G.

Manikandan
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA 1
Lecture Objectives

 Some common applications of database systems.

 Meaning of the term database.
 Size and Complexity
 Creation and Maintenance
 Meaning of the term Database Management
System (DBMS).
 Traditional file processing

3/1/2021 10:36:05 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT

Review Question?

 Is it possible to store a database in primary memory?

3/1/2021 10:36:05 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT

Introduction

 Databases and Database systems are an essential

component of life in modern society

 Most of us encounter several activities every day that

involve some interaction with a database.

3/1/2021 10:36:05 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 4

Examples of Database Applications

 Bank – Deposit / Withdraw

 Reservation – Hotel / Airline
 Access – Computerized Library
 Online purchase
 Purchasing an item from a supermarket

3/1/2021 10:36:05 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT

Traditional Database Application

Text and Numeric.

3/1/2021 10:36:05 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 6

New Applications of Database System

 Multimedia Database – pictures/video clips / sound

 GIS – store weather data, analyze satellite images

 Data warehouse and OLAP – decision making

 Real time database – controlling industrial /

manufacturing process

3/1/2021 10:36:05 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 7

3/1/2021 10:36:05 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT
 https://www.guru99.com/database-vs-data-warehouse.html

3/1/2021 10:36:05 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT

Figure 1-1a Data in Context

Context helps users understand data

Graphical displays turn data into useful information
that managers can use for decision making and
interpretation
Definition
 A database is a collection of related data.
 By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit
meaning.

 For example, consider the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of

the people you know.

 Nowadays, this data is typically stored in mobile phones, which have

their own simple database software.

 This data can also be recorded in an indexed address book

 Stored on a hard drive, using a personal computer and software such as

Microsoft Access or Excel.

3/1/2021 10:36:06 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 12

Implicit properties
 A database is a logically coherent collection of data with
some inherent meaning.

 A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a

specific purpose.

 A database represents some aspect of the real world,

sometimes called the miniworld or the universe of discourse
(UoD).

3/1/2021 10:36:06 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 13

Other Words

 A database has some source from which data is

derived

 Some degree of interaction with events in the real

world and

 An audience that is actively interested in its contents.

3/1/2021 10:36:06 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 14

Size and Complexity
 Any size and complexity
 list of names and addresses - may consist of only a few hundred records

 computerized catalog of a large library - may contain half a million entries

organized under different categories

 A database of even greater size and complexity would be maintained by a

social media company such as Facebook, which has more than a billion
users.

 An example of a large commercial database is Amazon.com.

 It contains data for over 60 million active users, and millions of books, CDs,
videos, DVDs, games, electronics, apparel, and other items.

 The database is stored on hundreds of computers (called servers).

3/1/2021 10:36:06 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 15

Creation and Maintenance
 A database may be generated and maintained manually or it may
be computerized.

 A library card catalog is a database that may be created and

maintained manually.

 A computerized database may be created and maintained either by

a group of application programs written specifically for that task
or by a database management system.

3/1/2021 10:36:06 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 16

 Database
Management System

3/1/2021 10:36:06 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 17

Database Management System

3/1/2021 10:36:06 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 18

Database Management System
 A database management system (DBMS) is a
computerized system that enables users to create and
maintain a database.

 The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that

facilitates the processes of
 Defining,
 Constructing,
 Manipulating, and
 Sharing databases among various users and
applications.

3/1/2021 10:36:06 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 19

Database Management System

 Defining a database
 Involves specifying the
 data types,
 structures, and
 constraints of the data to be stored in the database.

 The database definition or descriptive information is

also stored by the DBMS in the form of a database
catalog or dictionary; it is called meta-data.

3/1/2021 10:36:07 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 20

Database Management System
 Constructing the database
 is the process of storing the data on some storage
medium that is controlled by the DBMS.

 Manipulating a database
 includes functions such as
 querying the database to retrieve specific data,

 updating the database to reflect changes in the

miniworld, and
 generating reports from the data.

3/1/2021 10:36:07 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 21

Database Management System

 Sharing a database
 allows multiple users and programs to access the database
simultaneously.

 Protection
 includes system protection
 against hardware or software malfunction (or
crashes) and
 security protection
 against unauthorized or malicious access.

3/1/2021 10:36:07 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 22

Database Management System

 A typical large database may have a life cycle of many

years,

 DBMS must be able to maintain the database system

by allowing the system to evolve as requirements
change over time.

3/1/2021 10:36:07 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 23

Database Management System

 General purpose vs Special purpose DBMS

 Database and DBMS software together a database

system.

3/1/2021 10:36:07 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT 24

Core DB Technology Trend
 Relational Database
 Distributed Database
 Multi-dimensional databases
 Object Relational Database
 Object-Oriented Database
 Multimedia Database
 Intelligent Database
 Data warehousing, data marts, data mining
 Web-based Databases
3/1/2021 10:36:07 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT
 DB Time Line Web-based
Data Warehousing
Client-server

multimedia
heterogeneous
Data Management object-oriented
expert, distributed
Capability
SQL Standard
commercial DBMS
PC DBMS
ER model
network model
Relational Model: Codd
Hierarchical: IMS
file management
magnetic tape
1945 1961 1970 1976 1980 1985 1990 2000
3/1/2021 10:36:07 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT
 Traditional file processing

3/1/2021 10:36:07 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT

File Processing Systems
Billing Purchasing
Program Program

Accounts Buyer Inventory Vendor

Customer
receivable file file file
file
file

Accounts_Payable Sales Order Processing Payroll

Program Program Program

Inventory Employee
Vendor Invoice Customer
file file
file file file
Traditional file processing
 Each user
 Defines and implements the files needed
 As part of programming the application.

 Example
 Grade reporting office
 may keep files on students and their grades

 Accounting office
 may keep track of students’ fees and their payments

3/1/2021 10:36:08 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT

Traditional file processing
 Although both users are interested in data about students

 Each user maintains

 separate files and
 programs to manipulate these files
 because each requires some data not available
from the other user’s files.

 This redundancy in defining and storing data results in

wasted storage space and in redundant efforts to
maintain common up-to-date data.

3/1/2021 10:36:08 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT

3/1/2021 10:36:08 AM INT102 – DBMS – G.Manikandan / ICT