13 OCTOBER, 2021 Wednesday Biology Transport System

13TH OCTOBER ,2021
WEDNESDAY
BIOLOGY
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
(a) Need for transport:
(i) surface area/volume ratio.
(ii) substances have to move greater distances.
(b) Transport in animals.
(i) Structure of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
(ii) Composition and function of blood and lymph.
(iii) Materials for transport: excretory products, gases,
digested food, and other nutrients.
(c) Transport in plants
(i) Uptake and movement of water and mineral salts in
plants.
(ii) Translocation
(iii) Transpiration
(iv) Movement of water to the apex of trees and
herbs.
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Transport system in a living organism is the movement
of metabolic materials from various parts of the
organism from where they are produced or obtained to
the parts where they are either needed, stored or
removed from the body.
Transport system is necessary because

1. it helps to move necessary materials e.g. oxygen,
nutrients, water, mineral salts etc to where they are
needed.
2. It removes and disposes metabolic wastes e.g.
carbon dioxide, water, urea etc.
In unicellular organisms such as Amoeba, Euglena, and
paramecium,
the surface area to volume ratio of the body is large,
therefore, essential nutrients and excretory products
move in and out of the body by diffusion.
However, as the organisms become larger, the body
surface area to volume ratio decrease and diffusion is
not effective for the exchange of metabolic materials
within their bodies in between theme and their external
environment.
MATERIALS FOR TRANSPORTATION
MATERIA
LS DESTINA FATE OF
SOURCE
TRANSPO TION MATERIAL
RTED
Alimenta All body Energy
1 Glucose
ry canal cells release
Cellular
All body
2. Oxygen Lungs respiratio
cells
ns
For
building
Amino Alimenta All body up cells
3
acids ry canal cells and worn
out tissue
repair
Excreted
4. Urea Liver Kidney
as urine
Energy
release
Fatty and
Alimenta All body
5. acids and storage in
ry canal cells
glycerol the
adipose
tissue
From the
6. CO2 Lungs Exhaled
cells
Hormone
s and Endocrin Target Coordinati
7.
antibodie e glands organs on
s
Kidney,
urine, skin
Kidney,
Body – sweat
8. Water skins,
cells lungs
lungs
water
vapour.
For
building
Mineral Alimenta Bones
9. up of
salts ry canal and teeth
bones and
teeth
Alimenta Body
10. Vitamins Health
ry canal cells
Cellular
respiratio
Manufact
Plant n or for
11. ured food Leaves
cells storage in
(Plants)
storage
organs
Photosynt
Leaves
hesis and
12 Water Soil and other
other
plants
functions
Other materials transported in plants are oxygen,
auxins, or hormones, amino acids, lipids, nitrogenous
waste products, latex, excretory products etc.
MEDIA OF TRANSPORTATION
There are 4 major media of transportation and they are
cytoplasm, cell sap (latex), blood and lymph.
3. Cytoplasm – This is found in unicellular organisms.
Materials are transported from one part of the cell
to another through the cytoplasm.
4. Cell sap. This is found in plants. Cell sap is a
concentrated solution found in cell vacuoles which
serve as a stronger solution. Cell sap transport
water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil
through the root hairs to other plant parts.
5. Blood – This is found in most animals especially
vertebrates. Blood is a liquid tissue and its is
capable of moving large materials over the entire
body through blood vessels from the site of
production to where they are required.
6. Lymph – This can also be found in higher animals
and it is similar in composition to tissue fluid,
although it contains extra lymphocytes, there is no
red cell present. It returns fluid to the main veins
through opening in the subclavian (left jugular vein
below the neck e.g. of lymph vessel is the lateal
which transports fatty acids and glycerol.
COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD AND
LYMPH
An average adult has about 5.5litres of blood (5-6litres)
The blood consists of liquid plasma in which a mixture
of blood cells float.
7. PLASMA: This is a pale yellow liquid made up of 90%
of water substances dissolved in it include
hormones and antibodies, plasma, proteins, gasses,
salts, enzymes, digested food materials, and waste
materials. The major functions of plasma is to
transport the substances dissolved in it as well as
the blood cells and participate in the clotting of
blood.
There are 3 types of blood cells or corpuscles
8. Red blood cells /Erythrocytes: There are about 5

million red blood cells in one cubic millimeters of
blood. Erythrocytes are small, round and biconcave
or disc like in shape. A mature cell has no nucleus
and it has an elastic cell membrane with allows it to
pass through narrow capillaries. Haemoglobin, the
oxygen carrying pigtment is responsible for
erythrocyte characteristic red colour. Red blood
cells have a short life span of 3 months (120 days)
before they become worn out and become
destroyed in the spleen (worn out cells are ingested
by phagocytes in the speleen and the heamoglobin
is broken down to bilinruin and ferritin and released
into the blood, the liver stores ferritin and excretes
the birubin via the bile) Red blood cells are
produced in the bone marrow and it transport
oxygen (oxyhaemoglobin) small quantities of
carbon dioxide and take part in blood clothing.
9. White blood cells (leucocytes) There are above
7,000 leucocytes in one cubic millimeter of blood.
They are large, colourless, irregular and amoeboid
in shape. They are produced in the bone marrow,
lymph nodes and spleen. The lifespan of leucocytes
is about 13 – 20 days after which they are destroyed
by the lymphatic system. There are 2 types of white
blood cells
10. Phagocytes – found in the lymphatic system
where they ingest bacteria, viruses and dead cells
and help in preventing diseases. they inject
materials through a process called phagocytosis,
hence these groups of white blood cells are called
phagocytes.
11. Lymphocytes – are produced in the lymph
glands. They produce antibodies which stick to the
surface of germs and kill them.
White blood cells defend the body against diseases and

also produce antibodies, immunities
12. Platelets (Thrombocytes) are tiny, irregular cell
fragments which are non-nucleated. There are
about 250,000 platelets percular millimeter of
blood. They are produced in large bone marrow
cells. Platelets aid in blood clothing by producing
the factor which initiates the clothing of blood.
Lymph is a colourless liquid associated with the

lymphatic system. Lymph flows in fine lymphatic vessels
which join to form large vessels. These eventually join to
form two large lymphatic vessels which empty their
contents into the subclavran (left jugular) vein below
the neck. Lymph is made to flow along the lymphatic
vessels by movement of the body muscles and backflow
of lymph is prevented by values present in the vessels.
At certain points along the lymphatic vessels are bean
shaped structures called lymph nodes which produce
white blood cells. Diseases causing microorganism
foreign particles and cell fragments found in the lymph
are filtered out at the lymph nodes and engulfed by
phagocytes. Lymph nodes can be found in the neck,
groin and armpits. The lymph functions in body defense
and in the absorption of fatty acids and clycerol eg
lateal.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD

13. Transport of oxygen – oxygenated blood is
bright red while deoxygenated blood is dark red.
Hb + 4O2 HbO8
Haemoglobin low O2
(dark red) Concentration
Oxyhaemoglobin
(alveoli)
(bright red)
Oxygen combines with the pigment haemoglobin

14. Transport of carbon dioxide
15. Transport of excretory products – CO2 Water
and urea are transported to their excretory organs
for excretion
16. Transport of digested food – digested food
substances are transported from the villi of the
small intestine to cells and tissues within the body
for use or storage
17. Transport of hormones
18. Transport of antibodies
19. Heat distribution/temperature control – blood
helps to distribute heat uniformly to all parts of the
body and also help to regulate the body
temperature by getting rid of excess heat or
reducing heat loss.
20. Blood clothing – platelets initiate blood
clothing when an injury is sustained to prevent
further blood loss and entry of pathogenic
organisms at the point of the injury. This process is
as follows
21. Platelets plugs from to exposure of damaged
blood vessels to air and release a chemical which
causes involuntary muscles in the damaged blood
vessels walls to constrict thus reducing blood flow.
iii. In a case whereby the injury is very serious to be

sealed by a plug, platelets release an enzyme called
thrombokinase or thrombopolastin which converts
inactive prothrombin into active thrombin
22. Thrombin in the presence of calcium salts (Ca2+
ions) converts fibrinogen to fibrin which forms a
mesh of fine threads which tarps blood cells by
forming a clot that covers the wound and prevents
further bleeding and entry of pathogenic germs.
The cloth forms a scab which drops off after a new skin
tissue is formed in the injured area.
FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH
23. Body defense – The lymph node produces
white blood cells. Disease causing microorganisms,
foreign particles etc found in the lymph are filtered
out in the lymph nodes and engulfed by
phagocytes.
24. Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol: The
lymphatic system e.g. lateal is associated with the
absorption of fatty acid and glycerol.
The transport system of animals moves substances

from where they are deposit. to where they are
required for metabolic and other physiological
purposes. Transport. systems are necessary because
diffusion through fluid system is such a slow process.
What are the types of transport system in biology?
In biology, transport refers to the act or the means by
which a molecule or ion is moved across the cell
membrane or via the bloodstream. There are two
types of transport in this regard: (1) passive transport
and (2) active transport.

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13TH OCTOBER ,2021

Transport system is necessary because

8. Red blood cells /Erythrocytes: There are about 5

White blood cells defend the body against diseases and

Lymph is a colourless liquid associated with the

FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD

Oxygen combines with the pigment haemoglobin

iii. In a case whereby the injury is very serious to be

The transport system of animals moves substances

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