Electric Circuits

(EELE 2312)

Chapter 1 Circuit Variables & Circuit Elements

Basil Hamed
Circuit Theory

Mathematical model that approximates the

behavior of an actual electrical system
Commonly used to refer to an actual electrical
system as well as to the model that represents it

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Problem Solving

• Identify what’s given and what’s to be found

• Sketch a circuit diagram or other visual model
• Think of several solution methods and choose one
• Calculate a solution
• Use your creativity
• Test your solution

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 The SI Units
Quantity Basic Unit Symbol

Length meter m

Mass kilogram Kg

Time second S
Electric Current ampere A

Temperature degree kelvin K

o

Luminous intensity candela cd

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 1.1 Circuit Analysis An Overview

Need
Design Specifications
Concept
Circuit Model
Ideal Circuit Components
Circuit Analysis
Physical Prototype

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1.2 Voltage, Current, & The Basic Circuit Element
The concept of Electric Charge is the basis for
understanding all electrical phenomena

The
Separation
The
Charge
electrical
of
is bipolar
charges
effects
(+ve
expends
caused
& -ve)
by
energy.
charges
Voltage
in
ismotion
the energy
Electric depend
Charge peron
unit
existsthe
incharge
rate ofcreated
discrete charge by
flow.
the
quantities
Electric Current
(1.6022×10 separation
-19
C) is theofrate
charges.
of charge flow.
d
dq
i to separation of
Electrical Effects attributed
dt
dq
charges and charges in motion

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1.3 The Ideal Basic Circuit Element

• Two terminals connected to other circuit components

• It is described mathematically in terms of current and/or
Voltage
• It can not be subdivided 7
 Passive Sign Convention
Whenever the reference direction for
the current in an element is in the
direction of the reference voltage drop
across the element use a positive sign
in any expression that relates the
voltage to the current. Otherwise, use
a negative sign.

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1.4 Power and Energy

Power: time rate of expending or absorbing energy

d
p 
dt
 d    dq 
p   
 dq   dt 
p  i 9
1.4 Power and Energy i=4 A and ʋ=-10 V
Working Example
P=-(-10)(4)=40 W

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 1.5 Voltage and Current Sources
Electrical Source is a device that is capable of converting
nonelectric energy to electric energy and vice versa

An Ideal Voltage Source is a circuit element that

maintains a prescribed voltage across its terminals
regardless of the current flowing in those terminals

An Ideal Current Source is a circuit element that

maintains a prescribed current through its terminals
regardless of the voltage across those terminals
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1.5 Voltage and Current Sources
Independent Sources

An Independent Source establishes a voltage

or current in a circuit without relying on
voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit

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1.5 Voltage and Current Sources
Dependent Sources

Source (Controlled Source) establishes a voltage

A dependent
or current whose value depends on the value of a voltage
or a current elsewhere in the circuit

μ, ρ, α, and β are multiplying constants

Active Elements capable of generating electric energy Passive Elements
cannot generate electric energy 13
1.5 Voltage and Current Sources

There are five ideal basic circuit elements:

voltage sources, current sources, resistors,
inductors, and capacitors

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1.5 Voltage and Current Sources

Active element is one that models a device capable

of generating electric energy. Voltage sources and
Current sources are example active circuit elements.

Passive elements model physical devices that cannot

generate electric energy. Resistors, inductors, and
capacitors are examples of passive circuit elements.

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 Example 1.1
Using the definition of the ideal independent voltage and current
sources, state which interconnections in the following figures are
permissible and which violate the constraints imposed by the ideal
sources

Valid Invalid

Valid

Valid Invalid
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 Example 1.2
Using the definition of the ideal independent and dependent
sources, state which interconnections in the following figures are
valid and which violate the constraints imposed by the ideal
sources

Invalid Valid

Valid Invalid
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Electrical Resistance

Resistance is the capacity of materials to impede the

flow of current or, more specifically, the flow of
electric charge. The circuit element used to model
this behavior is the resistor.

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Electrical Resistance
Ohm’s Law

  iR
  iR Ohm's Law

i  G
R
1
G 
R
p  i
2
i
p  i 2R 
G
2
p   2G
R
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Example 1.3
In each of the following circuits υ or i is not known. (a) Calculate
the value of υ or i, (b) Determine the power dissipated in each
resistor.

8V -20 V

10 A -2 A
20
 Example 1.3

b) The power dissipated in each of the four resistors is

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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
7 Unknowns

Ohm's Law
1  i 1R1 c  i c R c l  i l R l
The algebraic sum of all currents at
KCL any node in a circuit equals zero
i i  0
s 1 i i  01 i  i  0
c i i  0
c l l s
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

The algebraic sum of all voltages

KVL
around any closed path in a circuit
     0
l c equals1zero s 23
 Example 1.4
Sum the currents at each node in the circuit shown. Note that
there is no connection dot (●) in the center of the diagram.

node a i1  i 4  i 2  i 5  0
node b i 2  i 3  i1  ib  i a  0
node c ib  i 3  i 4  ic  0
node d i 5  ia  ic  0 24
Example 1.5
Sum the voltages around each designated path in the circuit
shown.

path a 1  2  4  b  3  0
path b a  3  5  0
path c b  4  c  6  5  0
path d a  1  2  c  7  d  0 25
Example 1.6
Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find io in the circuit shown and test
the solution for io by verifying that the total power generated equals the
total power dissipated.

i1  io  6  0
120  10i o  50i 1  0 p 50  3  50  450 W
2

p10   3 10  90 W

2
i o  3 A
i1  3 A p120V  120   3  360 W
1  150 V p 6 A  150   6   900 W

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Example 1.7 t  30  5i t
The terminal voltage and the terminal current were measured on
the device shown in the figure shown and the values are
tabulated. (a) construct a circuit model of the device inside the
box, (b) using the circuit model, predict the power this device will
deliver to a 10 Ω resistor.

t  30  5i t
30  5i  10i  0
30  15i
30
i  2 A
15 2
p10   2  10
p10   40 W 27
Analysis of Circuits
Containing Dependent Sources

i KVL 500  5i   20i o

KCL i o  i   5i   6i 
controlling i  4 A i o  24 A
current o  20i o  480 V 28
Example 1.8
Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find the voltage υo in the
circuit shown and test the solution by verifying that the total
power developed equals the total power dissipated.

10  6i s o  3i o  3 V
5 50
5 p10V  10    W
is  A 5
3 3
3 p 3i s  3  1  5 W
3i s  2i o  3i o 3 2
5 50
3 p 6  i s  6     6 
2
W
io  i s  1 A 3 3
p 2&3  i o  5  1  5  5 W
2 2
5 29
 End of
Chapter One

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