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Damian Gordon

The document discusses several key components of an operating system including the process manager, memory manager, file manager, and device manager. The process manager allocates resources and controls processes. The memory manager tracks allocated and free memory and determines how it is assigned. The file manager provides an interface for file operations and management. The device manager interfaces with and controls hardware devices.

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Akmad Ali Abdul
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127 views51 pages

Damian Gordon

The document discusses several key components of an operating system including the process manager, memory manager, file manager, and device manager. The process manager allocates resources and controls processes. The memory manager tracks allocated and free memory and determines how it is assigned. The file manager provides an interface for file operations and management. The device manager interfaces with and controls hardware devices.

Uploaded by

Akmad Ali Abdul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Damian Gordon

Computer
Hardware
Software
Applications

Computer
Hardware
Software
Applications

OPERATING SYSTEM

Computer
Hardware
Software
Applications

OPERATING SYSTEM
UNIX

Computer
Hardware
CLI (Command-Line Interface) GUI (Graphical User Interface)
CLI (Command-Line Interface) GUI (Graphical User Interface)
Hardware
Kernel
Shell
User
Applications
 Hardware is the physical elements of a computer system. It is
the physical parts of a computer, such as the monitor, mouse,
keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD),
graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, and so
on.
 The Kernel is a computer program that manages input/output
requests from software, and translates them into data
processing instructions for the central processing unit and
other electronic components of a computer.
 The Shell is an interface for access to an operating system's
services. In general, operating system shells use either a
command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI).
 User Applications are computers program designed to
perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities
for the benefit of the user.
UNIX

Whose logo is this?


UNIX

 Developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie


 Unix was launched in 1969
 It is a CLI (Command-Line Interface)
 Written in the C programming language
 Led to a variety of academic and commercial
variants, e.g. University of California, Berkeley
(BSD), Microsoft (Xenix), IBM (AIX) and Sun
Microsystems (Solaris)
Whose logo is this?
 Developed by Microsoft - Bill Gates & Paul Allen
 Windows was launched in 1985
 Built on DOS (Disk Operating System), which is a
CLI (Command-Line Interface)
 Has two modes User Mode (the user cannot directly
access the hardware) and Kernel Mode (the user
can access the hardware)
 Runs on Computers, Tablets (Surface), and
integration with Xbox
Whose logo is this?
 Developed by Apple - Steve Wozniak & Steve Jobs
 MacOS was launched in 1984
 MacOS is a native GUI (Graphical User Interface)
 MacOS evolved into OS X, which combined
technologies from MacOS, Unix, and NeXT
 Runs on Computers and other devices.
Whose logo is this?
 Developed by Linus Benedict Torvalds
 Linux was launched in 1992
 Linux is a CLI (Command-Line Interface)
 Torvalds made the code of Linux freely available to
everyone on the internet, and therefore lots of
people created their own versions of Linux, e.g.
Debian, RedHat, SUSE, SlackWare, Gentoo, Ubuntu
Whose logo is this?
 Developed by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears,
and Chris White
 Android was launched in 2003
 Based on the Linux kernel
 Android is a GUI designed primarily for
touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones
and tablets
Whose logo is this?
 Developed by Steve Jobs and Scott Forstall
 iOS was launched in 2007
 Based on the MacOS
 iOS is a GUI designed primarily for touchscreen
mobile devices such as iPhones, iPods, iPads, and
AppleTV.
 A Linux distribution (often called a distro for short) is an
operating system made from a software collection,
which is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a
package management system.
 Almost six hundred Linux distributions exist, with close
to five hundred out of those in active development,
constantly being revised and improved.
 There are commercially backed distributions, such as
Fedora (Red Hat), openSUSE (SUSE) and Ubuntu
(Canonical Ltd.), and entirely community-driven
distributions, such as Debian, Slackware, Gentoo and
Arch Linux.
User
Interface

Web Server

Database

Operating
System
 LAMP is an model of web service solution stacks,
named as an acronym of the names of its original
four open-source components: the Linux operating
system, the Apache HTTP Server, the MySQL
relational database management system (RDBMS),
and the PHP programming language.
 The LAMP components are largely interchangeable
and not limited to the original selection. As a
solution stack, LAMP is suitable for building
dynamic web sites and web applications.
User
Interface

Web Server

Database

Operating
System
 WAMP (Microsoft Windows)
 MAMP (OS X)
 SAMP (Solaris)
 FAMP (FreeBSD)
 iAMP (iSeries)

 WIMP (IIS in place of Apache)


 LEMP (Nginx in place of Apache)

 LAPP (PostgreSQL in place of MySQL)


12th April
2015

 A *fairly* small release, some VM clean-ups


 The unification of the PROTNONE and NUMA
handling for page tables.

Some people advocated


the 4.0 version number,
to eventually see 4.1.15
- because "that was the
version of Linux SkyNet
used for the T-800
Terminator".
Original release
Version Current Version Support Model
date
Maintained from April
4.0 12 April 2015 4.0.9 2015 to July 2015
Maintained from July
4.1 22 June 2015 4.1.15 2015 to September
2017

Maintained from August


4.2 30 August 2015 4.2.8 2015 to December 2015

Supported version
4.3 1 November 2015 4.3.3
Maintained from
4.4 10 January 2016 4.4 January 2016 to
February 2018
29th
July
Threshold 2015
• Return of ‘Start’ button, a virtual
desktop system, integration with
Windows Phone
• Device dependent interface

Incorporates
Microsoft's intelligent
personal assistant
Cortana
16th
September
Monarch 2015
 Focuses less on new features and more on under-
the-hood optimizations, as well as battery
improvements. iOS 9 also adds a number of
features to the iPad to improve productivity. These
include Slide Over, Split View, and Picture in
Picture, for enhanced multitasking.

iOS 9 includes a new


News app which
displays news from
sources such as The
New York Times, CNN,
Wired, and ESPN
30th
September
El Capitan 2015
 Focuses mainly on performance, stability and
security. Adds multi-touch gestures to
applications like Mail and Messages

Has a new security


feature called System
Integrity Protection (SIP,
aka "rootless") that
protects system
processes, files and
folders from being
tampered with.
5th
October
Marshmallow 2015
 Marshmallow focuses on improving the overall user
experience of the previous version, introducing a
new permissions architecture, new APIs for
contextual assistants and a new power
management system.

A new "Assist" API


allows information from
a currently-opened app
to be sent to a
designated "assistant"
application for analysis
and processing.
Operating
System

Memory File
Manager Manager

Process Device
Manager Manager

Network
Manager
Process
Manager

 The OS must allocate resources to processes,


enable processes to share and exchange
information, protect the resources of each
process from other processes and enable
synchronisation among processes. To meet
these requirements, the OS must maintain a
data structure for each process, which
describes the state and resource ownership of
that process, and which enables the OS to
exert control over each process.
Memory
Manager

 The memory management function keeps


track of the status of each memory location,
either allocated or free. It determines how
memory is allocated among competing
processes, deciding which gets memory,
when they receive it, and how much they are
allowed. When memory is allocated it
determines which memory locations will be
assigned. It tracks when memory is freed or
unallocated and updates the status.
File
Manager

 A file manager or file browser is a computer


program that provides a user interface to
manage files and folders. The most common
operations performed on files or groups of
files include creating, opening (e.g. viewing,
playing, editing or printing), renaming,
moving or copying, deleting and searching
for files, as well as modifying file attributes,
properties and file permissions. Folders and
files may be displayed in a hierarchical tree
based on their directory structure.
Device
Manager

 The device manager is responsible for


detecting and managing devices, performing
power management, and exposing devices to
userspace. Device drivers allow user
applications to communicate with a system's
devices. They provide a high-level abstraction
of the hardware to user applications while
handling the low-level device-specific I/O
and interrupts.
Network
Manager

 The network manager manages the


relationship between the operating system
and the network(s) that it is connected to.
This means that the user can be unaware of
issues like connectivity, and network speed.

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