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Department of Physical Sciences

School of Engineering and Computer Science
Independent University; Bangladesh

A Proposal for
Bachelor of Science with Honors (B. Sc. Hons)
Program in Physics

Physics is the most basic and fundamental science and it helps us to understand how the world
around us and the world beyond our visible range work. Physics gives us powerful tools to help
us to express our creativity; to see the world in new ways and then to change it. The students of
Physics are problem solvers. Their analytical skills make them versatile and adaptable so they
work in interesting places. Physics provides quantitative and analytic skills needed for analyzing
data and solving problems in the sciences; engineering and medicine; as well as in economics;
finance; management; law and public policy. Physics is the basis for most modern technology;
and for the tools and instruments used in scientific; engineering and medical research and
development. Manufacturing is dominated by physics-based technology. Studying physics
provides excellent preparation for graduate students not just in physics; but in all engineering
and information/computer science disciplines; in the life sciences including molecular biology;
genetics and neurobiology; in earth; atmospheric and ocean sciences, in finance and
economics; and in public policy and journalism. To give an opportunity to acquire knowledge
about the most exciting and interesting branch of science the following undergraduate major in
Physics is proposed in the Department of Physical Sciences, School of Engineering and
Computer Science.

Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) Honors in Physics

The detailed format of each of the proposed courses is described below.

Overall Requirements for Degrees

All students who wish to major in Physics must complete 38 credits in University Foundation
Courses; 53 credits in Physics Core Courses; 18 credits in Physics Elective Courses; 15 credits
in Minor Courses; 6 credits in a Project Course; and 3 credits in the University's Live-in Field
Experience.
Theory Courses: 3 credits = 26 lectures in one semester, each lecture is 1 hour 30 minutes
duration
Lab Courses: 1 credit = 13 lectures in one semester, each lecture is 1 hour 30 minutes duration

The total number of credits required for graduation is 133 credits; distributed as:

♦ University Foundation Courses 38 credits

♦ Major Courses (Physics Core 53 credits and Elective 18 credits) 71 credits
♦ Minor Courses (Electives for Tracks/Concentrations) 15 credits
♦ Project in Physics 6 credits
♦ Live-In Field Experience LFE 3 credits
Total Credits for Graduation = 133 credits
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Content Page

List of Courses 03-04

Course Descriptions

PHY 101: Physics- I (Mechanics and Properties of Matter) 04

CHE 101 : Concepts in Chemistry 05
MAT 104: Calculus and Analytical Geometry 05
MAT 212: Basic Probability and Statistics for Science and Engineering 06
PHY 102: Physics - II (Electricity and Magnetism) 07
PHY 103: Waves, Oscillations and Optics 08
PHY 104: Heat & Thermodynamics 09
PHY 201: Perspectives of Modern Physics 10
PHY 202: Atomic; Molecular and Laser Physics 10
PHY 203: Solid State Physics - I 11
PHY 204: Nuclear Physics - I 12
PHY 206: Calculus of Several Variables 12
PHY 207: Basic Electronics 13
PHY 301: Classical Mechanics-I 14
PHY 302: Classical Electrodynamics 14
PHY 303: Radiation and Statistical Mechanics 15
PHY 304: Quantum Mechanics – I 16
PHY 305: Digital Electronics 16
PHY 307: Linear Algebra and Differential Equations 17
PHY 308: Mathematical Methods for Physicist 17
PHY 430: Relativity: Special & General Theory 18
PHY 431: Particle Physics 18
PHY 432: Introduction to Astrophysics 19
PHY 433: Computational Physics 20
PHY 434: Atmospheric Physics and Meteorology 21
PHY 435: Nuclear Physics-II 22
PHY 436: Solid State Physics-II 23
PHY 437: Non-linear Optics 23
PHY 438: Quantum Mechanics-II 24
PHY 439: Classical Mechanics-II 25
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Foundation Courses (including LFE) 41 Credits

I : Communicating Skills 9 credits

II : Computer Skills 4 credits

 CSC 101 Introduction to Computer Science

 CSE 101L Lab work for Computer Science

III : Numeracy 6 credits

 MAT 104 Calculus and Analytical Geometry

 MAT 212 Basic Probability and Statistics for Science and Engineering

IV : Natural Sciences 7 credits

 PHY 101 Physics-I (3 credits)

 PHY 101L Physics Lab-I (1 credit)
 CHE 101 Concepts in Chemistry (3 credits)

V : Social Sciences 6 credits

VI : Humanities 6 credits
VII : Live in Field Experience 3 credits

Minor Courses 15 Credits

Every Physics major will choose 15 credits minor with approval of the head of the major department.

Major Core Courses (Theory 48; Lab 5 = 53 credits)

PHY 102 : Physics II (Electricity & Magnetism) (3 credits)

PHY 102L Physics Lab-II (1 credit)
PHY 103 : Waves; Oscillations and Optics (3 credits)
PHY 103 L : Waves; Oscillations and Optics Lab-III (1 credit)
PHY 104 : Heat and Thermodynamics (3 credits)
PHY 104L : Heat and Thermodynamics Lab-IV (1 credit)
PHY 201 : Perspectives of Modern Physics (3 credits)
PHY 202 : Atomic; Molecular and Laser Physics (3 credits)
PHY 203: Solid State Physics - I (3 credits)
PHY 204 : Nuclear Physics - I (3 credits)
PHY 207: Basic Electronics (3 credits)
PHY 207 L : Basic Electronics Lab-V (will be co-offered with ECR 207 L) (1 credit)
PHY 301: Classical Mechanics – I (3 credits)
PHY 302: Classical Electrodynamics (3 credits)
PHY 303: Radiation and Statistical Mechanics (3 credits)
PHY 304: Quantum Mechanics –I (3 credits)
PHY 305 : Digital Electronics (3 credits)
PHY 305 L : Digital Electronics Lab-VI (will be co-offered with ECR 205 L) (1 credit)
PHY 306 : Calculus of Several Variables (3 credits)
PHY 307 : Linear Algebra and Differential Equations (3 credits)
PHY 308: Mathematical Methods for Physicist (3 credits)
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Major Elective Courses (18 credits)

Students will choose 18 credits (6 courses) with prior approval of major advisor

PHY 430: Relativity: Special & General (3 credits)

PHY 431: Particle Physics (3 credits)
PHY 432: Introduction to Astrophysics (3 credits)
PHY 433: Computational Physics (3 credits)
PHY 434: Atmospheric Physics and Meteorology (3 credits)
PHY 435: Nuclear Physics-II (3 credits)
PHY 436: Solid State Physics-II (3 credits)
PHY 437: Non-linear Optics (3 credits)
PHY 438: Quantum Mechanics-II (3 credits)
PHY 439 : Classical Mechanics - II (3 credits)

Course Descriptions
Foundation Courses

PHY 101: University Physics- I (Mechanics and Properties of Matter)

(3 credits = 26 lectures)
Mechanics

1. Mathematical preliminaries: Vector Analysis: Components of Vector; Dot and Cross Product;
Gradient; Divergence and Curl of Vectors. Integral theorem: Green's theorem; Stoke's theorem and
Divergence theorem – applications.

2. Introduction; Particle Kinematics; Motion in One-dimension and Two-dimensions :

Introduction; Fundamental quantities; Dimension and units; velocity; acceleration; Motion with
constant acceleration; free falling bodies; Circular motion; Motion of a projectile.
3. Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravitation : Introduction to the equilibrium and the force; The
equilibrium condition of a body; Newton’s first law of motion; Newton’s third law of motion;
Newton’s second law of motion; Concept of inertial mass; Newton’s law of gravitation; Concept
of gravitational mass; Weight; Derivation of Kepler’s Laws of planetary motion from Newton’s
Law; Escape velocity; Application of Newton’s laws.
4. Work; Energy and Momentum: System of Particles : Momentum and Impulse; Conservation
law for momentum; Center of mass and its motion; Rocket motion; Collision : Elastic and
Inelastic Collision; Definition of work; Work done by a varying force; Kinetic and Potential
energy; Power; Work-Energy theorem; Conservation law for momentum and energy.
5. Rotation : Concept of rotational equilibrium; Rotational Kinematics; Angular velocity and
acceleration; Rotation with constant angular acceleration; Kinetic energy of rotation— moment
of inertia; Radius of Gyration; Parallel-axis theorem; Perpendicular-axis theorem; Work and
Power in rotational motion; Relation and comparison between linear and angular quantities;
Conservation of angular momentum.

Properties of Matter

6. Elasticity: Hooke’s Law; Elastic Moduli and their interrelation; Bending of a cantilever;
Torsion.
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7. Surface Tension: Adhesive and Cohesive Forces; Molecular origin of surface tension; Excess
pressure due to surface tension at an interface;
8. Viscosity: Capillarity. Newton’s Law of Viscosity; Poiseulle’s Formula; Stoke’s Law.
9. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics: Steamline Flow; Bernoulli’s equation; Equation of continuity;
Euler’s Equation.

References

1. Fundamentals of Physics: David Halliday; Robert Resnick; Jearl Walker : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. :
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9 edition.
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2. University Physics: Sears; Zemansky and Young; Addition Wesley Publishing Company: 10
edition.
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3. Properties of Matter: Newman and Searle: Edward Anorld, London: 10 edition.

CHE 101: Concepts in Chemistry (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Matter and Energy.

2. Modern concept of the structure of the atom.
3. Concept of the Periodic Table of elements.
4. Concept of chemical bonds: Concept of mole, chemical reactions and ideal gas laws.
5. Modern concept of acids and bases. Energetic and chemical equilibrium.
6. Chemical kinetics: rate, order, rate constant and Arhenius equation.
7. Concept of catalysis and photochemical reactions.
8. Organic chemistry: Concepts of saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons,
alcohols, fatty acids and aromatic hydrocarbons.
9. Thermodynamics
10. Thermochemistry

References
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1. General Chemistry: Darrel Ebbing, Steven D. Gammon: 10 edition.
2. Essential Chemistry: Raymond Chang, Jason Overby : The Mc-Graw Hill Corporation 6th edition.

MAT 104: Calculus and Analytical Geometry (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Functions: Functions and their visualization, Shifting curves

2. limits and continuity
3. Differentiation: Differentiation; geometric interpretation, differentiation rules, Chain rule of
differentiation, Implicit differentiation, Successive differentiation
4. Application of Derivatives: Interpretations of derivative, applications of derivative to
geometry; tangent and normal lines, Rates of change, Optimization; maximum and
minimum values, Indeterminate forms
5. Integrations: Indefinite Integral, integration techniques, Definite integral, interpretations
and properties of the definite integral
6. Fundamental theorem of Calculus
7. Applications of Integrals: Applications of the definite integral to geometry and mechanics
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8. Differential equations : First order differential equations: Separation of variables, First

order linear equations
9. Infinite series: Taylor series and Taylor polynomial, Convergence of series

References

1. Thomas, G.B., Finney R.L., Calculus and Analytic Geometry (9th edition), Addition-
Wesley Publishing Company.
2. Anton, Bivens and Davis, Calculus (10th edition), Wiley Publishing Company.
3. Calculus: Schaum’s Outlines Series.

MAT 212: Basic Probability and Statistics for Science and Engineering
(3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Review of set theory, review of mathematics(factorial, permutation and combination)

2. Descriptive Statistics: Target population, random sample, drawing random samples from
target population, describing data sets, frequency table and graph, relative frequency
table and graph, stem and leaf plot, grouped data, histogram, ogive, summarizing data
sets (sample mean, median, mode, percentiles, variance, standard deviation,
percentiles, box plots), Chebyshev’s inequality, paired data sets and sample correlation
coefficients.
3. Probability: Event, sample space, definition of probability, axioms of probability, simple
and compound events, complimentary event, mutually exclusive events, equally likely
events, conditional probability, Bayes rule.
4. Random variable: Concept, types of random variables, jointly distributed random
variables, Independent random variable, conditional distributions, expectation, properties
of expectation, varience, and moment generating functions.
5. Special Random variable: Special discrete random variables, binomial distribution,
Poisson distribution, solving real life problems, Geometric distribution, Continuous
random variables: General nature of continuous distributions, uniform, exponential and
normal distribution, negative binomial distribution, solving real life problems
6. Statistical Inference: estimation of population mean and variance; confidence levels;
Determination of sample size, small sample estimation of mean and variance,
hypothesis testing.
7. Simulation: Concept, Random number generation, Markov model.
8. Linear Regression: Probabilistic models, least square approach, coefficient of
determination, prediction, estimation of variance, goodness of fit.

References:

1. Ronald E. Walpole, Raymond Myers, Sharon L. Myers and Keying E. Ye, Essentials of
Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, Pearson, 2011.
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2. Jay L. Devore, Probability and Statistics for Engineering and Sciences, 8 edition, Cengage
Learning, 2009.
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3. Sheldon Ross, Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, 4
edition, Academic Press, 2009.
4. Bhisham C. Gupta and Irwin Guttman, Statistics and Probability with Applications for Engineers
and Scientists, Wiley, 2013.
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5. Montgomery, D.C and Runger G.C. (2011), Applied statistics and probability for Engineers (5
edition), John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Major Core Courses (Theory) (48 credits)

PHY 102: University Physics - II (Electricity and Magnetism) (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Introduction; Coulomb’s law; Electric Field and Gauss’s Law : Concept of charge; Coulomb’s
law; Concept of electric field and its calculation; Electric dipole; Gauss’s law in electrostatic and
its application. Electric field due to dipole, Torque on a dipole in uniform E-field, Gausses law in
differential form.

2. Electric Potential: Electric potential and its calculation; Electric potential energy; Relationship
between Field and Potential; Equipotential surface; Potential gradient.

3. (i). Capacitance and Dielectric : Capacitors; Capacitors in series and parallel; Energy of
charged capacitors; Electrical energy density in terms of electric field; concept of electron
volt.

(ii). Dielectric media, polarization vector & displacement vector. Capacitor with a dielectric
material. Gausses law with dielectric.

4. Current; Resistance; Electromotive force: Current and current density; Resistance and
Resistivity; Ohm’s law; EMF Power; Resistance in series and parallel; Kirchhoff’s Rules.

5. Magnetic Field : Magnetic field; Magnetic flux; Lorentz Force; Gauss’s law for magnetism;
Motion of a charged particles in magnetic field : Hall effect; Magnetic field intensity; Biot-Savart
Law; Ampere’s law and its applications; Magnetic properties of matter; paramagnet; diamagnet
and ferromagnet; Magnetization vector; Hysteresis..

6. Inductions and Inductance : Induced emf and Faraday’s law of induction; Lenz’s law; Mutual
inductance ; Self inductance; Energy in an inductor; Transformers.

7. Direct Current (DC) Circuits : R-C circuit; R-L circuit; L-C circuit; R-L-C circuit.

8. Alternating Currents (AC) : Introduction; Circuit containing resistance (R), inductance (L) or
capacitance(C) ; The R-L-C Series circuit; Average and rms values; Power in AC circuits;
Series resonance.

9. Electromagnetic Waves : Introduction; Speed of an electromagnetic wave; Energy in

electromagnetic waves; Properties of electromagnetic waves; Maxwell equations.

References

1. Fundamentals of Physics: David Halliday; Robert Resnick; Jearl Walker: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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: 9 edition.
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2. University Physics: Sears; Zemansky and Young: Addition Wesley Publishing Company: 10
edition.
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3. Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory: J. Reitz; F. Milford and R. Christy: Addison-Wesley: 4
edition.

PHY 103: Waves, Oscillations and Optics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

Waves & Oscillations

1. Oscillations : Periodic and Oscillatory Motion with examples; Elastic restoring force; Simple
harmonic motion (SHM); Mass-Spring System; Energy conservation Mass-Spring System;
Differential equation of SHM & its solutions with explanation; Examples of SHM; Damped SHM;
Forced Oscillation; Resonance; Combinations of simple harmonic oscillation : Lissajous Figures.

2. Mechanical Waves and Vibrating Bodies : Waves in elastic media : Transverse and
Longitudinal Waves; Periodic Waves; Mathematical description of a wave; Phase velocity and
group velocity; Principle of Superposition; Boundary condition for a string; Standing waves;
Huygens principle; Vibration of a string fixed at both ends.

3. Acoustic Phenomena: Sound Waves; Intensity level and loudness; Quality and pitch; Beats;
the Doppler effects; Application of acoustic Phenomena.

Optics

4. Nature and propagation of Light: : Nature; Reflection and Refraction; Total internal reflection;
Reflection at a plane surface; Reflection at a spherical surface; Focal point and focal length;
Lenses: Thin lens; Diverging and Converging lenses.

5. Interference : Coherent sources; Conditions for Interference; Mathematical derivation of

Interference; Young’s Experiment; Fringe width; Fresnel bi-prism; Newton’s Ring; Michelson
interferometer.

6. Diffraction : Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffractions; Fraunhofer Diffraction at a single slit and
double slit; diffraction grating; Transmission and reflection gratings.

7. Polarization: Definition of Polarization; Plane; Circular and Elliptic Polarizations; Malus Law;
Polarization by polarizer and by reflection. Full wave, half-wave & quarterly wave plates; Nicol &
Wollaston prisms.

8. Dispersion and Scattering: Normal and anomalous dispersion; Cauchy and Sellmeir equation;
Rayleigh scattering; polarization log scattering, the blueness of sky and the sunset and sunrise.

9. Fourier Optics: Fourier transformation in two dimensions, inverse Fourier transformation,

examples, Dirac delta function, optical applications, convolation and covolution theorem, Fourier
methods in diffraction theory, lens as a Fourier transformations.

References
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1. Vibrations and Waves: A. P. French: CRC Press: 6 edition.
2. Fundamental of Optics: F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White, McGraw-Hill: McGraw-Hill
Science/Engineering/Math: 4th edition.
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PHY 104: Heat & Thermodynamics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Introduction and the Kinetic theory of gas : Concept of temperature and heat; Absolute Scale
Temperature; Quantity of heat; Equations of state; Zeroth Law; Microscopic model of an ideal gas
and gas laws; real gases ; Van der Waal’s equation; critical constants; concept of pressure and
temperature in kinetic theory; mean free path; molecular collisions and transport phenomena;
limitations of kinetic theory.

2. The First Law of Thermodynamics : Heat as energy and work; Work and heat in volume
changes; Internal energy; Reversible and irreversible process; First Law of Thermodynamics;
Calculation of Work; Heat and Internal Energy for Adiabatic; Isothermal; Isobaric and Isochoric
process.

3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics : Heat engines; Efficiency of Heat engines; Carnot’s
cycle and Carnot’s Theorem; concept of Entropy; Change in entropy in reversible; irreversible
and cyclic processes; Different statements of the Second law of thermodynamics. Kelvins
statement of 2nd law.

4. Applications of thermodynamics: i) Cooling of gasses by free expansion and Throttling (Joule-

Thomson Process); ii) Adiabatic demagnetization; iii) Heat pumps and refrigerators; iv)
Thermoelectric phenomena; Seebeck; Peltier and Thompson effects.

5. The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Thermodynamic Potentials: The Third Law of
Thermodynamics; Thermodynamic Potentials; Enthalpy; Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies;
Heat capacities and their interrelation.

6. Phase transition : Classification of Phase transitions. First order and second order phase
transitions and their examples. Clausius-Clapeyron’s equation; Chemical potential. Gibb’s phase rule.

References

1. Heat and Thermodynamics: M. Zemansky and Dittman; McGraw-Hill: McGraw-Hill Companies:

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6 edition.
2. Fundamentals of Physics: David Halliday; Robert Resnick; Jearl Walker : John Wiley & Sons:
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10 edition.
3. Physics: David Halliday; Robert Resnick; K. Krane: John Wiley and Sons: John Wiley & Sons,
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Inc: 5 edition.
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4. Equilibrium Thermodynamics: Adkins, C.J: Cambridge University Press: 3 edition.
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5. Fundamental of statistical and thermal Physics: F.Reif; McGraw-Hill: Waveland Pr Inc: 3 edition.

PHY 201: Perspectives of Modern Physics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Relativity : The Special theory of Relativity & its Postulates; The Galilean Transformation; The
Lorentz Transformation; The Lorentz-FitzGerald Contraction (Length Contraction); Time
Dilation; Space-Time; The Relativity of Mass (Mass Addition); Mass and Energy; Introduction to
General Relativity.

2. Particle Properties of Wave: Concept of quanta; The Photoelectric Effect; The Quantum
Theory of Light; The Compton Effect.
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3. Wave Properties of Particles: De Broglie Waves; Wave Function; The Uncertainty Principle
and its applications.

4. Atomic Structure : Thompson’s Model; Rutherford Model; Bohr Model; Electron’s Orbits;
Nuclear Dimension; Failure of Classical Physics; Atomic Spectra.

5. SchrÖdinger Equation : SchrÖdinger Equation; Wave Function and its Physical Interpretation;
Operator; Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions; Particle in a Box; Square Potential Well; The
Harmonic Oscillator; Quantum Theory of Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers; Pauli Exclusion
Principle; Statistical Mechanics : Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution; Fermi-Dirac Statistics; Bose-
Einstein Statistics.

References
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1. Perspectives of Modern Physics: Arthur Beiser : McGraw Hill Publishing Company: 6 edition.
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2. Concepts of Modern Physics: Arthur Beiser; McGraw Hill Book Company: 6 edition.
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3. Lectures on Physics: Richard P. Feynman: Feynman: Addison Wesley Longman: 2 edition.

PHY 202: Atomic; Molecular and Laser Physics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Introduction: Contents and Importance of Atomic Physics; Molecules: Building Blocks of

Nature; Experimental and Theoretical Proofs for the Existence of Atoms; Can One See Atoms?
The Size of Atoms; the Electric Structure of Atoms; the Quantum Structure of Atoms

2. Atomic Structure: Thompson’s Model; Rutherford Experiment and Model; Nuclear Dimension;
Bohr Model and Atomic Spectra; Energy levels and Spectra; Electron’s Orbits; Failure of
Classical Physics; Atomic Excitation and Franck-Hertz Experiment.

3. Many Electron Atoms : Electron Spin; Stem-Gerlach Experiment; Pauli’s Exclusion Principle;
Quantum Numbers; Selection Rules; Allowed and Forbidden Transitions; Symmetric and
Antisymmetric Wave function; Periodic Table; Vector Atom Model.

4. Hydrogen atom and Fine Structure : Schrodinger equation for one electron system; Fine
Structure; Fine Structure and Spin-Orbit Coupling; Hyperfine structure; Magnetic Moment of the
Orbital Motion; Spin and Magnetic Moment of the Electron; The normal Zeeman effect; The
anomalous Zeeman effect; Stark effect; Pashen-Back Effect.

5. X-rays : Production of X-rays; Origin of X-rays; X-ray spectrum; Mosley’s Law; Absorption;
Diffraction and Scattering of X-rays; Wave nature of X-rays; Bragg’s Law.

6. Molecules : Molecular Bonds; Electron Sharing by atoms of molecules; H2 molecules;

Complex molecules; Rotation and vibration of molecules : Energy consideration; Molecular
Spectra; Hund’s rule; Raman Effect and its application.

7. The Laser : Concepts of Laser & classification; Rate Equations and Lasing Conditions;
Amplitude and Phase of Laser Light.

References
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1. Perspectives of Modern Physics: Arthur Beiser; McGraw Hill Publishing Company: 6 edition.
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2. Concepts of Modern Physics: Arthur Beiser : McGraw Hill Book Company: 6 edition.
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3. Modern Physics: Theraja B.L: New Delhi : S. Chand & Company Ltd: 16 edition.
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4. Laser physics: Hooker S and Webb C: Oxford University Press: 5 edition.

PHY 203: Solid State Physics - I (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. The Crystalline State : Primitive and convectional unit cell; Basis; Crystal Symmetry; Bravais
Lattice; Reciprocal lattice; Crystal planes and Miller indices; Some Crystal Structures; X-ray
Diffraction; Bragg’s law; Laue Diffraction; Structure Factor.

2. Classification of Crystals: Interatomic Force; Classification of Solids : Covalent; Ionic; Metal;

Valance and Vander Waals Crystals; Lattice energy of Ionic Crystal; Madelung Constant and
energy.

3. Lattice Vibrations: Failure of Classical theory of specific heat capacity; Phonons; Normal
Modes of vibration in Monoatomic and Diatomic Linear Chains; Einstein Model and Debye
theory of specific heat.

4. Defects in Crystals: Consequences of defects on mechanical properties; Schottky and

Frenkel type of defects concentration; Dislocations.

5. Free Electron Theory of Metals: Classical Electron theory; Sommerfield theory; Box
quantization; Density of States; Fermi Surface; Fermi Energy; Electrical conductivity;
Wiedemanns Franz Law.

6. Introduction to Semiconductor : Energy Levels and Energy Bands, Classification of solids in

terms of energy bands; Bonds in semiconductor; Intrinsic & Extrinsic semiconductor; n-type & p-
type semiconductor; p-n junction; semiconductor diode; forward/reverse bias; I-V curve.

7. Band theory of Solids: Electron in periodic potential: Kroning-Penney model; Schrodinger’s

Equation; Bloch Function; Brillouin Zones; Reduced Zone Scheme.

References
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1. Solid State Physics: Philadelphia.: N.Y. Ashcroft and K. D. Mermin; Sauncers Co.: Lott et al.: 2
edition.
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2. An introduction to Solid State Physics: C. Kittle; John Wiley and Sons; N.Y: John Wiley & Sons:8
edition.
3. Introduction to Solid State Physics: A. J. Dekker; Prentice-Hall N.J: L.V. Azaroff, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd
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4. Introductory Solid State Physics: H. P. Myers: CRC Press: 2 edition.

PHY 204: Nuclear Physics - I (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Basic properties of Nuclei : Constituents of Nuclei; Nuclear mass; charge and size; Nuclear
density; Nuclear spin and Angular momentum; Nuclear moments; Dipole moments; Magnetic
moments; Nuclear binding energy; Liquid drop model; Weizsacker semi-empirical mass formula;
Shell model corrections; Nuclear stability; Nuclear forces; Meson theory of nuclear forces.

2. Radioactivity : Radioactive decay; Decay law; Transformation law of successive changes;

Measurement of Decay constant. Artificial radioactivity; Radioisotopes: production and uses;
Units of radioactivity; carbon dating.
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3. Alpha particle Emission : Alpha instability; Measurement of energy of Alpha particle and
nuclear size; Alpha capture; Tunnel theory of alpha decay.

4. Gamma radiation : Origin of gamma rays; energy measurement; pair spectrometer; Theory of
gamma emission; Idea of selection rules; Internal conversion; Mossbaur effect.

5. Beta decay : Energy measurement; Conservation of energy and momentum; Fermi theory of
beta decay (allowed transition); Neutrino hypothesis; Orbital electron capture; Positron
emission.

6. Nuclear reactions : Fission and Fusion; Discovery; production and properties of neutron.
Elastic and Inelastic scattering; Q-value; nuclear Cross-section; Elementary kinematics; Fission
of the nucleus; Nuclear reactor; Nuclear Fusion; Fusion reactor.

7. Elementary Particles : Detection of charged particles; photons; neutrons; Elementary

Particles : Definition; Classifications: Bosons and Fermions; Leptons and Hadrons; Quantum
Numbers; Different types of interactions; Antiparticles; Particle lifetimes; Basic quark model;
Quark composition of mesons and hadrons; Symmetry transformations and conservation laws.

References
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1. Introductory Nuclear Physics: Kenneth S. Krane; John; Wiley and Sons: Wiley: 3 edition.
2. Introduction to Nuclear Physics: H. A. Enge; Addisin-Wesley; Mass Addison- Wesley Publishing
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Company: 2 edition.
3. Concepts of Nuclear Physics: B.L. Cohen; McGraw-Hill; N.Y: H.A. Enge, Addison Wesley,
Publishing company
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4. Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics: N.A. Gelly: Oxford University Press: 4 edition.
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5. Nuclear and particle Physics: W.S.C Williams: Oxford University Press: 2 edition.
6. Particles and Nuclei- An Introduction to the Physical Concepts: B. Povh; K. Rith; C. Scholz; F.
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Zetsche: 6 edition.

PHY 206: Calculus of Several Variables (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Calculus of Vector Functions: Change of Parameter; Arc Length; Unit Tangent and Normal
Vectors; Curvature; Motion along a Curve.
2. Functions of Several Variables; Visualization; Limit and Continuity; Partial Derivatives;
Differentiability and Chain Rules; Jacobians; Tangent Planes; Total Differentials.
3. Exact Differentials Equations; Directional Derivatives and Gradients; Optimization.
4. Double and Triple Integrals; Change in Variables; Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates;
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Polar Coordinates; Surface Area and Volumes.
5. Vector Calculus: Vector Fields; Divergence and Curl; Line Integrals; Independence of Paths;
Conservative Vector Fields; Green’s Theorem; Surface Integrals; Divergence and Stokes’s
Theorems.
Prerequisite: MAT 104

References
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1. Calculus: Howard Anton, Irl Bivens and Stephen Davis: Wiley: 10 edition.
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2. Elementary Differential Equations & Boundary Value Problems: Boyce, Diprima: Wiley: 9 edition.
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3. Calculus: Thomas/ Finney: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.: 9 edition.
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4. Advanced Engineering Mathematics: Erwin Kreyszig: Wiley: 10 edition.

PHY 207 : Basic Electronics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Semiconductors Diode : Semiconductors diode; p-n junction; forward/reverse bias; I-V curve;
Breakdown: Avalanche and Zener Mechanism; DC & AC resistance; Zener diode; concepts of
LED; Photodiode & Solar Cell.

2. Diode Applications : Applications in reverse voltage protection or auto polarity (using bridge)
OR gate in instant emergency power supplies. Half wave & full wave rectification of sinusoidal
AC; average voltage; capacitor smoothing; ripple voltage & factor; diode conduction period.
Zener voltage regulator.

3. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) : npn & pnp configurations; transistor action; CB; CE & CC
configuration; alpha & beta characteristics load line & operating points. Cut- off and saturation
transistor as a switch. Active region for linear amplification; Q-point; graphical analysis; class A;
B & C amplifiers. Transistors biasing: fixed bias; collector feedback and voltage dividers bias.

4. Equivalent Models and Circuits : Constant Voltage and Constant Current sources; the
Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems and determination of equivalent circuits for a known and
unknown network. Superposition theorem. Two-port network equations; Z; Y & H equivalent
circuits & parameters. Ebers Moll model & h-equivalent model for a transistor; ideas on the
variability of h-parameters.

5. CE Amplifier : Small signal analysis of a CE amplifier with voltage divider bias (voltage gain;
input & output impedances) using Ebers Moll & approximate h- equivalent circuits. Typical CB
and CC (Emitter Follower) amplifier circuits. Comparison of important features of CB; CE & CC
amplifiers. BJT constant current source. Maximum voltage; current and power transfer between
stages of networks. RC coupled cascaded CE amplifier; equivalent circuit and analysis,
Identification of low pass and high pass elements in CE amplifier including stress capacitance
and Miller effect capacitance.

6. Operation amplifier : Basic concepts on different amplifier (double ended input; single ended
input) as the input stage of an op-amp. Analysis of single & doubly tuned amplifier. Differential
and Common mode operation; Ideal op-amp approximations. Inverting amplifier Non-inverting
amp. Adder. Subtractor; Comparator; Integrator; Differentiator (all analysis based on ideal
approximation). Frequency Response; Gain-bandwidth product; active filters; Application in
millivolt meters.

7. Negative Feedback : Basic concepts-on four types of negative feedback; advantage of

negative feedback Analysis for gain; distortion; bandwidth; input impedances for Voltage series
feedback using an op-amp.

8. Modulation and demodulation

References
th
1. Electronic Devices and Circuit theory: Boylestad; R. and Nashelsky L: Prentice-Hall of India; 5
edition.
rd
2. Basic Electronics for Scientists: Brophy; J.J: McGraw-Hill: 3 Edition.
 14

3. Electronic Devices and circuits: Milllman; J. and Halkias: C.C : McGraw Hill.
rd th
4. Electronic Principles: Malvino; A.P.: Tata McGraw Hill; 3 ;4 Edition.

PHY 301: Classical Mechanics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Review of Newtonian Mechanics

2. Lagrangian Mechanics: Generalized coordinates; constraints; degrees of freedom; D'Alamberts

principle; Lagrange’s equation from D'Alambert principle; variational principle; Lagrange's equation
from Hamilton's principle; applications of Lagrange’s equation.

3. Motion under a central force: Two body central force problem --reduction to equivalent one-body
problem; equations of orbits; scattering problem and laboratory co-ordinates.

4. Rigid bodies: Kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies; degrees of freedom; matrix representation
of rotations; Euler’s angles; force-free motion; Euler’s equation of motion; symmetric top.

5. Hamilton's equations of motion: Legendre transformation and Hamilton equations; conservation

theorem; derivation from variational principle; principle of least action and its applications.

6. Canonical Transformations: Equations of canonical transformation; integral invariance of Poincare;

Lagrange and Poisson brackets. Hamilton-Jacobi Theory : The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation for
Hamilton’s Principal Function.

7. The Harmonic Oscillator.

References
rd
1. Classical Mechanics: Goldstein; G.: Addison-Wesley: 3 edition.
rd
2. Mechanics: Symon; K. R.: Addison-Wesley Publication: 3 edition.
st
3. Theoretical Mechanics: Spiegel; M. R.: Schaum Outline Series: 1 edition.
st
4. Lagrangian Dynamics: Wells; D.A.: New York: McGraw-Hill: 1 edition.
st
5. Introduction to Special Relativity: Resnick; R.: Wiley: 1 edition.

PHY 302: Classical Electrodynamics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Multipole expansion of the potential due to a localized charge distribution; dipole and
quadripole moments; Field inside dielectrics; Boundary value problems.

2. Electromagnetic Field Equation: Maxwell’s equations; E.M. energy--Poynting vector; scalar

and vector potentials; Gauge transformation; the wave equations.

3. Propagation of E.M. Waves: Plane waves in non- conducting media; waves in conducting
media; reflection and refraction at boundaries of two non-conducting media; boundary
conditions; total internal reflections; Fresnel’s equation; Polarization by reflection and total
internal reflections.

4. Propagation of E.M. Waves in Bounded Region: Propagation between parallel conducting

plates; wave guides (rectangular).

5. Radiation from an Accelerated Charge: Dipole radiation; the Lienard and Wiechart potentials;
field of charge in uniform motion; fields of an accelerated charge; radiation at low velocities.
 15

6. Scattering and Dispersion: Scattering by individual free electron; scattering by a bound

electron; absorption of radiation by an oscillator; Rayleigh scattering.

References
th
1. Classical Electrodynamics: Griffiths; D.J.: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc: 4 edition.
th
2. Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory: Reitz; J.R. and Milford; F.J.: Addison-Wesley: 4 edition.
3. Introduction to Electromagnetic Field & Waves: Corson; D.R. and Lorrain; P.: W.H.Freeman & Co
rd
Ltd: 3 edition.
nd
4. Electrodynamics: Jackson; J.D.: Classical Electrodynamics:2 edition.

PHY 303: Radiation and Statistical Mechanics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Thermal radiation: Black body radiation; Kirchhoff’s law; Stefan-Boltzmann laws; Wein’s law;
Rayleigh-Jean’s law and Planck’s law; Transport phenomenon.

2. Temperature and entropy.

3. Classical Statistical Mechanics : Phase space; average properties of an assembly; Boltzmann

probability distribution; Maxwell velocity distribution; Equipartition of energy; Entropy and disorder.
4. Quantum statistical mechanics: Schrodinger equation; Free particle in a box; Volume of a state in
phase space; quantum indistinguishability and the uncertainty principle.

5. Bose-Einstein distribution; Photon gas; Derivation of Planck’s radiation law.;

6. Fermi-Dirac distribution; Electron gas in metal and electronic specific heat.

7. Application of statistical thermodynamics.

8. Transport Phenomena; Boltzmann transport equation; H-theorem; Mean free path; Viscosity and
Diffusion; Electrical conductivity; Brownian motion.

9.Phase transition.

References
th
1. A treatise on heat: Saha and Srivastava: Indian Press: 4 edition.
nd
2. Statistical Mechanics: Mandl; F.: Wiley: 2 edition.
th
3. Fundamental of Statistical and Thermal Physics: Reif; F.: Waveland Pr Inc: 4 edition.
st
4. Statistical Mechanics: Singh and Singh: New Age International: 1 edition.

PHY 304: Quantum Mechanics - I (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Introduction and Review of the Historical Background : Concept of quanta; Max Planck’s
Theory; The Quantum Theory of Light; The Photoelectric Effect; Photons; Franck-Hertz
experiment; The Compton Effect; De Broglie Waves; Wave-particle duality of matter and light;
Electron diffraction; Davison-Germer experiment.
 16

2. Introduction to wave mechanics :Concept of Wave equation; Postulates of Qunatum

Mechanics; Wave function and its interpretation; Wave function for particles having a definite
momentum; Wave packets; The Heisenberg uncertainty principle; Stern-Garlech experiment.
3. Schrödinger's equation : Schrödinger's equation: time-dependent and time-independent;
Solutions to Schrödinger's equation in one dimension; Stationary states; Energy quantization;
Schrödinger's equation in momentum space;
4. Application of Schrödinger’s equation : Particle in a box; Transmission and reflection at a
barrier; Barrier penetration; Potential wells; The simple harmonic oscillator; Measuring a
particle’s momentum;
5. Operator formalism : Momentum operator; Expectation values; Inner products; Hermitian
adjoint; Eigenstates and eigenvalues
References
1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: David J. Griffiths; Prentice-Hall; 2004.
2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: B. H. Bransden; Langman.

PHY 305: Digital Electronics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Digital electronics; Numbers: (a) Decimal; binary; octal and hexadecimal binary coded
decimal;

2. Logic operation: NOT; OR; NOR; AND; NAND; EX-OR operation; Combinational logic
operation; Parity generator; Laws of Boolean algebra; De-Morgan’s theorem; Sum of product;
Product of sum; k-maps; Multiplexer; demultiplexer; decoder; encoder; half-adder; full-adder;
adder-subtracter.

3. Logic circuits: DTL; TTL;CMOS; ECL. Flip-flops; registers & counters: R-S; D-type; Edge-
triggered; J-K and J-K master slave flip-flops; serial and parallel shift registers; Synchronous
and asynchronous counters; Up & down counters; Mod-3 and Mod-5 counters; decade
counters. Memory: Matrix addressing; typical memory cell. Digital computer: Basic computer
system; microcomputer; microprocessor – Intel 8085 and Intel 8086.

4. Pulse circuit: Pulse characteristics; RC differentiators & intregrators; Astable; Monostable and
bistable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger.

5. Radio : Basic Concepts

6. Television : Basic Principles

References
st
1. Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms: Millman and Taub : McGraw-Hill Education: 1 edition.
st
2. Digital Integrated Electronics: Taub and Schilling : McGraw-Hill Inc: 1 edition.
th
3. Digital Computer Fundamentals: Bartee; T.: Mcgraw-Hill College:6 edition.
nd
4. Digital Principles and Applications : Malvino and Leach: McGraw-Hill : 2 edition.
5. Digital Electronics: An Introduction to Theory and Practice: Gothman ; W. H.:
th
6. Digital Design: Maurice Mano: Prentice Hall: 5 edition.

PHY 307: Linear Algebra and Differential Equations (3 credits = 26 lectures)

 17

1. Systems of linear equations and matrices, vector spaces and subspaces, linear
dependence and independence, dimensions and bases,
2. Linear transformations and matrices, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, changes of
coordinates, orthogonality, diagonalization,
3. First order ordinary differential equations (existence and uniqueness of solutions,
solution techniques, direction field and stability, modeling applications).
4. Second and higher order linear equations (existence and uniqueness, fundamental set
of solutions of homogeneous equations, Wronskian, reduction of order, equations with
constant coefficients, method of undetermined coefficients, method of variation
parameters, solution in series, Laplace transform method, modeling applications).
5. Systems of linear differential equations (existence and uniqueness of solutions,
eigenvalue method for homogeneous systems, method of variation of parameters for
systems, Laplace transform method for systems, modeling applications).
6. Introduction of nonlinear systems.

References

1. A First Course in Differential Equations with Modeling Applications: Dennis G. Zill: Cengage
Learning: 10 th edition.
th
2. Elementary Linear Algebra: Howard Anton and Chris Rorres: Wiley: 9 edition.

PHY 308: Mathematical Methods for Physicist (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Review of Vector Analysis: Green's theorem; Stoke's theorem and Divergence theorem –
applications; Gradient, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian in Cartesian, Spherical Polar & Cylindrical
Polar coordinate system.

2. Complex variable: Definition of general rules; Geometric aspects of complex variables; Cauchy-
Riemann equations; Contour integral (Residue theorem); Cauchy-Goursat theorem; Evaluation of
integrals of real functions.
3. Special Functions: Fourier and Laplace's transform; Dirac delta function and its properties;
Legendre and associated Legendre function and spherical harmonics with application in atomic
physics; Hermite polynomials with application to quantum oscillator; Laguerre and associated
Laguerre polynomials; Green's function; Hypergeometric function with application; Bessel functions.

4. Special Functions in Physics : Gamma and Beta Funnction.

5. Introduction to Tensors.

References
th
1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists: Arfken and Weber: Academic Press:7 edition.
2. Mathematical Physics for Physicists and Engineers: Pipes: Interscience Publishers, Inc., New
rd
York: 3 edition.
3. Mathematical Physics: Margenau and Murphy: H. W. Wyld. Perseus.
4. The special functions of Mathematics for Engineers: Luke; Y.L.: Chelsea Publishing Company:
nd
2 edition.
nd
5. Vector Analysis: Spiegel; Schaum Series: McGraw-Hill: 2 edition.
 18

th
6. Differential Equations: Ross; S.L.: Wiley; 4 edition.

Major Elective Courses

Students will choose 18 credits (6 courses) with prior approval of major advisor

PHY 430: Relativity: Special & General Theory (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Special Relativity: Galilean relativity and Newtonian mechanics; Michelson-Morely experiment;

Postulates of the special theory of relativity; Lorentz transformations; Length contraction and time
dilation; Proper time; Transformation of velocities; Twin paradox; Space-Time and four vectors.

2. Relativistic Mechanics: The principle of least action; Relativistic Lagrangian; Energy and
momentum; Decay of particles; Invariant cross-section; Elastic collisions of particles; Four-tensor of
angular momentum; Magnetism as relativistic phenomenon; invariance of electric charge; covariant
form of electrodynamic equation; Four-potential of electromagnetic field.

3. General Relativity: Particle in Gravitational Field; The principle of equivalence; Gravitational field in
relativistic mechanics; Curvilinear coordinates; Distance and time intervals in general relativity;
Covariant differentiation; Motion of a particle in a gravitational field; The constant gravitational field;
The Gravitational Field Equations: The curvature tensor; The Einstein equations.

References
th
1. Classical Theory of Fields: Landau; L.D. and Lifshitz; E.M.: Butterworth-Heinemann: 4 edition.
st
2. Special Relativity: French; A.P.: CRC Press: 1 edition.
st
3. Gravitation: Weinberg; S.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 1 edition.
st
4. Mathematical Theory of Black Holes: Chandrasekhar; S.: Oxford University Press: 1 edition.
st
5. An Introduction to General Relativity: Hartle; J.B.: Gravity: Addison-Wesley: 1 edition.

PHY 431: Particle Physics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Elementary Particles : Definition; Classifications: Bosons and Fermions; Leptons and

Hadrons; Quantum Numbers; Different types of interactions; Antiparticles; Particle lifetimes;
Basic quark model; form factors; structure functions; Quark composition of mesons and
hadrons; Symmetry transformations and conservation laws; deep inelastic scattering; parton
model.

2. Introduction to Particle Accelerators: Accelerator Survey; Thomas cyclotron; Linear optics;

Periodic lattices; Acceleration; Phase stability.

3. Electron Injectors: The physics of space-charge dominated beams; emittance compensation;

injector designs; Technology of electron sources.

4. RF Acceleration and Beam Loading: Coupling power to the beam; Mode excitation; RF
cavities for acceleration.

5. Superconducting RF: Superconductivity fundamentals; Electrodynamics of conductors and

superconductors; Multipacting; RF control and frequency issues.
 19

6. Beam Dynamics: Wake fields and impedances; Instabilities in linacs; Instabilities in storage
rings; Instabilities in recirculating linacs; The Vlasov treatment; Radiation from relativistic
electrons.

7. Applications of Electron Accelerators: Linacs; Storage rings; Recirculating and Energy

Recovery Linacs (ERLs)

References

1. Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering: A. W. Chao and M. Tigner: World Science
nd
Publishing Co.: 2 edition.
2. Particle Accelerator Physics: H. Wiedemann: B. Wolf, ed: 3rd Edition.

PHY 432: Introduction to Astrophysics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Overview of the Universe : Scale of Universe; Nomenclature; Celestial Sphere; An overview

of the main ideas in our current view of the universe; and how they came about. Galaxies;
quasars; stars; pulsars; and planets.

2. The Big Bang; Elements and Radiation - The Big Bang; Formation of Elements; Different
Kinds of Radiation; Discovery of the Galaxy and the Vastness of Space -Discovery of the
Galaxies; Expansion of the Universe

3. The Solar System : Age and Origin of the Solar System -Discovery of the Solar System; Age
of the Solar System; Clues from Meteorites; Clues from Comets; Properties of the solar system;
the sun; Motion of the Sun; Seasons; Lunar and Planetary Phases; Eclipses; Planetary Motions;
Gravitation; solar system exploration; the physical nature of the Earth and the other planets;
comets and asteroids; origin of the solar system; Building From a Cloud to the Whole Solar
System; The Moon and Terrestrial Planets (Mercury; Venus; Earth; Mars); The Giant Planets
(Jupiter; Saturn; Uranus; Neptune)

3. The Stars : Star Formation; Structure of Stable Stars; Energy Sources; Mass vs. Luminosity;
Stellar Lifetimes; Star Clusters; supernovae. Stages of a star's life : Main Sequence Evolution;
Red Giants; Planetary Nebulae; Neutron Stars; White Dwarfs; Pulsars; Black Holes; Planet and
constellation identification.

4. Galaxies : The Milky Way Galaxy; Other Galaxies; Galaxy Clusters; Peculiar Galaxies;
Exotic (violent) Galaxies; Cosmology Observations; Where and When did it begin? Cosmology
Theory.

5. Cosmology : and High Energy Astrophysics : An introduction to modern cosmology and

extragalactic astronomy. Topics include the origin of the universe; The Big Bang Theory; The
Expanding Universe; The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe; dark matter; properties of
galaxies and active galactic nuclei; and very energetic phenomena in our own and other
galaxies.

6. Physical Cosmology : A physical examination of our evolving universe: the Big Bang model;
simple aspects of general relativity; particle physics in the early universe; production of various
background radiations; production of elements; tests of geometry of the universe; and formation
 20

and evolution of galaxies and large-scale structure. Universe Endgame - Predictions for the
Future of our Universe; the Ultimate Fate of the Universe;

References

nd
1. Astrophysics for Physicists; Arnab Rai Choudhuri: Cambridge University Press: 2 edition.
2. Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics: Michael Zeilik & Stephen A. Gregory: Cengage
th
Learning: 4 edition.
nd
3. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics: Carroll and Ostlie: Addison-Wesley; 2 edition.
st
4. Stellar Structure and Evolution: R. Kippenhahn and A. Weigert: Springer; 1 edition.
5. Physical Principles: Stellar Interiors: Physical Principles; Structure; and Evolution: C. J. Hansen; S. D.
nd
Kawaler; and V. Trimble: pringer Science+Business Media, LLC: 2 edition.
nd
6. Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis: D.D.Clayton: University Of Chicago Press: 2
edition.
th
7. Horizons: Exploring the Universe; Michael A.: Seeds: Cengage Learning: 12 edition.

PHY 433: Computational Physics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

[A sound basis on any of the Computer languages ForTran77/ForTran90/C++ is the prerequisite

for the Course.]

1. Introduction: Physics and Computational Physics

2. System of linear equations: Gaussian elimination; partial and complete pivoting; LU
decomposition method; iterative techniques; tridiagonal and sparse systems.
3. Numerical integration: Rectangular and trapezoidal rule; Simpson’s rule with equal and unequal
segments; Spline quadrature; adaptive quadrature routines.
4. Overview of use of computer computation in Classical and Quantum Physics: Introduction to
computer algorithms and languages.
5. Partial differential equations: Partial differential equations in Physics; Separation of variables;
Discretization of the equation; The matrix method for differential equations; Initial value problems
6. The Monte Carlo method: Introduction; Monte Carlo integration; Monte Carlo for the Ising model;
Monte Carlo simulation of a monatomic gas; Renormalization with Monte Carlo simulation;
Variational quantum Monte Carlo simulations; Green’s function Monte Carlo simulations; Path-
integral Monte Carlo simulations; Quantum lattice model. Symbolic computing: Symbolic computing
systems; Basic symbolic mathematics; computer calculus; linear system; non-linear system;
differential equations; computer graphics.
7. High-performance computing: The basic concepts; High-performance computer systems;
Parallelism and parallel computing; Data parallel computing; Distributed computing and message
passing.

References
nd
1. An Introduction to Computational Physics: Tao Pang: Cambridge University Press: 2 edition.
nd
2. Computational Physics: Thijssen; I.M.: Cambridge University Press: 2 edition.
3. An introduction to Computer Simulation Methods part 1 & 2: Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochnik:
rd
Addison-Wesley: 3 edition.
th
4. The Mathematica Book: Wolfram; S.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company: 5 edition.
5. A Comparison of Several Symbol Manipulating Programs; Part I & 2: Cook; D.M. and others:
 21

PHY 434: Atmospheric Physics and Meteorology (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Structure of the atmosphere; Elementary ideas about the sun and the laws of radiation;
definitions and units of solar radiation. Depletion of solar radiation in the atmosphere. Terrestrial
radiation; Radiation transfer; heat balance in the atmosphere ; heat budget. Vertical temperature
profile; Radiation charts and their uses.

2. Composition of the atmosphere mean molecular weight; Humidity; mixing ratio; density and
saturation vapor pressure.

3. Dynamic Meteorology : Units and dimension of parameters used in the dynamic meteorology.
Fundamental forces governing the motion of the atmosphere. Pressure gradient force;
gravitational force. Apparent forces in non-inertial frame of references; centrifugal force; coriolis
force; structure of the static atmosphere. Hydrostatic equation.

4. Different frames and coordinates. Physical meaning of total and partial differentiation in
meteorology. The basic conservation laws. The vector form of momentum equation in rotating
coordinates. The component equation in spherical coordinates. Continuity equation .The
thermodynamic energy equation. Thermodynamics of dry atmosphere. Applications of the basic
equations. Balanced flow. Trajectories and streamlines; Thermal wind; vertical motion
circulation and vorticity. Elementary ideas of planetary boundary layer.

5. Condensation; precipitation and atmospheric electricity. Microphysical processes:

Condensation nuclei; curvature and solute effects; Cloud Classification; general features.

6. The general circulation of the atmosphere; elementary ideas; Fronts; Cyclones.

7. The Tephigram: Tropical Meteorology: Definition of the region; zones of convergence; vertical
structure of the winds; Monsoon; Depressions; tropical cyclones; Elementary ideas about
forecasting. Synoptic charts. Satellite meteorology.

References
th
1. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology: J.R. Holton: Academic Press: 5 edition.
2. Essentials of Meteorology: D.H. Mclntosh and A.S. Thorn:
rd
3. The Monsoons: P.K. Das: NATIONAL BOOK TRUST-NEW DELHI: 3
rd
4. General Meteorology: H.B.Byers.: McGraw-Hill. Book Co: 3 edition.
nd
5. An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics: R.G. Fleagle.: Academic Press: 2 edition.
6. Tropical Meteorology: H.Riehl.: DEEPAK.
7. Notes on Satellite Meteorology: P.Menzel.: Blaisdell Publishing Company.

PHY 435: Nuclear Physics-II (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. General Properties of Nucleus: Nuclear density distribution; isospin; magnetic moments; g-

factor.

2. The Deuteron : Ground state of deuteron; deuteron ground state wave function; magnetic and
quadrupole moments of the deuteron; Tensor forces and the deuteron problem;
 22

3. Two- body Problems at Low Energy: Scattering of a beam of particles by a Centre of force;
Partial wave analysis; Neutron-proton scattering at low energies; Scattering length; spin
dependence of n-p scattering; Effective range theory in the n-p scattering; Coherent and
incoherent scattering; Salient features of the n-p scattering at intermediate and high energies.

4. Nuclear Force: Central and non-central forces; Exchange forces; Nuclear stability conditions;
Symmetry and charge effects; Charge independence of nuclear force; mirror nuclei and
Coulomb energy.

5. Nuclear Reactions : Reaction cross-section; Breit-Wigner dispersion formula for l=0 state;
Compound nucleus reaction; Optical model;

6. Direct reactions: Definition and classification; the methods of direct reaction theory: Analysis
of stripping and pick-up reactions;

7. Nuclear Models: Salient aspects of different nuclear models; Magic numbers and nuclear
shell model; Single particle potential; Harmonic oscillator well; Spin-orbit potential; Shell model
predictions; Spin and magnetic moments; Nordheim’s rule; Total spin for various configurations;
Individual particle model; L-S coupling scheme; J-J coupling scheme; Collective model-
Vibrational and rotational states; Nuclear deformation; Nilsson potential.

8. Transitions: Gamma-ray energies and lifetime of excited states; Theory of gamma emission;
Internal conversion.

References
st
1. Nuclear Physics : Theory and Experiment; Roy; R. R. and Nigam ; B. P.: John Wiley & Sons Ltd: 1
Edition.
st
2. Structure of the Nucleus : Preston and Bhaduri : Wesley Publishing Co: 1 edition.
st
3. Nuclei and Particles : Segre; E.: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing: 1 edition.
4. Introduction to Nuclear Physics: Enge; M. A.:
st
5. Concepts of Nuclear Physics: Cohen ; B. L.: McGraw-Hill Inc: 1 edition.
6. Theoretical Nuclear Physics: Blatt; J.M. and Weisskopf ; V.F.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
7. Introductory Nuclear Physics: Elton; L.R.B.: Benjamin Elton.
8. Introductory Nuclear Physics: Waghmare;B.: Tata Mc Graw Hill.
st
9. Theory of Nuclear Structure: Pal; M.: Aff. East-West Press Ltd: 1 edition.
st
10. Introductory Nuclear Physics: Hodgson P.E.; Gadioli; E and Erba; E.G. : Oxford University Press: 1
edition.
11. Introduction to Nuclear Theory: MacCarthy; I.E.: Wiley.
12. Nuclear Structure I and II: Bohr; A. and Mottelson; B.R.: World Scientific: vol-02.
13. Collective Motion in Nuclei: Macfarlane M.H. and Elliot J.P.: Rochester, N.Y.
14. Theory of Direct Nuclear Reactions: Tobocman W.: Oxford University Press.
15. Direct Nuclear Reactions: Satchler G.R.: Clarendon Press.

PHY 436: Solid State Physics-II (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Electrical properties in metals: electrical conductivity at high frequencies; dielectric response of an

electron gas; motion in magnetic fields; electron in a periodic potential; approximate solution near a
zone boundary ; number of orbital in a band; construction of Fermi surface.

2. Semiconductor: (review)
 23

3. Dielectric Properties: Macroscopic electric field; Local field; Dielectric constant; Electronic; ionic
and orientation polarizabilities; Clausius-Mossotti relation; Measurement of dielectric constant;
general properties of ferroelectric materials; dipole theory of ferroelectricity; spontaneous polarization;
ferroelectric domain; piezoelectricity & pyroelectricty; relaxation and dielectric losses;
electromechanical transducers.

4. Magnetic properties of solids : Langevin’s dia- and paramagnetism; quantum theory of

paramagnetism; paramagnetic susceptibility of conduction electron; ferri and ferromagnetism; anti-
ferromagnetism; ferrites; Curie-Weiss law; Heisenberg model; spin waves; magnetic relaxation and
resonance phenomena.

5. Superconductivity : Basic properties of superconductors; Type-1 and Type-2 superconductors;

critical field; Meissner effect; thermodynamics of superconductors; London equations; penetration
depth; coherence length; superconductors; modern theory. of superconductivity; high TC
superconductors.

6. Optical phenomena in solids: color of crystal; excitons; photoconductivity; phosphorescence;

excitations and emission; electro-luminescence. Defects in solids: Point defects; lattice vacancies;
diffusion; dislocations.

References
th
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics: Kittel; C.: Wiley: 8 edition.
2. Solid State Physics: Dekker; A.J.: MACMILLAN.
3. Solid State and Semiconductor Physics: McKelvey; J.P.: Joanna Cotler Books:
4. Introduction to Solid State Physics: Madelung; O.: Springer.
5. Physics of Solids: Wart; C. A. & Thomson; R.M. : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
nd
6. The Theory of Solids: Seitz; F.: N.Y.: McGraw-Hill: 2 edition.
st
7. The Modern theory of Solids: Blakemore; J. S.: Cambridge University Press; 1 edition.
st
8. Solid State Theory: Sachs; M. : North Holland Publishing Company: 1 edition.

PHY 437: Non-linear Optics (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. The Non-linear Optical Susceptibility: Introduction to Non-linear Optics; Description of non-

linear optical interactions; Formal definition of non-linear susceptibility; Non-linear susceptibility
of a classical anharmonic oscillator.

2. Wave-Equation Description of Non-linear Optical Interactions: The wave equation for non-
linear optical media; the coupled wave-equations for sum-frequency generation; The Manley-
Rowe relations; Sum-frequency generation; Difference-frequency generation and parametric
amplification; Second-harmonic generation; Phase- matching considerations.

3. Dependent Refractive Index: Description of the intensity-dependent refractive index; Non-

linearities due to molecular orientation.

4. Process Resulting from the Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index: Optical phase conjugation; Self-
focusing of light; Optical bistability;

5. Two-beam coupling; Pulse propagation and optical solitons. The Electro-optic and Photo-refractive
Effects: Introduction to the electro-optic effect; Linear electro-optic effect;
 24

References
rd
1. Non-linear optics: Boyd; R.W.: Academic Press: 3 edition.
2. The Elements of Non-linear Optics: Butcher; P.N. and Cotter; D.: Cambridge University Press:
st
3. The Principles of Non-linear Optics: Shen; Y.R.: Wiley-Interscience: 1 edition.
nd
4. Non-linear Optics: Newell; A.C. and Moloney; J.V.: Addison Wesley Publishing Co: 2 edition.
rd
5. Modern Optics: Guenther; R.: W. H. Freeman and Company: 3 edition.
nd
6. Non-linear Optics: Bloembergen; N.: North-Holland Publishing Co: 2 edition.
nd
7. An Introduction to Non-linear Optics: Baldwin; G.C.: Springer: 2 edition.

PHY 438: Quantum Mechanics-II (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Matrix formulation of quantum mechanics: State vectors in Hilbert space; bra and ket notations;
operators and their representation; transformation theory; Schrodinger; Heisenberg; and Dirac
representations. Theory of angular momentum: Angular momentum operators and their commutation
relations; eigenvalues and eigenvectors of angular momentum operators; parity operation on the
angular momentum vectors; addition of angular momenta; Clebsch-Gordon coefficients; Pauli’s
exclusion principle and spin matrices.

2. Theory of scattering : Two-body systems; scattering by spherically symmetric potentials; partial-

wave analysis; Born approximation and its applications.

3. Approximate methods: Stationary perturbation theory; time dependent perturbation theory;

variational method; WKB approximation.

4. Identical particle : Symmetric and antisymmetric wave functions; exclusion principle; spin and
statistics; spin matrices; scattering of identical particles.

5. Relativistic wave equations : Klein-Gordon and Dirac’s relativistic wave equations; solution of free
particle equations; negative energy states and hole theory.

References
rd
1. Quantum Mechanics: Schiff; L. I.: Mcgraw-Hill College: 3 edition.
2. Text book of Quantum Mechanics: Mathews; P. M. & Vankatesan; K.: Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
3. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: Dicke; K. H. & Whittke; J. P.: Dicke, R. H., and J. P. Wittke.
nd
4. Quantum Mechanics -an Introduction: Greiner; W.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co; 2 edition.
st
5. Quantum Mechanics Vol I and Vol II: Messiah; A.: North Holland Publishing Company:1 edition.
th
6. Principles of Quantum Mechanics: Dirac; P. A. M.: Oxford University Press: 4 edition.
7. Quantum Mechanics: Sherwin; C. W.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
st
8. Basic Quantum Mechanics: Ziock; C.: John Wiley & Sons Inc: 1 edition.
nd
9. Quantum Mechanics: Sakurai; J.J.: Addison-Wesley: 2 edition.
10. Quantum Mechanics: Powell; J.L. and Craseman; B.: Addison-Wesley Pub.

PHY 439: Classical Mechanics – II (3 credits = 26 lectures)

1. Newton’s law and the Kepler Problem; The gravitational two-body problem; reduction of two-
body problem into one-body problem; Kepler problem in time; Kepler’s equation.
 25

2. Perturbation Theory: General statement of perturbation theory; the Lindstedt-Poincare

perturbation theory and its application to the theory of orbits; Canonical perturbation theory and
its use in the Doffing oscillator; Floquet theory and its use in the Sitnikov problem.

3. The Restricted Three-Body Problem: The problem; Jacobian integral; Lagrange points;
Motion of Trojan asteroids. Order and Chaos: Definition of order and chaos; Determination of
presence of chaos in orbital motion; Liapunov exponents; deterministic chaos.

4. Relativity: Special & General: Lorentz transformations; Special relativistic kinematics; the
general theory of relativity; the Schwarzschild and Kerr metrics.

5. Geodetic Motion: Geodetic equation of motion and its solution in Schwarzschild field; the
Carter’s equations and dynamics of test particle orbits around rotating stars.

6. Post-Newtonian Celestial Mechanics: Bending of star light; perihelion shift of Mercury; photon
orbit.

References
nd
1. Analytical Mechanics: Hand and Finch: Cambridge University Press:2 edition.
2. Classical Dynamics: Jose and Saletan: Cambridge University Press.
3. Theory of Orbits: Boccaletti and Pocacco: Kluwer Academic.
4. Theory of Orbits: Szebehely: Academic Pr
th
6. Classical Theory of Fields: Landau L.D.; and Lifshitz E.M.: Landau L.D.: 4 edition.
 26

The following corrections have been made according to the comments and suggestions of the
expert committee of UGC who visited IUB at 20/11/2015.

1. Total credit hours have been increased from 130 to 133.

2. CHE 101 (Concepts in Chemistry) is included as one of the foundation courses according to the
suggestion. Detail of the course is given also.

3. PHY 101 and PHY 102 are renamed as Physics-I and Physics-II respectively according to
the suggestion.

4. PHY 102 is shifted to the core course group from foundation group according to the
suggestion.

5. Chapter 1 of PHY 102 (Mathematical preliminaries) is now included as Chapter 1 of PHY 101
according to the suggestion.

6. PHY 439: Orbital Mechanics has been renamed as PHY 439: Classical Mechanics -II
according to the suggestion.

7. PHY 401 has been renumbered as PHY 308 to cover in Level 2 according to the suggestion

Theory Courses: 3 credits = 26 lectures in one semester, each lecture is 1 hour 30 minutes
duration
Lab Courses: 1 credit = 13 lectures in one semester, each lecture is 3 hours duration