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3 - Database Systems and Big Data

This document discusses databases and big data. It begins by introducing how organizations capture large amounts of data from various sources every day. This data is stored and managed using database systems and tools so it can be analyzed to gain insights. The document then covers database fundamentals, data modeling, relational database management systems, big data characteristics, and technologies used to process big data at large scale, including data warehouses, data marts, data lakes, and Hadoop. The overall goal is to explain how databases and big data are used to extract valuable information from large and complex data collections.

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464 views3 pages

3 - Database Systems and Big Data

This document discusses databases and big data. It begins by introducing how organizations capture large amounts of data from various sources every day. This data is stored and managed using database systems and tools so it can be analyzed to gain insights. The document then covers database fundamentals, data modeling, relational database management systems, big data characteristics, and technologies used to process big data at large scale, including data warehouses, data marts, data lakes, and Hadoop. The overall goal is to explain how databases and big data are used to extract valuable information from large and complex data collections.

Uploaded by

cyka blyat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Systems and Big Data

Introduction:

Organizations and individuals capture prodigious amounts of data from a myriad of


sources every day. Where does all this data come from, where does it go, how is it
safeguarded, and how can you use it to your advantage? In this chapter, you will learn
about tools and processes that enable users to manage all this data so that it can be used
to uncover new insights and make effective decisions. For example, if you become a
marketing manager, you can access a vast store of data related to the Web-surfing habits,
past purchases, and even social media activity of existing and potential customers. You can
use this information to create highly effective marketing programs that generate consumer
interest and increased sales. If you become a biologist, you may use big data to study the
regulation of genes and the evolution of genomes in an attempt to understand how the
genetic makeup of different cancers influences outcomes for cancer patients. If you
become a human resources manager, you will be able to use data to analyze the impact of
raises and changes in employee-benefit packages on employee retention and long-term
costs. Regardless of your field of study in school and your future career, using database
systems and big data will likely be a critical part of your job. As you read this chapter, you
will see how you can use databases and big data to extract and analyze valuable
information to help you succeed. This chapter starts by introducing basic concepts related
to databases and data management systems. Later, the topic of big data will be discussed
along with several tools and technologies used to store and analyze big data. (Stair et al,
2018, p. 112)

Learning Outcomes:

· Identify and briefly describe the members of the hierarchy of data.

· Identify the advantages of the database approach to data management.

· Identify the key factors that must be considered when designing a database.

· Identify the various types of data models and explain how they are useful in planning
a database.

· Describe the relational database model and its fundamental characteristics.

· Define the role of the database schema, data definition language, and data
manipulation language.

· Discuss the role of a database administrator and data administrator.

· Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems.

· Define the term big data and identify its basic characteristics.
· Explain why big data represents both a challenge and an opportunity.

· Define the term data management and state its overall goal.

· Define the terms data warehouse, data mart, and data lakes and explain how they
are different.

· Outline the extract, transform, and load process.

· Explain how a NoSQL database is different from an SQL database.

· Discuss the whole Hadoop computing environment and its various components.

· Define the term in-memory database and explain its advantages in processing big
data.

Data Fundamentals

Without data and the ability to process it, an organization cannot successfully complete its
business activities. It cannot pay employees, send out bills, order new inventory, or
produce information to assist managers in decision making. Recall that data consists of raw
facts, such as employee numbers and sales figures. For data to be transformed into useful
information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way. (Stair et al, 2018, p. 112)
Continue reading on page 112-117.

Data Modeling and Database Characteristics

Because today’s businesses must keep track of and analyze so much data, they must keep
the data well organized so that it can be used effectively. A database should be designed to
store all data relevant to the business and to provide quick access and easy modification.
Moreover, it must reflect the business processes of the organization. When building a
database, an organization must carefully consider the following questions:

● Content. What data should be collected and at what cost?

● Access. What data should be provided to which users and when?

● Logical structure. How should data be arranged so that it makes sense to a given user?

● Physical organization. Where should data be physically located?


● Archiving. How long must this data be stored?

● Security. How can this data be protected from unauthorized access?

Continue reading on page 117-124.

Relational Database Management Systems (DBMSs)

Creating and implementing the right database system ensures that the database will
support both business activities and goals. But how do we actually create, implement, use,
and update a database? The answer is found in the database management system (DBMS).
As discussed earlier, a DBMS is a group of programs used as an interface between a
database and application programs or between a database and the user. Database
management systems come in a wide variety of types and capabilities, ranging from small
inexpensive software packages to sophisticated systems costing hundreds of thousands of
dollars. Continue reading on page 124-133.

Big Data

Big data is the term used to describe data collections that are so enormous (terabytes or
more) and complex (from sensor data to social media data) that traditional data
management software, hardware, and analysis processes are incapable of dealing with
them. Continue reading on page 134-140.

Technologies Used to Process Big Data

Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Lakes

The raw data necessary to make sound business decisions is typically stored in a variety of
locations and formats. This data is initially captured, stored, and managed by transaction-
processing systems that are designed to support the day-to-day operations of an
organization. For decades, organizations have collected operational, sales, and financial
data with their online transaction processing (OLTP) systems. These OLTP systems put data
into databases very quickly, reliably, and efficiently, but they do not support the types of
big data analysis that today’s businesses and organizations require. Through the use of
data warehouses and data marts, organizations are now able to access the data gathered
via OLTP system and use it more effectively to support decision making. Continue reading
on page 140-146.

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