge immunity tests per IEC 61000-4-5, level 3

Immunity to conducted disturbances induced by radio frequency fields per IEC

61000-4-6, level 3

Power frequency magnetic field immunity per IEC 61000-4-8, level 5

Pulse magnetic field immunity per IEC 61000-4-9, level 5

Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity per IEC 61000-4-10, level 5

Oscillatory waves immunity per IEC 61000-4-12, level 3

Oscillatory waves immunity in the range from 0 to 150 kHz per IEC 61000-4-16,
level 3

Ripple on DC input power port immunity per IEC 61000-4-17, level 3

Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations on DC input power ports
per IEC 61000-4-29, 50 ms.

11.2 Insulation

Voltage test per IEC 60255-5 with 2kV RMS, 50 Hz during 1Min

Impulse voltage withstand test per IEC 60255-5 with 5 kV 1,2/50 µs.

11.3 Mechanical robustness

Vibration test per IEC 60255-21-1

Shock response and withstand test per IEC 60068-2-2

Seismic test per IEC 60068-2-30

11.4 Climatic conditions

Cold test per IEC 60068-2-1

Dry heat test per IEC 60068-2-2

Damp Heat and Cycling test per IEC 60068-2-30

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12 Connection Diagram
12.1 Connector Plate
REF542plus Connector Plate for

REF542plus Connector Plate for

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REF542plus Connector Plate for

Power Supply Connection for HMI Control Unit

- X10: Power Supply

- X20: RS 485 to Central Unit

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12.2 REF542plus with mechanical binary I/O

Example of REF542plus base version with one mechanical binary I/O version 3.
Extension up to two additional mechanical binary I/O version 3 possible. Other
configuration of the analog input board available, e.g mixed configuration for
transformers and sensors connection.

Note: Please connect the right polarity on BO02.

-X10: 1 2 3
-X80:
1A + -
11
5A
07 T4
AI 04 DC
03
1A
22 DC
5A
18 T5
AI 05
14
1A
10
5A
06 T6 REF542plus
AI 06
02 Base version with
100/110V
21 binary I/O version 3
AI 01 T1
17
100/110V
05
AI 02 T2
01
100/110V
23
AI 03 T3
19
1A
24
5A T7
20
AI 07
16

-X21:
-X20:
+ +
d02 z02
- BI01 BO01
z02 z04
+ d02
d04 -
- BI02 d04
z04
+
+ z06
d06 BO02
- BI03 z08
z06 -
+ d06
d08 d08
- BI04
z08 d10
+ BO03
d10 d12
- BI05
z10 z10
+ z12
d12
- BI06 d14
z12
BO04
+ d16
d14
- BI07 z14
z14
+ z16
d16
- BI08 d18
z16 BO05
d20
+
d18 d22
- BI09 BO06
z18 z18
+
d20 z20
- BI10
z20 z22
+ d24
d22
- BI11 z24
z22
BO07
+ z26
d24
- BI12 z28
z24
+ d26
d26 BO08
- BI13 d28
z26
+ d30
d28
- BI14 WD1 z30
z28
z32

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Extension with second additional mechanical binary I/O version 3

Note: Please connect the right polarity on BO 10

-X30: -X31:
+
d02
- BI15 z02
z02 BO09
+ z04
d04 d02
- BI16
z04 d04
+ +
d06 z06
- BI17 BO10
z06 z08
+ -
d08 d06
- BI18
z08 d08
+ d10
d10 BO11
- BI19 d12
z10
+ z10
d12
- BI20 z12
z12
d14
+ BO12
d14 d16
- BI21
z14 z14
+
d16 z16
- BI22
z16 d18
+ BO13
d18 d20
- BI23 d22
z18
BO14
+ z18
d20
- BI24 z20
z20
+ z22
d22
- BI25 d24
z22
+ z24
d24 BO15
BI26 z26
-
z24
z28
+
d26 d26
- BI27 BO16
z26 d28
+
d28 d30
- BI28
z28 WD2 z30
z32

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Extension with third additional mechanical binary I/O version 3

Note: Please connect the right polarity on BO 18

-X40: -X41:
+
d02
- BI29 z02
z02 BO17
+ z04
d04 d02
- BI30
z04 d04
+ +
d06 z06
- BI31 BO18
z06 z08
+ -
d08 d06
- BI32
z08 d08
+ d10
d10 BO19
- BI33 d12
z10
+ z10
d12
- BI34 z12
z12
d14
+ BO20
d14 d16
- BI35
z14 z14
+
d16 z16
- BI36
z16 d18
+ BO21
d18 d20
- BI37 d22
z18
BO22
+ z18
d20
- BI38 z20
z20
+ z22
d22
- BI39 d24
z22
+ z24
d24 BO23
BI40 z26
-
z24
z28
+
d26 d26
- BI41 BO24
z26 d28
+
d28 d30
- BI42
z28 WD3 z30
z32

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12.3 REF542plus with solid state binary I/O

Example of REF542plus base version for sensor connection with one solid state
binary I/O version 3. Extension up to two additional solid state binary I/O possible.
Other configuration of the analog input board available, e.g mixed configuration for
transformers and sensors connection.

Note: Please connect the right polarity

-X10: 1 2 3
+ -
A
-X81: D Sensor 1
DC
A
-X82: D Sensor 2
DC
A Sensor 3
-X83: D
A Sensor 4
-X84: D REF542plus
A Base version with
-X85: D Sensor 5
sensor and
-X86:
A Sensor 6 solid state binary I/O
D
A Sensor 7
-X87: D
A Sensor 8
-X88: D

-X20: -X21:
+
d02
- BI01
z02
+
d04
- BI02 +
z04 d02
+ BO01
d06 d04
- BI03
z06
+ -
d08 z02
- BI04
z08 z04
+
d10
- BI05 +
z10 d06
+ BO02
d12 d08
- BI06
z12
-
+ z06
d14
- BI07 z08
z14
+ +
d16 d10
- BI08 BO07
z16 d12
+ -
d18 z10
- BI09 z12
z18
+ +
d20 d18
- BI10 BO03
z20 d20
BO05
+ d22
d22 BO04 +
- BI11 z20
z22 BO06 +
+ z22
d24
- BI12 z18
z24 +
d24
+ BO08
d26 z26
- BI13 +
z26 z28
+ BO09
d28 d28
- BI14 +
z28 d30
WD1
z32

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Extension with second solid state binary I/O.

Note: Please connect the right polarity

-X30: -X31:
+
d02
- BI15
z02
+
d04
- BI16 +
z04 d02
+ BO10
d06 d04
- BI17
z06
+ -
d08 z02
- BI18
z08 z04
+
d10
- BI19 +
z10 d06
+ BO11
d12 d08
- BI20
z12
-
+ z06
d14
- BI21 z08
z14
+ +
d16 d10
- BI22 BO16
z16 d12
+ -
d18 z10
- BI23 z12
z18
+ +
d20 d18
- BI24 BO12
z20 d20
BO14
+ d22
d22 BO13 +
- BI25 z20
z22 BO20 +
+ z22
d24
- BI26 z18
z24 +
d24
+ BO17
d26 z26
- BI27 +
z26 z28
+ BO18
d28 d28
- BI28 +
z28 d30
WD2
z32

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Extension with third additional solid state binary I/O

Note: Please connect the right polarity

-X40: -X41:
+
d02
- BI29
z02
+
d04
- BI30 +
z04 d02
+ BO20
d06 d04
- BI31
z06
+ -
d08 z02
- BI32
z08 z04
+
d10
- BI33 +
z10 d06
+ BO20
d12 d08
- BI34
z12
-
+ z06
d14
- BI35 z08
z14
+ +
d16 d10
- BI36 BO25
z16 d12
+ -
d18 z10
- BI37 z12
z18
+ +
d20 d18
- BI38 BO21
z20 d20
BO23
+ d22
d22 BO22 +
- BI39 z20
z22 BO24 +
+ z22
d24
- BI40 z18
z24 +
d24
+ BO26
d26 z26
- BI41 +
z26 z28
+ BO27
d28 d28
- BI42 +
z28 d30
WD3
z32

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Product information:
Technical Marketing
ABB Calor Emag Mittelspannung GmbH
Oberhausener Str. 33
D-40472 Ratingen
Phone: +49 (0) 2102 12 1230
Fax:: +49 (0) 2102 12 1916
E-mail: [email protected]
Internet: http://www.abb.de/calor

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