Republic of Zambia

CHEMISTRY
HIGH SCHOOL SYLLABUS
GRADES 10 – 12

Prepared by:
Curriculum Development Centre
P.O. Box 50092
LUSAKA
© Curriculum Development Centre

All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of the copyright holder.

i
CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Preface .................................................................................................................................................................................................. v
Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................................................. vi
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................................... vii
General Aims ........................................................................................................................................................................................ viii
Mathematical Requirements ................................................................................................................................................................. ix
Assessment Objectives ......................................................................................................................................................................... x
Structure of the Examination ................................................................................................................................................................ xi
Time Allocation .................................................................................................................................................................................... xii
UNIT TOPIC PAGE
1.0 Introduction to Chemistry 1
2.0 The Particulate nature of matter 2
2.1 Matter 2
2.2 Kinetic theory 2

3.0 Experimental techniques 3

3.1 Apparatus 3
3.2 Criteria of purity 3
3.3 Methods of purification 3

4.0 The Language of Chemistry 4

4.1 Atomic structure 4
4.2 Elements compound and mixtures 4
4.3 Chemical bonding 5
4.4 Chemical symbols, formulae and equations 5

5.0 The Periodic table 6

5.1 Groups and periods 6
5.2 Group properties 6
5.3 Transitional metals 6

ii
UNIT TOPIC PAGE

6.0 Acids bases and salts 7

6.1 Acids, bases and alkalis 7
6.2 Salts 8
6.3 Effects of acids in the environment 8
6.4 Uses of acids, alkalis and salts 8

7.0 The Mole concept 9

7.1 Relative masses 9
7.2 The mole 9
10 7.3 Empirical and molecular formulae 10

8.0 Chemical reactions and energy changes 11

8.1 Rate of chemical reactions and chemical equilibrium 11
8.2 Redox reactions 12
8.3 Energetics of reactions 12

9.0 Metals 13
9.1 Reactivity series 13
9.2 Alloys 14
9.3 Thermal stability of the compounds 14

10.0 Electricity and chemistry 15

10.1 Electrolysis 15

iii
UNIT TOPIC PAGE

11.0 Organic chemistry 16

11.1 Saturated and unsaturated hydro carbons 16
11.2 Alcohols and acids 16
11.3 (Carboxylic acids) Macromolecules 17
11.4 Synthetic macromolecules 17
11.5 Natural macromolecules 18

12.0 Non Metals 19

12.1 Hydrogen 19
12.2 Oxygen 19
12.3 Nitrogen 20
12.4 Chlorine 21
12.5 Sulphur 22
12.6 Carbon and carbonates 23
12.7 Silicon 24

13.0 Chemistry, Society and the Environment 25

13.1 Chemistry and society 25
19 13.2 Pollution 25

iv
PREFACE

The review of this Syllabus was necessitated by the need to improve the quality of education at High School Level as stipulated in the national
policy document “Educating Our Future - 1996”.

Quality education raises the standard of living for all. This leads to sustainable national development. The syllabus also addresses issues of
national concern such as Environmental Education, Gender and Equity, Health Education and HIV/AIDS, Family Life Education, Human
Rights, Democracy, Reproductive Health, Population Education, Entrepreneurship and Vocation Skills, Life and Values Education.

Another reason for revising this syllabus was to fully localize the High School Examinations which were formerly set by University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, UK.

It is hoped that this syllabus will provide the users with a sound premise on the basis of which meaningful and effective learning experiences will
be developed in order to provide a good foundation for further study of this subject area.

James Mulungushi (Dr.)

PERMANENT SECRETARY
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
LUSAKA-ZAMBIA

v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The production of this syllabus has been undertaken under the aegis of the Curriculum Development Centre and with expert advice and
contributions from the following:

The Examinations Council of Zambia, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources through Environmental Education Programme for
Awareness, the University of Zambia, Zambia Science Education Association, Chemistry Curriculum Committee, Inspectors of Schools,
Examiners individual chemistry teachers too many to mention.

vi
INTRODUCTION

This syllabus is designed for Grades 10 – 12. It is intended for learners taking Chemistry at High School Level of education. It places less
emphasis on factual material and greater emphasis on understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles. This has been done so
that learners develop skills that will be of the value for a long time in an increasingly world and it is expected that these will be of relevance for a
very long time.

GENERAL AIMS

These provide the educational purposes of following a Chemistry Course at this level of education and are listed in a suggested order of priority:
The General aims are to:
1. provide, through well designed studies of experimental and practical Chemistry, a worthwhile educational experience for all learners,
whether or not they go on to study Chemistry beyond this level and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and
knowledge to:
1.1 become confident citizens in a technological world, able to take or develop an informed interest in matters of scientific import;
1.2 recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in other disciplines and in everyday
life;
1.3 be suitably prepared for studies beyond High School level in Chemistry, in applied Sciences or in Science dependent vocational
courses.
2. stimulate learners and create and sustain their interest in and enjoyment of Chemistry.
3. develop abilities and skills that:
3.1 are relevant to the study and practice of chemistry;
3.2 are useful in everyday life;
3.3 encourage efficient and safe practice;
3.4 encourage effective communication.
4. develop attitudes relevant to Chemistry such as:
4.1 concern for accuracy and precision;
4.2 objectivity;
4.3 integrity.

vii
5. assist the development of:
5.1 the skills of:
(i) enquiry;
(ii) initiative;
(iii) inventiveness.
6. stimulate interest in and care for the local and global environment.
7. promote an awareness that:
7.1 scientific theories and methods have developed, and continue to do so as a result of co-operative activities of groups and individuals;
7.2 the study and practice of Chemistry is subject to social economic, technological, ethnical and cultural influences and limitations;
7.3 the applications of Chemistry may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the community and the environment;
7.4 Chemistry transcends national boundaries and that language of science correctly and rigorously applied, is universal.

viii
MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS

This syllabus offers a context in which mathematical skills and techniques may be applied in a relevant and more meaningful way. The study of
Chemistry through this syllabus, therefore strengthens the applications of Mathematics.

Candidates will be required to be competent in the following mathematical techniques:

1. add, subtract, multiply and divide.

2. use averages, fractions, percentages, ratios and reciprocals.
3. recognise and use standard notation.
4. use direct and inverse proportion.
5. use positive, negative and whole number indices.
6. draw charts and graphs from given data.
7. interpret charts and graphs.
8. select suitable scales and axes for graphs.
9. make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions.
10. recognise and use the relationship between length, surface area and volume and their units on metric scales.
11. solve equations of the form x = yz for only one variable when the other two are known.
12. make accurate numerical work and handle calculations up to three (3) significant figures.
13. comprehend and use symbols notation such as ≥ and ≤.

ix
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES

The following aspects of the aims will be assessed:

1. Knowledge with understanding
The candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to:-
(a) scientific phenomena, facts, concepts, theories and laws.
(b) scientific terminology, use of symbols, quantities and units.
(c) scientific apparatus and instruments and their safe operations.
(d) scientific quantities and their determination.
(e) scientific and technological applications with social, economic and environmental relevance.

Questions testing these objectives will in most cases begin with the terms such as:
“describe, discuss, state, explain, name, outline or define”.

2. Handling information and solving problems.

The candidate should be able to:-
(a) locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources.
(b) translate information from one form to another.
(c) manipulate numerical data.
(d) identify patterns and draw inferences from information.
(e) give reasonable explanations for patterns and relationships.
(f) make predictions and hypotheses.
(g) solve problems

questions testing these objectives will often begin with the term such as “predict, calculate, suggest or determine”.

3. Experimental Skills and Investigating.

The candidate should be able to:-
(i) follow instructions.

x
 (ii) use basic laboratory techniques, apparatus and materials.
(iii) observe, measure and record.
(iv) plan investigations.
(v) interpret and evaluate observations and results.
(vi) predicts trends.
(vii) evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.

Questions testing these objectives will often begin with the terms such as “determine, calculate, plot, draw, conclude, interpret, suggest “.

STRUCTURE OF THE EXAMINATIONS.

The following will be the structure of the Examination. There will be three (3) papers as follows:
Paper 1 will comprise multiple choice questions (40 marks).
Paper 2 will comprise two parts:-
Part I will consist of compulsory structure questions (75 marks) and
Part II will comprise a number of question (30 marks) from which candidates will be required to choose from.
Paper 3. This is a practical paper. It will comprise two compulsory questions.

N.B.: Special consideration will be made for “Special Education Needs (SEN)”.

TIME ALLOCATION
A minimum of five teaching periods of forty (40) minutes each per week. Preferably two (2) double periods to be taken in lobaratory.

xi
UNIT 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Define Chemistry. Refer to branches of chemistry:

- physical,
- inorganic,
- organic,
- analytical chemistry.

1.1.2 Discuss the importance of chemistry. Include domestic, agricultural, industrial,

social, economic, technological, environmental,
medical importance.

1.1.3 Demonstrate an appreciation of chemistry. Refer to local and international industries such
as plastic, cement, sugar and coca-cola.

1
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES

2.1 MATTER 2.1.1 Define matter. Matter defined as anything that has mass and
occupies space.
2.1.2 State the basic units of matter. Refer to ions, molecules and atoms.
2.1.3 Discuss the three states of matter. Refer to solids, liquids and gases.

2.2 KINETIC THEORY 2.2.1 Describe diffusion. Refer to diffusion of toxic gases and effluents.
2.2.2 State the factors that influence rates of
diffusion.
2.2.3 Describe the evidence of movement of Refer to gas law such as Brownian motion.
particles in liquids and gases. Refer to dilution.

2
UNIT 3.0 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES

3.1 APPARATUS 3.1.1 Describe various apparatus used in Such as burettes pipettes, volumetric flask,
chemistry. conical flask, funnel, beaker, measuring
cylinder, balance, spatula, stands and clamp,
test-tubes, burners, thermometers, glass rods,
evaporating dish, stopwatch/clock.

3.2 CRITERIA OF PURITY 3.2.1 Describe how to determine the purity of a Refer to density, melting point, boiling point
substance. and chromatography.
Determination of purity should be done
practically.
Refer to graphical presentation of heating solid,
liquids (heating curve).

3.2.2 Predict the effects of impurities on

substances.
3.2.3 Explain the importance of purity of Refer to the importance of purity of food,
substances. drinks and medicines.
3.3 METHODS OF 3.3.1 Describe the methods of purification. Refer to filtration, crystallisation, simple and
PURIFICATION fractional distillation and chromatography.
3.3.2 Discuss the industrial application of the Refer to applications in local and international
methods of purification. industries such as cement, sugar, petroleum.

3.3.3 Explain the process of paper chromatography. Not limited to paper chromatography only.
3.3.4 Interpret a simple chromatogram.
3.3.5 Separate mixture using physical methods. Refer to filtration, distillation, chromatography
with examples.

3
UNIT 4.0 THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
4.1 ELEMENTS, 4.1.1 Define an element, a compound and a Refer to physical and chemical changes.
COMPOUNDS AND mixture.
MIXTURES. 4.1.2 Compare and contrast elements, compounds
and mixtures.

4.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 4.2.1 Define an atom. Refer to neutrons, protons and electrons.
4.2.2 State the relative charges of protons,
neutrons and electrons.
4.2.3 State the relative mass of a proton, a neutron
and an electron.
4.2.4 Draw the model of the atom. Show the position of neutrons, electrons and
protons.
4.2.5 Describe with the aid of diagrams the Refer to elements of atomic number 1 to 10 of
electronic configuration of an atom. the periodic table. Distribution in S,P,D not
required.
4.2.6 Define atomic number.
4.2.7 Find the mass number of an atom.
4.2.8 Use and interpret as 126C.
4.2.9 Describe isotopes. Refer to isotopes of chlorine, hydrogen and
carbon.
4.2.10 State that some isotopes are radioactive. Refer to dangers of radioactive isotopes.
4.2.11 State some uses of isotopes. Refer to uses in medicine. Agriculture and
Industries.
4.2.12 Define relative atomic mass. Ar as weighted average of atomic masses.
Use of relative abundance of isotopes to be
emphasised.
4.2.13 Calculate relative atomic mass. Refer to use of mass spectrometer.
Details of how it works not needed.

4
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
4.3 CHEMICAL BONDING 4.3.1 Describe the formation of ions by loss or Refer to cations and anions.
gain of electrons. Give examples of H2O and HCL.

4.3.2 Define an ion. Refer to cations and anions.

4.3.3 Describe the formation of ionic bonds Mention the formation of crystal lattice e.g.
between metallic and non-metallic elements. sodium chloride.
4.3.4 Define a molecule.
4.3.5 Describe the formation of covalent bands by Work out the valency from the formula or
sharing pair(s) of electrons. electronic configuration. Refer to shapes of H2O,
CO2, CH4, NH3 and HCl.
4.3.6 Use chemical symbols of elements to write
formulae of compounds (given the valency
of elements).
4.3.7 Deduce from given information the valency
of an element.
4.3.8 Compare and contrast properties of ionic and Refer to solubility, conductivity, refractory
covalent compounds. nature and volatility. Refer to dangers of toxic
volatile inflammable, combustable substances.
4.3.9 Describe metallic bonding. Refer to free electrons, and malleability.
4.4 CHEMICAL 4.4.1 State chemical symbols of common Refer to the symbols of the first 20 elements and
SYMBOLS, elements. the first 10 transitional metal elements.
FORMULAE AND
EQUATIONS 4.4.2 Explain the concept of valency. Refer to valency of radicals. Use of s,p,d,
configuration not required.
4.4.3 Construct chemical formulae.
4.4.4 Construct balanced chemical equations. Include appropriate state symbols (aq, s, l, and
4.4.5 Write ionic equations. g).

5
UNIT 5.0 THE PERIODIC TABLE
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
5.1 GROUPS AND THE 5.1.1 Discuss the historical background of the Mention of Dmitri Mendelev attempting to
PERIODS periodic table. arrange the elements in terms of atomic
weights.
5.1.2 Explain how elements are arranged in the Refer to relationship between group number,
periodic table. oxidation state metallic or non-metallic
characteristics and number of valency
electrons.
5.1.3 Describe the chemical reactivity of elements Refer to the first 20 elements.
in groups, I, VII and VIII.
5.1.4 Describe the change from metallic to a non-
metallic character across a period.
5.2 GROUP PROPERTIES 5.2.1 Describe the chemical properties of the metal Include solubility, effect of heat, melting point
oxides, nitrates, carbonates and hydrogen and boiling.
carbonates.
5.2.2 Describe the physical properties of elements Mention chlorine, bromine and iodine only in
in Group VII and VIII. terms of colour.
5.2.3 Predict the reactions of halogens with other Refer to their displacement reactions with other
halide ions and metal compounds. halide ions.
5.2.4 Discuss the importance/use of halogens. Refer to the uses of nobles gases e.g. argon
electrical lamps, helium in balloons, neon in
advertising.
5.2.5 Describe harmful effects of halides. Refer to production of drugs, pesticides, and
their effect.
Refer to ozone layer depletion.
5.3 TRANSITIONAL 5.3.1 Describe transition metals. Refer to their position on the periodic table.
METALS 5.3.2 Describe general properties of transition Refer to high melting points, high densities,
metals. variable valency forming coloured compounds,
the elements and their compounds often act as
catalysts.

6
UNIT 6.0 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES

6.1 ACIDS, BASES AND 6.1.1 Describe acid, bases and alkalis in terms of Refer also to hydrogen chloride dissolved in
ALKALIS the ions they contain or produce in aqueous methyl benzene.
solution.
6.1.2 Demonstrate the effects of acids in solution Emphasise the need of moisture in acid
on indicators, metals, carbonates and formation.
hydrogen carbonates.
6.1.3 Describe the properties of bases and alkalis. Refer to their reaction with indicators and
ammonium salts.
6.1.4 Describe acidity and alkalinity in terms of Refer to industrial use in agriculture (soil)
pH.
6.1.5 Classify oxides as acidic, basic, amphoteric Refer to oxides of iron, zinc and aluminium.
or neutral.
6.1.6 Compare the relative solubility of oxides and
hydroxides.
6.1.7 Prepare insoluble hydroxides by
precipitation.

7
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
6.2 SALTS 6.2.1 Classify salts into acidic, basic and normal Refer to ionisation of salts and their solubility.
salts.
6.2.2 Prepare pure salts by various methods. Include preparation by action of an acid on:
(i) a metal
(ii) insoluble metal oxide
(iii) insoluble hydroxide.
Include insoluble and soluble carbonates by
precipitation.
Refer to the preparation of insoluble salts by
precipitation.
Refer to the commercial preparation of
ammonium sulphate and any other salts.
6.2.3 Prepare a salt by titration. Refer to neutralisation reactions.
6.2.4 Describe a method of obtaining crystals. Refer to size, shape and purity.
6.2.5 Determine water of crystallisation. Refer to water of crystallisation with respect to:
(i) hygroscopic
(ii) deliquescent
(iii) efflorescent
6.3 EFFECTS OF 6.3.1 Describe the formation of acid rain. Refer to effects on land, plants, animals and
ACIDS IN THE water.
ENVIRONMENT 6.3.2 Describe the harmful effects of acids and Refer to corrosion and release of toxic gases.
acid rain in the environment.
6.4 USES OF ACIDS, 6.4.1 Describe the important uses of acids, alkalis Mention examples of uses in:
ALKALIS AND SALTS and salts. (i) lead – acid accumulator
(ii) household
(iii) agriculture
(iv) industry.

8
UNIT 7.0 STOICHIOMETRY AND THE MORE CONCEPT
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES

7.1 RELATIVE MASSES 7.1.1 Define relative molecular mass. Mr as sum of Ar of atoms in the molecule
(formula mass).
7.1.2 Calculate the relative atomic mass given the
percentage abundance of the isotopes.
7.1.3 Calculate the relative molecular mass of a
compound.

7.2 THE MOLE 7.2.1 Define the mole. Mole of atoms, ions, molecules and electrons to
be specified.
7.2.2 Discuss the mole in term of Avogadro’s. Refer to constant number 6.02 x 1023 of
particles in one mole (atoms, molecules, ions
and electrons).

7.2.3 State Avogadro’s constant.

7.2.4 Calculate the molar mass and molar volume Take volume of a gas as 22.4 dm3 at STP and
of a gas using the mole concept. 24.0 dm3 at room temperature.
7.2.5 Relate Avogadro’s law to reacting moles and
volumes of gases.
7.2.6 Explain the concentration of a solution. Express the concentration of solution in gdm-3
and more mol. dm-3.

7.2.7 Calculate stoichiometric reacting moles and Refer to chemical reactions and equations
volumes of gases and solutions. including limiting reactants.

9
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES

7.3 EMPIRICAL AND 7.3.1 Calculate the percentage composition of a

MOLECULAR compound.
FORMULAE 7.3.2 Calculate the empirical and molecular Compute the formula of a compound given
formulae. appropriate data.
7.3.3 Define percentage yield and purity.
7.3.4 Calculate the percentage yield in a reaction.
7.3.5 Calculate percentage purity of a substance.

10
UNIT 8.0 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ENERGY CHANGES
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES

8.1 RATE OF CHEMICAL 8.1.1 Describe a chemical reaction. Include reactants and products.
REACTIONS AND
CHEMICAL 8.1.2 Determine the effects of the following on the Refer to graphical representations and their
EQUILIBRIUM speed of chemical reactions: interpretations.
(i) temperature
(ii) pressure
(iii) concentration
(iv) surface area (particle size) Refer to dangers of naked flames in flour mills
(v) catalyst. and coal mines

8.1.3 Interpret data on the speed of chemical

reactions.
8.1.4 Describe methods of controlling the speed of
chemical reactions.
8.1.5 Describe chemical equilibrium. Refer to Le Chatelier’s principle.
Refer to reversible reactions.

11
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
8.2 REDOX REACTIONS 8.2.1 Define oxidation and reduction. Refer to loss/gain of electrons (oxygen or
hydrogen) and also to increase and
decrease of oxidation number.

8.2.2 Describe redox reactions.

8.2.3 Identify oxidizing and reducing agents in a
reaction.
8.2.4 Deduce the oxidation number of an element in a To be limited to inorganic compounds and
compound. ions.
Recall of equations involving Potassium
manganate (VII) KMnO4 Potassium
dichromate (VI), K2 Cr2 07 not expected.
8.2.5 Deduce a redox reaction using oxidation Refer to the definition of Redox reaction
numbers. using oxidation numbers.
8.2.6 Carry out tests to identify an oxidizing and Refer to colour changes.
reducing agent.
8.3 ENERGETICS OF 8.3.1 Describe terms related to energy changes in Mention exothermic and endothermic,
REACTIONS chemical reactions. enthalpy (∆H), bond breaking, bond
formation, burning of fuels, nuclear
energy, H2 as fuel. Refer to bond energies.

8.3.2 Describe the production and absorption of heat,

light and electrical energy in chemical reactions.
8.3.3 Explain the advantages and limitations of energy Refer to safety, cost of available reserves,
sources. renewable and non-renewable sources,
energy yield of fossil and nuclear fuels.
8.3.4 Discuss the effects of products of energy changes Include pollution.
on the environment.
8.3.5 Explain the use of silver halide in photography. To be limited to the idea of reduction of
silver ions to silver.

12
UNIT 9.0 METALS

CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES

9.1 REACTIVITY AND 9.1.1 Describe the properties of metals. Refer to physical and chemical properties.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL 9.1.2 Describe the reactions of metals with: Practical determinations of reactions with Al, Cu,
SERIES (i) air, Fe, Mg, Pb and Zn.
(ii) water and steam,
(iii) dilute non-oxidizing acids, and
(iv) aqueous solutions of other metal ions.
9.1.3 Determine the reactivity series of calcium, Refer to unreactivity of aluminium due to the
copper, iron, lead, zinc, magnesium, oxide layers.
potassium and sodium.
9.1.4 Describe the reduction of the oxides of metals
with:
(i) carbon,
(ii) carbon monoxide,
(iii) hydrogen.
9.1.5 Relate electro chemical series to the tendency Refer to free electrons.
of a metal to form its positive ion.
9.1.6 Describe extraction of copper, iron and zinc Refer to iron from haematite and Zinc blende in
from their ores. terms of choice of reduction method.
Refer to copper zinc and iron processing in
Zambia.
9.1.7 Discuss the uses of metals. Refer to important uses of zinc, iron and copper.
Refer to the toxic gases and effluents from
factories.
Refer to disposal of scrap metal as contributing to
land pollution.
Refer to land degradation due to mining and
dumpings.
Refer to metals as non renewable resources.

13
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
9.2 ALLOYS 9.2.1 Describe an alloy. Mention steel, brass, bronze, invar.

9.2.2 Explain the advantages of using alloys over pure Refer to semi conductors and other
metals in some industrial processes. properties of alloys.

9.2.3 Describe common uses of alloys.

9.3 THERMAL 9.3.1 Explain the effects of heat on hydroxides, Relate to difficulty in decomposition of
STABILITY OF THE carbonates, nitrates of metals and ammonium compounds of al, Ca, Cu, Fe,Pb, Zn, Mg,
COMPOUNDS compounds. K, Na and NH4+.

9.3.2 Describe the action of sodium hydroxide on Refer to identification tests of Al3+, Ca2+,
aqueous solutions containing metal ions and Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, NH4+.
ammonium radical.

9.3.3 Describe the action of aqueous ammonia on

solutions containing metal ions.

14
UNIT 10.0 ELECTRICITY AND CHEMISTRY
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
10.1 ELECTROLYSIS 10.1.1 Describe electrolysis. Refer to conductivity of metals and
electrolytes.
10.1.2 Describe the products at the electrodes during Mention electrodes, electrolyte and ions.
the electrolysis of: Refer to ions as cations and anions.
(i) molten lead (II) bromide
(ii) acidified water
(iii) concentrated aqueous sodium chloride With electrolysis of (II) sulphate use inert
(brine) and copper electrodes (inert e.g. platinum).
(iv) aqueous copper (II) sulphate using
carbon and copper electrodes.

10.1.3 Discuss the industrial applications of Refer to purifications of copper at a

electrolysis. refinery, uses of aluminium and
electroplating with silver and gold, and
manufacture of NaOH, Cl2 and H2.
10.1.4 Describe the extraction of aluminium from its
oxide.
10.1.5 Calculate the quantity of electrolytic products. Refer to Faraday’s laws.

15
UNIT 11.0 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
11.1 SATURATED AND 11.1.1 Describe an organic compound.
UNSATURATED 11.1.2 Name and draw the structures of the alkanes up Introduce the term homologous series and
HYDROCARBONS to five carbon atoms. mention that alkanes are saturated
hydrocarbons.
11.1.3 Name and draw structures of isomers of butane
and pentane.
11.1.4 Explain the factional distillation of petroleum Refer to important uses of the various
(Crude oil). fractions (as fuels).
Refer to oil spills as an environmental
hazard.
11.1.5 Describe uses of the products of fractional
distillation of crude oil.
11.1.6 Describe the properties of alkanes. Refer to methane as an alkanes example.
Refer to burning and substitution reactions.
Refer to CFC and their action on ozone
layer depletion.
11.1.7 Explain that alkanes are unsaturated Refer to double (C=C) bond and the
hydrocarbons. homologous series.

11.1.8 Name and draw the structures of alkanes up to 5

carbon atoms.
11.1.9 Describe the properties of alkanes. Refer to ethane as an alkane example.
Refer to burning, addition of hydrogen,
bromine, chlorine, steam and formation of
polyethene and PVC)
11.1.10 Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated Refer to tests for alkanes using aqueous
hydrocarbons. bromine and acidified K Mn O4.
11.2 ALCOHOLS AND 11.2.1 Define an alcohol. Refer to functional group – OH.
ACIDS (CARBOXYLIC 11.2.2 Name and draw structures of primary alcohols
ACIDS) up to four carbon atoms.

16
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
11.2.3 Describe the formation of alcohols. Refer to the formation of alcohol from
alkanes and by fermentation.
Refer to methanol and ethanol.

11.2.4 Describe the properties of alcohols. Refer to Physical and Chemical properties
of alcohols, such as boiling and melting
point and reactions.

11.2.5 Describe the formation of carboxylic acids from Refer to oxidation of ethanol to ethansic
the oxidation of alcohols. acid.

11.2.6 Describe properties of carboxylic acids. Refer to boiling points, melting points and
reactions as acids including esterification
reactions with alcohols.
11.3 MACROMOLECULES 11.3.1 Describe macromolecules. Emphasise macromolecules as having
different units/linkages. (As large
molecules built from small units).
11.4 SYNTHETIC 11.4.1 Describe the formation of polythene by Other common addition polymers e.g.
MACROMOLECULES addition. P.V.C.
Refer to polymerisation.

11.4.2 Describe the formation of nylon and terylene by The structure of nylon (a polyamide) is
condensation polymerisation. represented as:

17
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
11.4.3 Differentiate between the structure of polymide
and polyester.

11.4.4 State typical uses of plastics and synthetic Units linked by oxygen i.e.
fibres. -o- -o- -o- O
11.5 NATURAL 11.5.1 Describe proteins, fats and carbohydrates: Refer to structures showing linkages in
MACROMOLECULE as examples of natural polymers. carbohydrates in terms of large number of
sugar molecules.

11.5.2 Identify linkages of: Refer to acid hydrolysis of:

(i) proteins, (i) proteins to amino acids
(ii) fats, (ii) fats and oils to fatty acids and
(iii) carbohydrates. glycerol
(iii) carbohydrates to simple sugars
(Monossacharides).

11.5.3 Outline the usefulness of chromatography in Refer to paper chromatography.

separating and identifying the products of
carbohydrates and proteins.

18
UNIT 12.0 NON METALS
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
12.1 HYDROGEN 12.1.1 Describe the properties of non-metals. Refer physical and chemical properties of
hydrogen.
12.1.2 Describe the production of hydrogen as a
product of the action of reactive metals on water,
steam and dilute acids.
12.1.3 Prepare, collect and test a sample of hydrogen. Refer to the method of collection in terms
of properties of the gas.
12.1.4 Describe industrial manufacture of hydrogen. Refer to steam reforming on natural gas or
coal.
12.1.5 Describe the reducing properties of hydrogen. Refer to the reaction of hydrogen with
oxygen chlorine and copper (II) oxide.
Include hydrogenation of oils.
12.1.6 Describe the uses of hydrogen. Refer to uses of hydrogen in the
manufacture of ammonia, as a fuel for
rockets, hydrogen action of oils, and the
explosive nature of hydrogen.
12.1.7 Discuss water as an important oxide of Refer to some of the use, of water in
hydrogen. homes and industry.
12.1.8 Describe a chemical test for water. Include purification of water supply, by
chlorination and pollution.
12.2 OXYGEN 12.2.1 Prepare and collect oxygen in the laboratory Potassium chlorine may be used but there
from hydrogen peroxide and potassium is danger of an explosion.
manganate (VII).
12.2.2 Test for oxygen. Recall volume composition of oxygen in
air (20%).
12.2.3 Describe the properties of oxygen. Refer to oxygen cycle and photosynthesis.
12.2.4 Describe the industrial preparation of oxygen. Refer to fractional distillation of air in an
industry.

19
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
12.2.5 Discuss the uses of oxygen in industry and in Refer to the process in which oxygen is
natural processes. involved burning respiration rusting and
methods of rust prevention.

12.2.6 Discuss the effects of pollutants arising from Refer to the common pollutants
reactions involving oxygen. (e.g. CO, CO2, SO2, PbO2, N2).

12.2.7 Discuss the importance of ozone. Refer to dangers of ozone layer depletion,
skin cancers, respiratory diseases.

20
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
12.3 NITROGEN 12.3.1 Discuss the importance and characteristics of
Nitrogen as a gas.
12.3.2 Prepare and collect ammonia in the laboratory. Emphasise the use of calcium oxide as a
drying agent.
12.3.3 Carry out tests for ammonia.
12.3.4 Describe the manufacture of ammonia using the Emphasise the essential reactions and
Haber process. conditions for the manufacture of
ammonia.
12.3.5 Describe the reactions of ammonia as: Refer to the reaction of ammonia with:
(i) a reducing agent (i) oxygen and copper (II) oxid,
(ii) a base (ii) dilute hydrochloric acid,
(iii) a complexing reagent (iii) a solution containing.
(iv) an alkali. Al2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Zn2+.
Refer to the density, solubility, and
alkalinity of ammonia.
12.3.6 Describe the properties of ammonia. Mention physical and chemical properties.
12.3.7 Identify nitrate ions by reduction with
aluminium.
12.3.8 Describe the thermal dissociation of ammonium Refer to ammonium chloride, ammonium
salts. carbonate and ammonium nitrate.
12.3.9 Describe the manufacture of nitric acid from
ammonia.
12.3.10 Describe the reactions of nitric acid as an Mention reactions with:
oxidizing agent. (i) a base and metal carbonates,
(ii) copper, carbon and iron.

21
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
12.3.11 Describe the uses of ammonia. Such as manufacture of fertilizers of nitric
acid, and of metal nitrates. Refer to
domestic uses, too.

12.3.12 Explain the importance of nitrogen in

fertilizers.

12.3.13 Discuss the effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on Refer to the effluent washed into the river
the environment. from industries and farms dealing with
such products.
12.4 CHLORINE 12.4.1 Describe the laboratory preparation and Oxidation of hydrochloric acid and with
collection of chlorine gas. Manganese (IV) oxide or potassium
12.4.2 Describe the test for chlorine. permanganate (VII). Use a fume cupboard
and ensure that there is good ventilation
when preparing Cl2.
12.4.3 Describe the properties of chlorine. State physical and chemical; properties of
12.4.4 Describe the reactions of chlorine with: chlorine.
(i) iron
(ii) non-metals
(iii) sulphur dioxide
(iv) iron (II) salts
(v) halide ions.
12.4.5 Describe the uses of chlorine. Mention use in bleaching, water treatment,
pesticides and in industry. Refer to the
correct proportions of Cl2 added to water
supply.
12.4.6 Describe the industrial preparation of chlorine. Refer to use in the electrolysis of brine.
Mention colour changes of Ag, Br, Ag I.

22
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
12.4.7 Identify chloride ions by acidified silver nitrate.

12.4.8 Describe the laboratory preparation and Refer to displacement from chlorides.
collection of hydrogen chloride.
12.4.9 Carry out tests for hydrogen chloride.
12.4.10 Describe the physical properties of hydrogen Refer to solubility, (fountain experiment)
chloride. density acidity.
12.4.11 Describe a method of preparation of
hydrochloric acid.
12.4.12 Describe the reaction of hydrogen chloride
with:
(i) alkalis,
(ii) metals,
(iii) ammonia and
(iv) silver nitrate.

12.5 SULPHUR 12.5.1 Describe the burning of sulphur. Mention sulphur dioxide as a pollutant.
12.5.2 Explain the behaviour of sulphur dioxide in As an acid, refer to action on litmus, water
reactions as acidic oxide and as a reducing and sodium hydroxide.
agent.
12.5.3 Describe the industrial preparation of sulphuric As a reducing agent, refer to its reaction
acid by the contact process. with chlorine, water potassium
permanganate (VII) and potassium
dichromate (VI). Recall of equations not
required.
12.5.4 Describe the reactions of sulphuric acid. As a dehydrating agent, its oxidising
properties, and as non-volatile acid.

23
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
12.5.5 Discuss the uses of sulphuric acid. Refer to the manufacture of fertilizers and
explosives and other manufacturing
industries.
12.5.6 Test for sulphur ions. Using acidified Barium nitrate or chloride.
12.6 CARBON AND 12.6.1 Compare and contrast the physical properties of Mention the macromolecular structure of
CARBONATES the allotropes of carbon. diamond and graphite.

12.6.2 Describe the formation and properties of carbon Refer to incomplete combustion of carbon,
monoxide. toxicity and risks associated with its
formation.

12.6.3 Prepare and collect pure, dry carbon dioxide. Use action of heat and reaction of dilute
acids on carbonates.
12.6.4 Test for the presence of carbon dioxide.
12.6.5 Describe the physical properties and reactions Refer to density, colour, smell, solubility
of carbon dioxide. and reaction with alkali.
12.6.6 Describe the uses of carbon dioxide. Refer to processes at a lime industry.
12.6.7 Describe the manufacture of lime from
limestone.
12.6.8 Explain the uses of: Refer to dangers of over application of
(i) lime and lime in agriculture.
(ii) slaked lime.
12.6.9 Describe the uses of limestone in the
manufacture of:
(i) cement
(ii) glass and
(iii) iron.

24
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
12.6.10 Identify carbonate ions.
12.6.11 Discuss the greenhouse effect. Refer to climate changes. Refer to various
sources of CO and CO2.
12.7 SILICON 12.7.1 Describe the properties of silicon. A common element in rocks.
Silicon dioxide in quart and complex
silicates in mica. Refer to silicosis as a
health hazard.

12.7.2 Discuss the use of silicon in semi conductors*.

12.7.3 State that silicones are able to exist as oils, Refer to structure of silicones.
waxes or plastics. Include safe glass disposal.
12.4.4 Explain the fire resistance of a silicon plastic
with reference to the nature of combustion
product and compare this to a carbon based
polymer.

12.7.5 State the use of sand in making glass. Refer to sand as an impure form of silicon
(IV) oxide.

25
UNIT 13.0 CHEMISTRY, SOCIETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES
13.1 CHEMISTRY AND 13.1.1 Discuss the importance of chemistry in society. Refer to the processes, products and their
SOCIETY usefulness. Consider harmful effects as
well.
13.2 POLLUTION 13.2.1 Describe pollution.
13.2.2 Explain the effects of air pollution. Refer to the industrial waste.
Refer to effects on animal life, plant life
and buildings.

13.3.3 Explain the effects of water pollution. Refer to industrial waste, fertilisers
pesticides and domestic waste.

13.3.4 Explain the effects of land pollution. Refer to bio diversity, land degradation.
Refer to industrial waste and human
13.3.5 Discuss the effects of combustion products of activities.
fossil fuels in the environment. Refer to extraction and use of coal,
petroleum products.
Refer to the effect of combustion products
of fussil fuels.
13.3.6 Outline methods of controlling pollution of air Include recycling and bio degradable
and water. materials.
Refer to agencies involved in monitoring
environmental pollution.

26
Chemistry Practical Syllabus
The following points should be considered during practicals in chemistry:
(i) The student should have the knowledge of volumetric analysis in relation to one set of titrations.
The student is expected to comprehend acid/alkali titrations in relations to ordinary methyl orange or screened methyl orange. Other
titrations using different reagents may be set as well.
(ii) Other experiments involving the determinations of quantity, temperature change and rate of reactions are necessary. Experiments of this
nature will rely on the use of ordinary apparatus in the laboratory.
(iii) Experiments involving identification of an unknown substance or mixture could be set up. A student is expected to observe and
investigate the expected outcome. This may mainly comprise elementary chromatography and simple tests for oxidising and reducing
agents as well as filtration. Detailed analysis is not necessary but a student is expected to have the knowledge of the reactions of the
cations such as aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia which should include elementary substances like calcium, copper, iron
(II), iron (III), zinc, ammonium and aluminium.
A student should also carry out the tests for the anions such as sulphate, carbonate, iodide, chloride and nitrate. Simple tests for gases
such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, oxygen.
Organic substances and ions not mentioned above may be included in the practical lesions. A student is expected to have sufficient
knowledge in this area.
N.B. No exercises books, course books, information booklets and text books will be allowed in the practical examination.
A student shall be expected to perform simple calculations as outlined by the chemistry syllabus.

Practical techniques
Schools and students are reminded of the importance of accuracy in quantitative and qualitative exercises during the practical lessons.
(i) A student is expected to read the burette accurately and to the nearest volume of 0.1cm 3. At least 3 titrations should be done by a student
to ensure a correct result.
(ii) A student is expected to take note of the temperature readings to the nearest 0.5 oC. Recommended thermometer range is -10 oC to 110oC.
The time should be recorded in seconds and the stop clock will be the most convenient timing instrument.

In case of qualitative exercises a student should use around 1cm depth of a solution i.e. (0 to 2cm 3) in a test tube. Reagents should be added drop
by drop and thoroughly mixing them, to ensure effective results for each test. The student should make sure that no further changes may occur if
more reagents are added.

27
A learner should take note of the stage at which the change occurs. A learner should take note of colour changes, precipitates and chemicals used
to detect gases, if any, during the experiments. Correct observations recorded are essential and equations are not required during practicals.

Apparatus
Schools offering chemistry as a coded subject are expected to stock the apparatus mentioned below for teaching purposes. In addition schools
should also have standard apparatus such as Bunsen burner and test tubes. Each student should be provided with the necessary apparatus to
conduct the experiments. The apparatus are:

Measuring cylinder calibrated 25cm3 or 50cm3.

Filter funnel.
Beaker with flat bottom and lip with a volume of 250cm3.
Conical flasks with volume of 150cm3 to 250cm3.
Burette with a volume of 50cm3.
Pipettes with volumes of 25cm3.
Pipette fillers.
Thermometers calibrated -10oC to 110oC at intervals of 1oC.
Polystyrene or plastic beaker 150cm3.
Stop clocks which record time in seconds (Personal watches may be used).
Wash bottles.
Pyrex test tubes are essential for heating purposes with capacities 125cm.
Boiling tubes i.e. of dimension 150mm x 25mm.
Stirring rods for stirring or mixing purposes.

Reagents
Schools offering chemistry as a coded subject are reminded of the necessity of stocking standard reagents. These are of paramount importance
during the practicals. The teacher of chemistry should ensure that standard reagents are available as indicated below:
Hydrochloric acid 1.0 moldm-3, nitric acid 1.0 moldm-3, sulphur acid 0.5 moldm-3, aqueous ammonia 1.0 moldm-3, and aqueous sodium
hydroxide 1.0moldm-3.

28
Besides the above mentioned chemicals the following should also be available:
Lime water (a solution of calcium hydroxide), aqueous silver nitrate 0.05 moldm 3, aqueous potassium dichromate (VI) 0.1 moldm 3, aqueous
potassium iodide 0.1 moldm3, aqueous lead (II) nitrate 0.2 moldm3, and acqueous potassium permanganate (VII) approximate 0.02 moldm3.

The teacher of chemistry should also ensure that chemical substances such as aluminium foil, red litmus paper, blue litmus paper and universal
indicators are in stock.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS TESTS

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
Sometimes student will be asked to test for anions. The most common anions are:

1. Sulphate (SO42-)
This is usually in the solution form. Add dilute nitric acid to sulphate solution to make it acidic. The aqueous barium nitrate should be
added.

Result:
A write precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.

2. Carbonate (CO32-)
Add any dilute acid such as hydrochloric acid. Effervescence occurs and bubbles of carbon dioxide are liberated.

Result:
Carbon dioxide is liberated.

3. Nitrate (NO3-)
It is solution form. Add few drops of acqueous sodium hydroxide. Then add aluminium foil or Devarda’s alloy and heat the mixture
gently. Test for ammonia gas.

Result: Moist red litmus paper turns blue.

Ammonia gas is produced.

29
4. Chloride (Cl - )
The chloride is in the solution state. Add few drops of dilute nitric acid to chloride solution so that it is acidified. Then add few drops of
silver nitrate to the mixture.

Result:
A white precipitate of silver chloride is formed.

5. Iodine (I - )
The Iodine is in the solution state. Add few drops of dilute nitric acid to make the solution acidified. Then add few drops of fresh aqueous
lead (II) nitrate.

Result:
A yellow precipitate of lead (II) Iodine nitrate is formed.

IDENTIFICATION OF GASES
There are seven gases which are often examinable. A student is expected to carry out tests and record the results in a systematic manner. The
common gases are listed below.
1. Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
It has a pungent smell.
It turns blue litmus to red.
It turns aqueous potassium dichromated to green.

2. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Bubble carbon dioxide into calcium hydroxide (lime water). The lime water turns milky white.

3. Oxygen (O2)
Introduce a glowing splint in the test tube containing oxygen. Oxygen relights a glowing splint.

30
4. Hydrogen (H2)
Introduce a burning splint in the test tube containing hydrogen, the hydrogen gas burns with a ‘pop’ sound.

5. Ammonia (NH3)
It has a pungent smell.
It turns damp red litmus paper to blue colour.

6. Chlorine (Cl2)
Chlorine is yellowish green in colour. It turns blue litmus to red and it bleaches the damp blue litmus paper.

Practical chemistry may require a student to identify cations. The most common cations likely to be tested are:

1. Copper (II) (Cu2+)

(a) Add few drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide to copper salt solution. A light blue precipitate is formed. This is insoluble when it is
in excess.
(b) Add few drops of aqueous ammonia to copper solution.

Result:
A light blue precipitate is formed. If excess aqueous ammonia is added to the light blue precipitate changes to a dark blue solution which
becomes soluble.

2. Zinc (Zn2+)
(a) Add few drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide to Zinc solution. A white precipitate is formed. If more sodium hydroxide is added to
Zinc solution, the precipitate dissolves and gives rise to a colourless solution.
(b) Add few drops of aqueous ammonia to the Zinc salt solution. A white precipitate of Zinc hydroxide is formed. If excess aqueous
ammonia is added to the precipitate, the solution becomes colourless.

31