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EXPERIMENT1 - LINEAR HEAT CONDUCTION

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................5
Theory..........................................................................................................................................6
Procedure.....................................................................................................................................7
A). Steady State Heat Conduction...............................................................................................7
Procedure.....................................................................................................................................9
Results and Discussion..................................................................................................................11
Calculations...............................................................................................................................12
Sources of Error.........................................................................................................................15
1. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................16
References......................................................................................................................................17
Abstract

The purpose of this experiment is to get a better understanding of a component that may have an

influence on the linear conduction heat transfer process. According to the findings of this study,

linear heat transport is governed by Fourier's law.. Due to the fact that various materials have

varied conductivities and cross-sectional areas, the flux rates will also vary depending on the

material used. Brass transmits heat more efficiently than stainless steel, although paper does not

carry any heat. Between the contact surfaces of the test component and the cooler area, there is a

significant temperature difference between them.

heat energy to be transmitted between the two areas of difference. When this happens, practically

everything goes the opposite way. The fact that convective heat transfer occurs in both liquids

and gases makes it difficult to measure just pure conduction. Real heat conduction occurs in

three dimensions, making it difficult to define and quantify without a lot of processing power. To

establish the basic rule connecting the rate of heat flow to a temperature gradient and an area,

studies employing a one-dimensional technique are necessary.

To demonstrate linear energy transmission through a uniform plane wall based on temperature

distribution, this experiment was designed and carried out successfully. To demonstrate heat

transfer and dispersion, this experiment varied the temperature distribution over the surface. You

may be able to tell how effectively a metal specimen conducts heat based on the amount of k (the

proportionality constant) it contains (good conductor).

Theory
Hotness travels through the climate in three fundamental ways: conduction, convection, and

radiation. In this examination, you will show heat move by conduction in a shut framework.

Conduction might happen in an assortment of media, including gases, fluids, and solids.

Conduction happens in solids because of sub-atomic vibrations, and it happens in gases and

fluids because of impacts and dispersion. As a general rule, the rate at which hotness is

communicated depends on the math of the medium, the thickness of the material used, and the

temperature differential across the medium. Utilizing Fourier's standard of hotness conduction, it

is feasible to register the measure of hotness that is moved in an assortment of designing

Start the experiment only when instructor gives tgo-ahead and gives you safety guidelines.

Make sure there is enough water in the cold storage area of the refrigerator.

When putting in flexible water connections, keep drainage systems in mind.

Verify that each thermocouple is correctly connected to its socket in the service unit (K).

Set the manual setting on the service unit's switch by pressing the Manual button. The number

four is an example of this (B).

Make sure the measurement selection switch is set to V before doing any measurements. (E)

Turn on the main panel's standby switch (A)

selected V on step number 6).

Work your way up from 0V to 12V starting with a source of power.

For the time being, set the temperature switch (G) to T1. After that, you'll be moving it.

You may use a different temperature reading by flicking a switch (G). T1 has been selected as

the new value.

Watch the next panel meter's temperature for the next 10 minutes (J).

Changing the temperature switch at this point will display further measurements. T1 should then

be measured. Use the right units of measurement while answering questions 14 and 15.

Fill the table with the positions of each sensor along the brass rod in issue, assuming the interval

between thermocouples is 0.015m.

We used the Fourier Rate Equation and two different junction specimens to evaluate the heat

conductivity of brass and stainless steel in this research.

Procedure
Figure 3 depicts the temperature distribution throughout the cylindrical bar; determine the

thermal conductivity of the brass specimen by following the techniques outlined in the next

section.
Figure 3 Diagram showing heat transfer through the brass intermediate section

When doing electrical work, use the equation Q = V I to determine the rate at which heat is

transferred to the brass bar. Assume that nearly little heat is lost throughout the transfer process.

Slide the switch E on panel D to the appropriate position to read the voltage and current inputs.

Take measurements of the intermediate segment (Xint) in steps 3 and 4 using a vernier caliper.

Using a vernier caliper, figure out the diameter D of the brass that will be used in the project's

intermediate phase.

Calculate the cross-sectional area of the brass rod using the formula Aint = Dint 2. This value

represents the surface area of the heated and cold walls, respectively.

Step 6: Using the graph that was created, figure out the temperatures of the hot and cold wall

surfaces.
Results and Discussion

Exercise A

Figure 4 results of exercise one, data table

Thermal conduction of brass

And the measured value of thermal conductivity of brass is 103

So the percentage error is given by

(109-103)/109 = the error is 5.5%

Error reasons linked to the loss of steady state circumstances are listed in Table 1. Problems

arising when instruments deviate from steady state are wholly dependent on the instrument in

issue. Temperature fluctuations and non-linear heat transfer are only a few instances of the

model's flaws.

Q/A has been linked to two different kinds of mistake sources.

High-frequency magnetic field instruments employ thin heat flux sensors, one in each instrument

platen, to measure Q/A. A detailed analysis of the heat flux sensor designs for this instrument is

impossible owing to intellectual property restrictions.

Mistakes may fall into one of three categories. As with the first kind of mistake, it is completely

caused by the specimen and hence completely under the control of the operator. Because the
second kind of error is not tied in any way to the specimen, it is completely in the hands of the

operator. A specimen's x value's mean and standard deviation are easily calculated; the trickier

part is determining the standard deviation around the specimen's mean values. Tolerance for

specimen preparation tolerance may be defined as the degree of inaccuracy that can be tolerated

in a specimen. Inaccuracy might be shown as undulations or hollows or a lack of parallelism.

According to Section 4, the measurement of T is prone to a variety of errors, most of which are

linked to the Kind E thermocouples employed by the instrument under investigation to measure

T1 and T2 (where the value of T is equal to the difference between the values of T1 and T2).

1. Conclusion

Thermal conductivity of materials vary based on numerous parameters, such as the quantity of

heat present, the amount of accessible surface, and so on. This is well-known. Due to the fact

that temperature and distance are created of the same material, it's easy to observe that they are

inversely proportional. The relationship between copper and Style Steel samples, for example, is

not linear when compared to the others. Due to the significant gap in similarities, the spectrum is

non-linear as it comprises two articles with varying conductivities. Because of this, copper is a

powerful heat conductor, but Style Steel is lower than even copper in terms of conductivity.
 References

A flat-plate thermal-conductivity apparatus for measuring low-conductivity materials at

cryogenic temperatures. (n.d.). Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Insulating

Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures, 3-3-10. https://doi.org/10.1520/stp47215s

Smontara, A., Biljaković, K., Bilušić, A., Pajić, D., Starešinić, D., Lévy, F., & Berger, H.

(2021). Thermal conductivity of linear chain semiconductor (NbSe4)3I. Thermal

Conductivity 23, 266-276. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003210719-29

Smontara, A., Biljaković, K., Bilušić, A., Pajić, D., Starešinić, D., Lévy, F., & Berger, H.

(2021). Thermal conductivity of linear chain semiconductor (NbSe4)3I. Thermal

Conductivity 23, 266-276. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003210719-29