E40M

MOS Transistors, CMOS Logic Circuits,

and Cheap, Powerful Computers

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 1

 Reading

• Chapter 4 in the reader

• For more details look at

– A&L 5.1 Digital Signals
(goes in much more detail than we need)
– A&L 6-6.3 MOS Devices

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 2

 MOSFET a.k.a. MOS Transistor

• Are very interesting devices

– Come in two “flavors” – pMOS and nMOS
– Symbols and equivalent circuits shown below

• Gate terminal takes no current (at least no DC current)

– The gate voltage* controls whether the “switch” is ON or OFF

Ron
gate gate

pMOS nMOS
M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe * actually, the gate – to – source voltage, VGS 3
 nMOS i-V Characteristics

i iDS

D
G
v S
Remember the resistor?

• nMOS is still a device

V DS

– Defined by its relationship between current and voltage

– But it has 3 terminals!
• Current only flows between the source and drain
• No current flows into the gate terminal!

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 4

 Simple Model of an nMOS Device

• We will model an nMOS device by components we know

– Resistor
– Switch

• NMOS iDS
Source = Gnd
Gate = Gnd => Off On
Gate = Vdd => On

• This really simple model is

suitable for applications where Off
there’s one value of “On” voltage.
VDS

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 5

 How Does an nMOS Transistor Actually Work?
(FYI – not essential for this course)

http://www.extremetech.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/09/close+finfet.jpg

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 6

 Problem With nMOS Device

• While an nMOS device makes a great switch to Gnd

• It doesn’t work that well if we want to connect to Vdd

– To turn transistor on
• Gate needs to be higher than source
– But we want the source to be at Vdd
• Oops …

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 7

 pMOS iDS vs. VDS Characteristics

VDS
S

iDS
• Similar to nMOS, but upside down!
– Turns on when the gate-to-source voltage is < -1 V
– And the drain-to-source voltage should be negative
• Source should be the terminal with the higher voltage!

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 8

 Simple Model of a pMOS Device

• We will model an pMOS device by components we know

– Resistor
– Switch

• NMOS
VDS
Source = Vdd Off
Gate = Gnd => On
Gate = Vdd => Off
On

iDS

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 9

 How Does a pMOS Transistor Actually Work?
(FYI – not part of this course)

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 10

 nMOS and pMOS Devices “Complement”
Each Other – Complementary MOS or CMOS

• PMOS
Source = Vdd (+ supply) Ron
Gate = Gnd => On
Gate = Vdd => Off

• NMOS
Source = Gnd
Gate = Gnd => Off
Gate = Vdd => On

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 11

 MOS Transistor Summary

• MOS transistors are extremely useful devices

– Almost all of your electronics uses them on the inside
– Including your phone, laptop, WiFi and Bluetooth, and your
Arduino
• Come in two “flavors”
– nMOS
• It is a switch which connects source to drain
• If the gate-to-source voltage is greater than Vth (around 1 V)
– Positive gate-to-source voltages turn the device on.
– pMOS
• It is a switch which connects source to drain
• If the gate-to-source voltage is less than Vth (around -1 V)
– Negative gate-to-source voltages turn the device on

… and there’s zero current into the gate!

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 12
 MOS Logic Gates

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 13

 What Does This Circuit Do?

• Is the output a logic function of the input? Consider Vin = GND

VDD

pMOS

In Out

nMOS

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 14

 What Does This Circuit Do?

• Now consider Vin = VDD

VDD

pMOS

In Out

nMOS

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 15

 Building Logic Gates from MOS Transistors

• Remember Boolean Logic?

– AND, OR
– NAND = Not-AND = AND followed by Inverter
• Output is only low when A and B are true (high)
– NOR = Not-OR = OR followed by Inverter
• Output is low when either A or B is true (high)

• You can make them from MOS devices

– But only the inverting gates (NOR and NAND)

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 16

 Building a CMOS NAND Gate

• Output should be low if both input are high (true)

• Output should be high if either input is low (false)

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 17

 Logic Symbols

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 18

 If You Look At Your Computer Chip

• It is just billions of transistors

– Creating many logic gates, and memory

• Take EE108A if you want know how we do that …

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 19

 HOW THE MOS TRANSISTOR
CHANGED THE WORLD …

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 20

 First Computing Machines Were Mechanical

Picture of a version of
the Babbage difference
engine built by the
Museum of Science, UK

“The calculating section

of Difference Engine No.
2, has 4,000 moving
parts (excluding the
printing mechanism) and
weighs 2.6 tons. It is
seven feet high, eleven
feet long and eighteen
inches in depth”

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 21

 Moving Electrons is Easier than Moving Metal

• Building electronics:
– Started with tubes, then miniature tubes
– Transistors, then miniature transistors
– Components were getting cheaper, more reliable but:
• There is a minimum cost of a component (storage,
handling …)
• Total system cost was proportional to complexity

• Integrated circuits changed that

– Printed a circuit, like you print a picture,
• Create components in parallel
• Cost no longer depended on # of devices

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 22

 A Little History

1st (Bipolar Junction) Transistor 1st Integrated Circuit

Christmas Eve 1947 Jack Kilby, Nobel Laureate in Physics
By Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley, 2000
Nobel Laureates in Physics 1956 Bob Noyce
1947

1958

(http://www.bellsystemmemorial.com/belllabs_transistor.html)
(Courtesy of TI and Huff, SEMATECH)

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 23

 What is an Integrated Circuit?

• A device having multiple electrical components and their

interconnects manufactured on a single substrate.

• First IC 1958
– Jack Kilby at TI
– Germanium
– A hack
• Wax support
– Made history
• Planar Process 1961
– Bob Noyce at Fairchild
– Silicon

Image from State of the Art © Stan Augarten

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 24

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M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 25

 Moore’s “Law”

1965 - Moore

Intel Microprocessors

• “The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of

roughly a factor of 2 per year.” Gordon Moore, 1965

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 26

 Transistors per mm2

Kaizad Mistry, Intel Technology and Manufacturing Day, March 28, 2017

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 27

 What This Means

80386 chip area

shrinks to 17 mm2 80386 die size
shrinks to 0.05 mm2

Chip edge is only twice the

diameter of a human hair!

1985 (Intel 80386) 1989 (Intel 80486) Intel 10 nm CMOS*

275,000 transistors 1,180,235 transistors circa 2019
104 mm2; 2640 Tr/mm2 16,170 Tr/mm2 100,000,000 Tr/mm2

… or the original chip area could contain > 10 billion transistors!

*Kaizad Mistry, Intel Technology and Manufacturing Day, March 28, 2017
M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 28
 Take The Cover Off A Microprocessor
Packaged die

Cross-section

Single transistor

Full wafer (100s of dies)

modern wafers: 200-300 mm

diameter (8-12 inches)

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 29

 Learning Objectives

• Understand how nMOS and pMOS transistor work

– Voltage controlled switch, the gate voltage controls whether
the switch is ON of OFF
– nMOS devices connect output to Gnd
– pMOS devices connect the output to Vdd

• Be able to create MOS NAND, NOR and Inverter circuits

– Using pMOS and nMOS devices

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 30