MATHEMATICS IN NATURE LIST OF FIBONACCI NUMBERS

Fn Number
F1 1
MATHEMATICS F2 1
“manthanein” learning F3 2
“techne” art of technique F4 3
Math is absolute truth F5 5
F6 8
• The science of quantity F7 13
• Deals with the logic of shape, quantity, and F8 21
arrangement F9 34
F10 55
Math is all around us. Mobile devices, F11 89
architecture, art, money, engineering, even F12 144
sports. F13 233
F14 377
F15 610
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE F16 987
F17 1597
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE F18 2584
- Begins with one. Each subsequent F19 4181
number is the sum of two preceding F20 6765
numbers F21 10946
- 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144… F22 17711
F23 28657
Arithmetic Sequence: common difference F24 46368
3, 6, 9, 12, … F25 75025
F26 121393
Geometric Sequence: common ratio F27 196418
3, 6, 12, 24, 48, … F28 317811
F29 514229
Leonardo Fibonacci (Leonardo Pisano, English F30 832040
Leonardo of Pisa 1170-1240) – discovered the F31 1346269
Fibonacci sequence after an investigation on the F32 2178309
reproduction of rabbits. F33 3524578
F34 5702887
Fibonacci Spiral F35 9227465
Constructed by F36 14930352
placing together rectangles F37 24157817
of relative side lengths F38 39088169
equaling Fibonacci F39 63245986
numbers F40 102334155
Can be drawn starting F41 165580141
from the corner of the first rectangle of side length F42 267914296
1, all the way to the corner of the rectangle of side F43 433494437
length 13. F44 701408733
F45 1134903170
- Fibonacci numbers can be used to F46 1836311903
convert kilometers to miles F47 2971215073
3 mi = 5 km F48 4807526976
5 mi = 8 km F49 7778742049
8 mi = 13 km F50 12586269025
 THE GOLDEN RATIO MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGES AND
SYMBOLS
GOLDEN RATIO
Two quantities are in the golden ratio if the Language – facilitates communication and clarifies
ratio between the sum of those quantities and the meaning, bridges gap among people from varying
larger one is the same as the ratio between the origins and culture w/o prejudice. Systematic
larger one and the smaller. means of communicating of ideas by symbols,
sounds or marks.

Symbol – something that someone intends to stand

for something other than itself

Language of Mathematics
Is the system used by the mathematicians to
communicate mathematical ideas among
1.6180339887
themselves.
Consists of a substrate os some natural
When we divide one of the Fibonacci
language (English) using technical terms and
numbers to the previous one, we will get results
grammatical conventions that are peculiar to the
that are so close to each other.
mathematical discourse, supplemented by highly
Moreover, after the 13th number in the
specialized symbolic notation.
sequence, the ratio will be fixed at approximately
Concepts, Terminology, Symbols,
1.618…
Algorithms, Syntax.
233 / 144 = 1.62 377 / 233 = 1.62
Mathematics as a Language
610 / 377= 1.62 987 / 610 = 1.62
Math itself is a language with its own
1597 / 987= 1.62 2584 / 1597 = 1.62
symbols, words, and rules of syntax. Certain
consistent set of assumption and built up from there
Vitruvian Man – human body is proportional
according to the rules of logic.
By Leonardo Da
• Precise (able to make very fine
Vinci
distinctions or definitions)
Jay Hambridge • Concise (able to say things briefly)
(American • Powerful (able to express complex
researcher) thoughts with relative ease)
established that the
golden ratio can also Truth of Sentences
be found in the Either true, false, sometimes true,
human body. sometimes false.

1. In x2+ 2x = x (x + 2) 3. In f(2) = 3
if x = 1, 12 + 2 (1) = 1 (1+ 2) Sometimes true/
sometimes false
1 + 2 = 1 (3)
f(x) = x-5
3 = 3 True f(2) = 2 - 5
f(2)=-3 false because f(2) = 3
2. In x + 2 < x - 3 f(2) = 3 is true if f(x) = 4x - 5
f(2) = 4(2) - 5
If x =1, 1 + 2 < 1 - 3 =8-5
3<-2 f(2) = 3
False
Difficulties
• “is” = equality, inequality, or membership in 5. Twice a number
a set 2x
• Diff use of a number (cardinal, ordinal, 6. Five less than a number
nominal, ratio) x-5
• Mathematical objects may be represented in 7. A number less 8
many ways such as sets and functions. x-8
8. Six more than a number
REVIEW OF SYMBOLS x+6
9. A number decreased by 6
Integer x-6
Real number 10. The square of a number
Set x²
Natural number 11. Four times the square of a number
Element 4x²
Subset 12. Three less than twice a number
Union 2x-3
Intersection 13. Five more than three times a number
For all x's 3x+5
There exist 14. A man’s age ten years ago
Function of x x-10
15. There are twice as many boys as there are
girls
g=2b
Translate using mathematical symbols:
1. The sum of a number and 7
1. 1 is an integer x+7
Z = {1} 2. The sum of the cube of two numbers
2. Y is a multiple of 7 x³+y³
7y 3. Five more than twice a number
3. n belongs to set A and B 2x+5
A⋂B = {n} or n ∈ A and B 4. The area of a rectangle whose length is 3
4. the values of x ranges from -1 to 7 more than its width
[-1, -7] A=(x)+(x+3)
5. the square of the sum of x and y is not less 5. There are ten more cars than jeep
than 20. c=j+10
(x+y) ² ≥ 20
6. the square of a number is non-negative
x² > -1 1. Lota’s age in 5 years
7. the sum of two consecutive number is 83 x+5
x+(x+1) =83
2. A 3-digit number where hundreds digit is
half the tens digit and the tens digit is 2
1. The sum of a number and ten more than the unit digit.
x+10 Let x = hundreds
2. The product of two numbers Hundreds digit = x
xy Tens digit = 2x
3. The product of -1 and a number Units = 2x – 2
-x or (-1) (x)
4. One-half times the sum of two numbers 3. The age of a woman 18 years ago.
𝒙+𝒚
𝟐
x-18
 4. The perimeter of a rectangle whose
length is twice the width
P=2(l+w) l=2w

5. The sum of three consecutive even

integers
x+(x+2)+(x+4)

6. Sean and Max share 95 pesos.

S+M=95

7. A three-digit number whose hundreds is

twice the tens digit and the tens digit is 3 Example:
more than the units digit. Harry is happy (p)
tens digit = U+3 Harry is going to watch a volleyball game (q)
hundreds digit = 2(U+3) It is going to rain (r)
units = 0 or 1 Today is Sunday (s)

8. John has 9 more than 6 times the 1. Today is Sunday and Harry is not happy.
amount Sylvia has. s˄¬p
J=9+6S 2. Today is Sunday and harry will not be watching a
volleyball game
9. The length of a rectangle is 7feet less s˄¬q
than 3 times its width. 3. If it is going to rain, then Harry is not going to
l=3w-7 watch a volleyball game
r→¬q
10. One train travels 4 km more than twice 4. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game if and
the distance another train travels. The only if he is happy.
total distance traveled by both trains is q↔p
5.Harry is happy only if it is not going to rain
800 km.
p↔¬r
4T₁+2T₂=800
6. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game or it is
going to rain
ELEMENTARY LOGIC q˅r

Logic allows us to determine the validity of

arguments in and out of mathematics, illustrates the Truth table – table that shows the truth value of a
importance of precision and conciseness of the compound statement for all possible truth values of
language of mathematics. its simple statements.

Proposition – a statement which is true or false The proposition 𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄 (If P then Q) is called an
Examples: implication.
1. 9 is a prime number P is called the hypothesis and Q is called the
2. 4 + 6 = 10 conclusion.
3. x + y > 3
4. 10 < -4
5. x = 10
Say P and Q are propositions. Given the impication BICONDITIONAL
𝑃⇒𝑄, Say P and Q are propositions.
its inverse is ¬𝑃⇒¬𝑄, The proposition 𝑃⟺𝑄 (P if and only if Q) is called a
the converse is 𝑄⇒𝑃, biconditional statement.
its contrapositive is ¬𝑄⇒¬𝑃 It is equivalent to (𝑃⇒𝑄) ∧ (𝑄⇒𝑃)

Quantifiers are used to described the variable/s

in a statement.
1. p˄ (¬ q) 2. (- p˅ q) ˄ (-q) 1. Universal quantifier means “for all”, “for
every”
written denoted by ∀
2. Existential quantifier means “there
exist”, “for some”
F written denoted by ∃
F
F Compound Quantifiers
T If using same quantifiers, then the
ordering doesn’t matter.
3. [ p˄(¬ q)] ˅ [(¬p) ˅ q]
If using mixed quantifier, then the
ordering does matter.
Example:
For all 𝑥∈ℝ, there exist y∈ℝ such that 𝑥+𝑦=5
There exist y∈ℝ, for all 𝑥∈ℝ, such that 𝑥+𝑦=5

∀𝑥 ∈ℤ^+, ∃𝑦∈ℝ, 𝑦^2

• For all x which is an element of positive
integers, there exist y which is an
element of real numbers such that the
If this book is interesting, then I am staying at square of y is equal to x.
home.
its inverse is ¬𝑃⇒¬𝑄, ∃𝑥,𝑦∈ℕ, 𝑥−𝑦=𝑦
the converse is 𝑄⇒𝑃, • There exists x,y which are elements of
its contrapositive is ¬𝑄⇒¬𝑃 natural numbers such that y subtracted
Inverse: If this book is not interesting, then I am not
to x is equal to x subtracted to y
staying at home.
Converse: I am staying at home if this book is
interesting.
Contrapositive: I am not staying at home, if the
book is not interesting
 PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING Deductive reasoning:
The sum of two odd integers is an even
Problem - question that motivates a person to number
search for an answer. Let m and n as odd integers
Therefore, m + n is even
Problem solving - It is finding solutions and
not just answers to problems. Inductive Reasoning:
3+5 =8
Solution = method + answer 7 + 11 = 18
9 + 21 = 30
Then the sum of two odd integers is even
Inductive reasoning is the process of
reaching a general conclusion by examining A sequence is an ordered list of
specific examples. numbers. Each number in a sequence is called
A conclusion based on inductive a term of the sequence.
reasoning is called a conjecture. A conjecture
may or may not be correct. One solution to find the next term of the
sequence is by using the difference table – a
table which shows the differences between
successive terms of the sequence.

a.) 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, …

b.) 5, 14, 27, 44, 65, …
c.) 2, 7, 24, 59, 118, 207, …
d.) 1, 14, 51, 124, 245, 426, …

PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING

POLYA'S PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

Deductive reasoning is the process of George Polya (1887-1985) was born in

reaching a conclusion by applying general Hungary and moved to US in 1940. The basic
assumptions, procedure or principles. problem-solving strategy that he advocated
consisted of the following four steps:
1. Understand the problem
2. Devise a plan
3. Carry out the plan
4. Review the solutions
 The product of the ages, in years, of three
teenagers is 4590. None of the teens are the
same age. What are the ages of the
teenagers?

1. We need to determine three

distinct counting numbers from
the list 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, and
19 that have aproduct of 4590

2. If we represent the ages by x, y,

and z, then xyz= 4590. We
cannot solve this equation
because it is only one. But 4590
ends in 0, hence 4590 has a
factor of 2 and a factor of 5,
which means that at least one of
the factors is an even number
and one of them must have 5 as
a factor. The only factor in the list
which has 5 as a factor is 15 and
the other factor is an even
number.

3. 15 x 16 x 18 = 4320
15 x 16 x 19 = 4560
15 x 17 x 18 = 4590

4. Because 15 x 17 x 18 = 4590 and each of

the ages represents the age of teenagers,
we know our solution is correct