Manas Gaikwad A011

Carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones are identified by the following tests:

1. 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine test (2,4-DNP test)

2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine can be used to qualitatively detect the carbonyl group of an eldehyde or ketone. A
positive result is indicated by the formation of an yellow or orange-red precipitate of 2,4-dinitrophenyl
hydrazone.

2. Sodium bisulphite test

Most aldehydes and ketones give bisulphate addition product with sodium bisulphate, which is white
crystalline in nature.
Note: Acetone phenone and benzophenone do not give this test.

Differentiating tests for aldehydes

The major difference between aldehydes and ketones is that an aldehyde is readily oxidised to carboxylic acid
whereas ketones cannot be oxidised easily. This difference forms the basis of the tests for distinguishing
aldehydes and ketones.

The following are the tests for aldehydes but not for ketones:

1. Schiff’s Test

Aldehydes give pink or magenta colour with Schiff’s reagent.

 

Note: With benzaldehyde the pink colour developes slowly.

2. Tollen’s Test

Tollen’s reagent is ammoniacal silver nitrate. Aldehydes react with Tollen’s reagent to form elemental silver,
accumulated onto the inner surface of the reaction vessel, producing silver mirror on the inner surface of the
vessel.

3. Fehling’s Test

This is an important test to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. The reagents used in this test are Fehling’s
solution A and Fehling’s solution B. Fehling’s solution A is an aqueous solution of copper sulphate and
Fehling’s solution B is a clear solution of sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle salt) and strong alkali (usually
NaOH).

The final Fehling’s solution is obtained by mixing equal volmes of both Fehling’s solution A and Fehling’s
solution B that has a deep blue colour. In Fehling’s solution, copper (II) ions form a complex with tartrate ions
in alkali. Aldehydes reduces the Cu(II) ions in the fehling’s solution to red precipitate of cuprous oxide(copper
(I) oxide).
Note: Benzaldehyde may or may not give this test as the reaction is very slowly.

Differentiating tests for Ketones

The following tests are given by ketones but not by aldehydes:

1. m-dinitrobenzene Test

Ketones react with m-dinitrobenzene to give a violet colouration.

2. Sodium nitroprusside Test

The anion of the keton formed by a alkali reacts with nitroprusside ion to form a red coloured complex.

Tests for Carboxylic group

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds containing carboxyl functional group. It is of two types aliphatic and
aromatic. Aliphatic acids are soluble in water where as aromatic acids are sparingly soluble in water. Formic
acid and acetic acid are the simplest aliphatic acid and benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic acid. Formic acid
and acetic acid are liquids. Carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, oxalic acid, phthalic acid, tartaric acid etc are
colourless crystalline solids.

The following tests can be used to identify carboxylic acids:

1. Litmus Test
Carboxylic acid turns blue litmus red. The hydroxyl group in carboxylic is far more acidic than that in alcohol. 
The dissociation of carboxylic acid is represented as:

2. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Test

Carboxylic acids reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas which can be seen in
the form of a brisk effervescence.

3. Ester Test

Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in presence of conc. sulphuric acid to form ester that is identified by the
presence of a fruity smell.

Tests for Amines

Amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.

When one of the three hydrogen atoms is replaced by alkyl or aryl group, primary amine is formed. It is
generally represented as RNH2.

When two of the three hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl group, secondary anime is formed. It is
generally represented as R2NH.
When all the three hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl substituents, tertiary amine is formed. It is
generally represented as R3N.

1. Solubility Test

Amines are basic in nature and dissolves in mineral acids.

2. Litmus Test
Amines are basic in nature and turns red litmus blue.

3. Carbylamines Test

When primary amine is treated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide and chloroform, an offensive smelling
isocyanide is formed.

4. Azo-Dye Test

This test is given by aromatic primary amines. Aromatic primary amines react with nitrous acid to form
diazonium salts. These diazonium salts undergo coupling reaction with β-naphthol to form orange coloured
azo dye.

Distinguishing tests for Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines

1. Nitrous acid Test

Primary aliphatic amines react with nitrous acid to produce nitrogen gas which is seen as bubbles.
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form a yellow oily nitrosoamine.

Tertiary amines react with nitrous acid to form soluble nitrite salts.

2. Hinsberg Test

The reactions of primary, secondary and tertiary amines are as follows.

Real Lab Procedure

Tests for Unsaturation

Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

Disappearance of
Compound is
orange-red colour
Dissolve a little of the given organic unsaturated.
of bromine.
compound in about 2 ml of distilled
Bromine Test
water in a test tube and add few drops
No disappearance
of bromine water to it and shake well. Compound is
of orange-red
saturated.
colour.

Baeyer's Test Dissolve a little of the given organic Disappearance of Compound is

(Alkaline compound in about 2 ml of distilled pink colour of unsaturated.
KMnO4 Test) water in a test tube and add few drops KMnO4.
 No disappearance
of alkaline solution of KMnO4 to it and Compound is
of pink colour of
shake well. saturated.
KMnO4.

Tests for Alcoholic Group

Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

Brisk
effervescence
Sodium Take about 1 ml of the given liquid in a dry test is due to the
metal Test tube, add about 1gram of anhydrous calcium Brisk evolution of
sulphate and shake well to remove water. Filter effervescence hydrogen gas
the liquid into another clean dry test tube and is produced. indicating the
  add a small piece of sodium metal. presence of
alcoholic
group.

Take about 1 ml of the give liquid in a clean dry

test tube, add about 1 ml glacial acetic acid and
Presence of
2-3 drops of conc. sulphuric acid. Warm the A fruity smell is
Ester Test alcoholic
mixture on a water bath for about 10 minutes. produced.
group.
Pour it into about 20 ml of cold water taken in a
beaker and smell.

Ceric Take about 1 ml of the given liquid in a clean dry Pink or red Presence of
ammonium test tube and add few drops of ceric ammonium colour is alcoholic
nitrate Test nitrate reagent and shake it well. developed. group.

Take about 2 ml of the given liquid in a clean dry

test tube, add 1 g of anhydrous calcium sulphate
and shake well to remove water. Filter the liquid
Acetyl Presence of
into another clean dry test tube and to the White fumes
chloride alcoholic
filtrate, add 2-3 drops of acetyl chloride. Shake are produced.
Test group.
the test tube well and bring a glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide solution near the mouth
of the test tube.

Distinguishing Tests for Primary, Secondary and tertiary Alcohols

Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

If cloudiness appears Presence of tertiary

immediately. alcohol.
Take about 1 ml of dry alcohol in
a clean dry test tube and add 8- If cloudiness appears Presence of
 Lucas Test
10 drops of Lucas reagent. Shake within five minutes. secondary alcohol.
the mixture well.
If cloudiness appears Presence of
only upon heating. primary alcohol.

Tests for Phenolic Group

Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

 Presence of
Place a drop of the given liquid (or a crystal if solid) Blue litmus
Litmus Test phenoilc
on a moist blue litmus paper. turns to red.
group.

Take about 1 ml of neutral ferric chloride solution Presence of

Ferric Violet colour is
in a clean test tube and add 2-3 drops of the given phenolic
chloride Test seen.
liquid (or crystal is solid). group.

Take a small quantity of sodium nitrite in a clean

dry test tube and add about 1 ml of the given A deep blue or
liquid (or crystal if solid). Heat the test tube very green
gently for half a minute and allow it to cool. Then colouration is
add about 1 ml of conc. sulphuric acid and shake seen.
the test tube to mix the contents. Presence of
Liebermann’s
phenolic
Test
Colour turns to group.
Add distilled water carefully to the test tube.
red.

Deep blue or
Add excess of sodium hydroxide solution to the
green colour
test tube.
appears.

Take 1 ml of the given liquid in a clean dry test

tube (or crystal if solid) and add 1-2 drops of conc.
Pink colour is Presence of
Phthalein sulphuric acid. Heat the test tube for about 1
seen. phenolic
Dye Test minute in an oil bath. Cool and pour the reaction
  group.
mixture carefully into a beaker containing 15 ml of
dil. sodium hydroxide solution.

Tests for Aldehydic and Ketonic Groups

Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

Take a small quantity of the given compound in a

2,4-
clean dry test tube, add rectified spirit until the
Dintrophen Yellow or orange Presence of
compound just dissolves. Now add few drops of 2,
yl precipitate is carbonyl
4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution. Cork the test
hydrazine formed. group.
tube, shake the mixture and allow it to stand for 5
Test
minutes.

Take about 2 ml of saturated solution of sodium

Sodium White crystalline Presence of
bisulphite in a clean test tube and add a small
bisulphite precipitate is carbonyl
quantity of the given compound. Cork the test
Test formed. group.
tube, shake and leave it for 15-20 minutes.

Differentiating Tests for Aldehydes

Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

Presence of
Dissolve a small quantity of the given compound in
Pink colour is aldehydic
Schiff’s Test a clean test tube and add about 1 ml of Schiff’s
seen. group is
reagent and shake it well.
confirmed.
 Take about 1 ml of silver nitrate solution in a clean
test tube and add 2-3 ml of dilute NaOH solution. A
brown precipitate of silver oxide forms. Now add Presence of
Tollen’s Test Shining silver
dilute ammonia solution dropwise until the brown aldehydic
(Silver mirror mirror is
precipitate of silver oxide just dissolves. To this add group is
test) formed.
3-4 drops of the given liquid (or 0.1 g if solid) and confirmed.
warm the test tube on a water bath for about 5
minutes.

Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s solution A and B in a Presence of

Red
Fehling’s test tube. Add 4-5 drops of the given organic liquid aldehydic
precipitate is
Test (or 0.2g if solid) and warm the test in a water bath group is
formed.
for 4-5 minutes. confirmed.

Differentiating Tests for Ketones

Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

Take a small quantity of the given compound in

Violet colour
m- a clean test tube and add about 0.1g of finely Presence of
is formed
Dinitrobenzene powdered m-dinitrobenzene. Now add about 1 ketonic group
which slowly
Test ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution and is confirmed.
fades away.
shake it well.

Dissolve a small quantity of sodium

Sodium nitroprusside in about 1 ml of distilled water in a Presence of
Red
nitroprusside clean test tube and then add a small quantity of ketonic group
colouration.
Test  the given compound. Shake the test tube well is confirmed.
and add sodium hydroxide solution dropwise.

Tests for Carboxylic Group

Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

Presence of
Place a drop of the given liquid (or a crystal if solid) Blue litmus
Litmus Test carboxylic
on a moist blue litmus paper.  turns to red.
group.

Sodium
Brisk Presence of
Hydrogen Take 1 ml of the given organic compound in a test
effervescence is carboxylic
Carbonate tube and add a pinch of sodium bicarbonate to it.
observed. group.
Test

Take a small quantity of the given organic

compound in a clean test tube, add 1 ml of ethyl
Presence of
alcohol and 1-2 drops of conc. sulphuric acid into it. You get a fruity
Ester Test carboxylic
Heat the reaction mixture on a water bath for smell.
group.
about 5 minutes. Pour the mixture into a beaker
containing water.

 Tests for Amino Group

Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

 Take a small quantity of the given compound in a Compound is Compound
Solubility
clean test tube and add 2-3 ml of dil.HCl and shake soluble in may be
Test
the test tube well. dil.HCl. amine.

Compound
Place a drop of the given liquid (or a pinch of solid) Red litmus
Litmus Test may be
on a moist red litmus paper. turns to blue.
amine.

Take a small quantity of solid KOH in a clean dry

test tube and add about 2 ml of ethanol. Warm the An offensive Presence of
Carbylamine
test tube until the pellets dissolve. To this add a smell is primary
s Test
few drops of chloroform and small amount of the produced. amine.
given compound and warm gently.

Take three test tubes A, B and C. In test tube A,

dissolve a small quantity of the compound in 2 ml
Presence of
of HCl. In test tube B, prepare an aqueous solution
Formation of aromatic
of sodium nitrite. In test tube C, dissolve a small
Azo-Dye Test a red or primary
quantity of β-naphthol in dilute sodium hydroxide.
orange dye. amine is
Place all the three test tubes in an ice bath. Now
confirmed.
add sodium nitrite solution into test tube A and
the resulting solution is added to test tube C.

Distinguishing Tests for Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines

Experiment Procedure observation Inference

Presence of
Bubbles of nitrogen primary
gas. aliphatic
Make a solution of about 1 g of sodium nitrite in amine.
about 5 ml distilled water in a test tube and cool
Nitrous it in an ice bath. In a separate test tube, dissolve Presence of
Formation of a
acid Test a small quantity of the given compound in secondary
yellow oily layer.
about 1 ml of conc. sulphuric acid and cool this amine.
also in ice bath. Mix both the solutions.
Presence of
No visible change. tertiary
amine.

Hinsberg Take a small quantity of the given compound in No precipitate (clear

Test a clean test tube, add about 2 ml of 25% NaOH, solution). On Presence of
2 ml of water and 1 ml of benzene sulphonyl addition of conc. primary
chloride. Shake the mixture for about 10 HCl, insoluble amine.
minutes and then cool under tap water and material is seen.
note the formation of precipitate. Treat the
precipitate with 2 ml of conc.HCl. Precipitate is
formed in the test Presence of
tube. It does not secondary
dissolve in conc. amine.
HCl.

Precipitate is Presence of
 formed in the test
tertiary
tube. It dissolves in
amine.
conc. HCl.

Simulator Procedure (as performed through the Online Labs)

You can select the type from ‘Select the type’ drop down list.

Unsaturation

 You can select the test from ‘Select the test’ drop down list.

Bromine Water Test

 Drag the dropper to test tube A to add bromine water to the saturated compound.

 Drag test tube A to shake it well.

 You can see that bromine water does not decolourise.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 Drag the dropper to test tube B to add bromine water to the unsaturated compound.

 Drag test tube B to shake it well.

 You can see the decolourisation of bromine water.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Baeyer’s Test

 Drag the dropper to test tube A to add alkaline potassium permanganate to the saturated compound.

 Drag test tube A to shake it well.

 You can see that potassium permanganate solution does not decolourise.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 Drag the dropper to test tube B to add alkaline potassium permanganate to the unsaturated
compound.

 Drag test tube B to shake it well.

 You can see the decolourisation of potassium permanganate solution.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Functional group

 You can select the functional group from ‘Select the functional group’ drop down list.

Alcohols

 You can select the test from ‘Select the test’ drop down list.

Sodium Metal Test

 Drag the spatula to test tube A to add anhydrous calcium sulphate to the sample.
  Drag test tube A to shake it well and remove the moisture content in the sample.

 Drag test tube A to test tube B to filter contents of A into B through the funnel and filter paper.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the forceps to the bottle containing sodium metal to take a small piece of metal. .

 Drag the forceps to the filter paper to place the sodium metal on the filter paper.

 Drag the other filter paper to the filter paper containing sodium metal to press the sodium metal with
the paper to dry it.

 Drag the forceps to the filter paper to take the dry piece of sodium.

 Drag the forceps to the test tube to put the dry piece of sodium into the sample.

 You can see the formation of brisk effervescence inside the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Ester Test    

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add glacial acetic acid to the sample.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add Conc. sulphuric acid to the sample.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the water bath.

 Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath.

 Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to the small beaker to pour the contents of the test tube into the cold water.

 A fruity smell is produced.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add ceric ammonium nitrate solution to the sample.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 You can see the formation of red colour in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Acetyl chloride test

 Drag the spatula to test tube A to add anhydrous calcium sulphate to the sample.

 Drag test tube A to shake it well and remove the moisture content in the sample.
  Drag test tube A to test tube B to filter contents of A into B through the funnel and filter paper.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the dropper to test tube B to drop acetyl chloride into the sample.

 Drag test tube B to shake it well.

 Drag the glass rod to the bottle to dip it in ammonium hydroxide solution and drag it again to test
tube B to hold it over the mouth of the test tube.

 You can see the formation of white fumes from the glass rod.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Iodoform Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop 1% iodine solution into the sample.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop dil. sodium hydroxide solution into the sample.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the water bath.

 Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath.

 Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube.

 You can see the formation of a yellow precipitate in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Lucas Test

 Drag the dropper to test tube A to drop Lucas reagent into tertiary alcohol.

 Drag test tube A to shake it well.

 You can see the immediate formation of cloudiness in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 Drag the dropper to test tube B to drop Lucas reagent into secondary alcohol.

 Drag test tube B to shake it well for 5 minutes.

 You can see the formation of cloudiness in the test tube after 5 minutes.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube C to drop Lucas reagent into a primary alcohol.

 Drag test tube C to shake it well and place it over the Bunsen burner.

 Click on the knob of the burner to turn it on and heat the contents of test tube C.

 You can see the formation of cloudiness in the test tube after heating.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

  To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

 Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

 Phenols

 You can select the test form ‘Select the test’ drop down list.

 Litmus test

 Drag the dropper to the moist blue litmus paper to drop the sample on it.

 You can see that the blue litmus turns red.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Ferric Chloride Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop the sample into neutral ferric chloride solution.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 You can see the formation of violet colour in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Liebermann’s Test

 Drag the spatula to the test tube to add sodium nitrite into the sample.

 Click on the knob of the burner to turn it on.

 Drag the test tube over the Bunsen burner to heat the contents of the test tube.

 Wait for 10 minutes to cool the contents of the test tube.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop Conc. sulphuric acid into it.

 Drag the test tube to the canvas area to shake it well.

 You can see the formation of a deep blue or green colour.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop distilled water into the contents of the test tube.

 You can see that the colour changes to deep red.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop excess sodium hydroxide solution into the contents of the
test tube.

 You can see that the colour changes to deep blue or green.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Phthalein Dye Test

 Drag the spatula to the test tube to add phthalic anhydride into the sample.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop Conc. sulphuric acid into the sample.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the oil bath.

 Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the oil bath.

 Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to the rack to return it.

 Wait for 10 minutes to cool the contents of the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to the small beaker to pour the contents of the test tube into the sodium hydroxide
solution.

 You can see that a pink colour has developed in the beaker.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Aldehydes

 You can select the test form ‘Select the test’ drop down list.

Schiff’s Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add Schiff’s reagent into the sample.

 Drag the test tube to the canvas area to shake it well.

 You can see the formation of pink colour in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Tollen’s Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop silver nitrate solution into it.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add dil. sodium hydroxide solution to silver nitrate solution.

 You can see the formation of a brown precipitate in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add dil. ammonia solution to the brown precipitate.

 You can see that the brown precipitate dissolves in dil. ammonia.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add the sample to it.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the water bath.
  Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath.

 Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Fehling’s Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop Fehling’s solution A into the sample.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop Fehling’s solution B into the sample.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the water bath.

 Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath.

 Wait for some time to heat the contents of the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

 Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

 2,4 – Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add rectified spirit into the sample.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add 2,4–dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent to the sample.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

 Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

 Sodium Bisulphite Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop saturated solution of sodium bisulphite into the sample.

 Drag the cork to the test tube to close the test tube with it.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Ketones

 You can select the test form ‘Select the test’ drop down list.

2,4–Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add rectified spirit to the sample.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add 2,4–dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent into the sample.
  Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Sodium Bisulphite Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop saturated solution of sodium bisulphite into the sample.

 Drag the cork to the test tube to close the test tube with it.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

m-dinitrobenzene Test

 Drag the spatula to the test tube to add m-dinitrobenzene to the sample.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add dil. sodium hydroxide to it.

 You can see that a violet colour is developed in the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 You can see that the violet colour slowly fades away.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Sodium Nitroprusside Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add sodium nitroprusside solution to the sample.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop sodium hydroxide solution into it.

 You can see the formation of a red colouration.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Carboxylic Acids

 You can select the test form ‘Select the test’ drop down list.

Litmus Test

 Drag the dropper to the moist blue litmus paper to drop the sample on it.

 You can see that the blue litmus turns red.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Test

 Drag the spatula to the test tube to add sodium bicarbonate to the sample.

 You can see the evolution of brisk effervescence in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Ester Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add ethyl alcohol into the sample.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add conc. sulphuric acid into the sample.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the water bath.

 Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath.

 Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to the small beaker to pour the contents of the test tube into the cold water.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Amines

 You can select the test form ‘Select the test’ drop down list.

Solubility Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add dil. HCl into the sample.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Litmus Test

 Drag the dropper to the moist red litmus paper to drop the sample on it.

 You can see that the red litmus turns to blue.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Carbylamines Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add ethanol to potassium hydroxide.

 Click on the knob of the burner to turn it on.

  Drag the test tube over the burner to warm the contents of the test tube.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add chloroform to it.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop the sample into it.

 Click on the knob of the burner to turn it on.

 Drag the test tube over the burner to warm its contents for 10 minutes.

 An offensive smelling compound is produced.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Azo Dye Test

 Drag the dropper to the test tube A to add dil. hydrochloric acid to the sample.

 Drag test tube A to shake it well and dissolve the sample in dil. HCl.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube C to add dil. sodium hydroxide to the β-naphthol.

 Drag test tube C to shake it well and dissolve β-naphthol in dil.NaOH.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag test tubes A, B and C to place them in ice bath.

 Wait for 10 minutes to cool the solutions.

 Drag the test tubes to the test tube rack to place them in the rack.

 Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into the sample.

 Drag test tube A to test tube C to pour the resulting solution into alkaline solution of β-naphthol.

 You can see a scarlet red coloured compound in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

 Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Nitrous Acid Test

 You can select the amine form ‘Select the amine’ drop down list.

 Primary Amines

 Drag the dropper to test tube A to add Conc. HCl to primary amine.

 Drag the spatula to test tube B to add sodium nitrite to distilled water.

 Drag test tube A to shake it well and dissolve the compound in Conc. HCl.

 Drag test tube B to shake it well and dissolve sodium nitrite.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag test tubes A and B to place them in the ice bath.

 Wait for 10 minutes to cool the solutions.

 Drag the test tubes to the test tube rack to place them in the rack.
  Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into primary amine.

 You can see the evolution of gas bubbles in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Secondary Amines

 Drag the dropper to test tube A to add Conc. HCl to secondary amine.

 Drag the spatula to test tube B to add sodium nitrite to distilled water.

 Drag test tube A to shake the test tube well and dissolve the compound in Conc. HCl.

 Drag test tube B to shake the test tube well and dissolve sodium nitrite.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag test tubes A and B to place them in the ice bath.

 Wait for 10 minutes to cool the solutions.

 Drag the test tubes to the test tube rack to return them.

 Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into secondary amine.

 You can see the formation of a yellow oily layer in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Tertiary Amines

 Drag the dropper to test tube A to add Conc. HCl to tertiary amine.

 Drag the spatula to test tube B to add sodium nitrite to distilled water.

 Drag test tube A to shake the test tube well and dissolve the compound in Conc. HCl.

 Drag test tube B to shake it well and dissolve sodium nitrite.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag test tubes A and B to place them in ice bath.

 Wait for 10 minutes to cool the solutions.

 Drag the test tubes to the test tube rack to return them.

 Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into tertiary amine.

 You cannot see any characteristics changes in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Hinsberg Test

 You can select the amine form ‘Select the amine’ drop down list.
Primary Amine

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add 25% sodium hydroxide solution to primary amine.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add water to the test tube.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add benzene sulphonyl chloride to the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the beaker containing water.

 Wait for 10 minutes to cool the contents of the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to the test tube rack to return it.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add Conc. hydrochloric acid to it.

 You can see the formation of a white precipitate in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Secondary Amine

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add 25% sodium hydroxide solution into secondary amine.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add water to the test tube.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add benzene sulphonyl chloride to the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the beaker containing water.

 Wait for 10 minutes to cool the contents of the test tube.

 You can see the formation of a white precipitate in the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to the test tube rack to return it.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add Conc. hydrochloric acid to it.

 You cannot see any characteristics changes in the test tube.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Tertiary Amine

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add 25% sodium hydroxide solution to tertiary amine.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add water to the test tube.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add benzene sulphonyl chloride to the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to shake it well.

 Click on the ‘Next’ button to go to the next process.

 Drag the test tube to the beaker to place it in the beaker containing water.

 Wait for 10 minutes to cool the contents of the test tube.

 You can see the formation of a white precipitate in the test tube.

 Drag the test tube to the test tube rack to return it.

 Drag the dropper to the test tube to add Conc. hydrochloric acid to it.

 You can see that the white precipitate dissolves.

 Click on the inference icon to see the inference.

 To redo the test, click on the ‘Reset’ button.