UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY

College of Computer and Information Systems

Computer Engineering Department

1403489

Microprocessor

Lab Manual

Student Name: _________________________________

Student ID: ____________________________________

Section: _______________ Group: _________________

Session (Fall / Spring / Summer) ___________________

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents………..…………………………………..………………………………....i

Laboratory Safety Guidelines……………………………………………….…………….......ii

Experiment No. 1. Flight 8086 Training Board………………………….………………..…..1

Experiment No. 2. Conducting Simple I/O Operations using Flight 8086 Training Kit…......9

Experiment No. 3. Generating Timing Sequences…………………………………..……….16

Experiment No. 4. Analog-to-Digital & Digital-to-Analog Conversion………….…..……..26

Experiment No. 5. Controlling DC Motors……………………………………….…….……33

Experiment No. 6. Interfacing Hyper Terminal to the Flight 8086 Kit…………….....…….38

Experiment No. 7. Mini Project…………………………...…………………………...….....45

Prepared By: Engr. Sultan Khan 2012

Revised By: _____________________________ _____________

Reviewed By: _____________________________ _____________

Approved By: _____________________________ _____________

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 Umm Al-Qura University
Computer Engineering Department
LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDELINES
A. General Laboratory Safety Rules
1. Personal Safety
• Be familiar with the electrical and fire hazards associated with your workplace.
• Be as careful for the safety of others as for yourself. Think before you act.
• Be tidy and systematic.
• Avoid bulky, loose or trailing clothes. Avoid long loose hair.
• No one is allowed to enter in the lab area bare foot due to increased risk of electric shock.
• Remove metal bracelets, rings or watchstraps when working in the laboratories.
• Avoid working with wet hands and clothing.
2. Food, Beverages and Smoking
• Due to the increased risk of electric shock, no drinking of beverages, consumption or storage
of any kind of food is allowed in the laboratory.
• Smoking is prohibited in all laboratories in all timings.
3. Soldering
• No one is allowed to do soldering in any of the computer engineering laboratories except the
graduation project design laboratory.
• Anyone doing soldering in the graduation project design laboratory must wear appropriate
apparel, socks, gloves, covered shoes and safety goggles to prevent the possibility of severe
burns resulting from the splashing or dripping of hot liquefied solder into the face and eyes or
on to the exposed skin on the chest, hands, legs, and feet.
• Students who are not so properly attired for these tasks will NOT be allowed to perform any
type of soldering in the graduation project design laboratory.
4. Laboratory Operating Hours
• Students are never allowed to work alone in any lab area other than scheduled laboratory
operating hours unless either a Lab T/A or Course Instructor is present inside that lab area.
• The laboratory operating hours for students are posted on the entrance doorway and on the
notice board of computer engineering department.
5. Power Supply Related Safety
• Voltages above 50-VAC or 120-VDC are always dangerous.
• Extra precautions should be considered as voltage levels are increased.
• Never make any changes to circuits or mechanical layout without first isolating the circuit by
switching off and removing connections to power supplies.
6. Laboratory Equipment
• Lab equipment may not be removed from the Computer Engineering lab areas without the
permission of the Laboratory Supervisors.
• Laboratory bench equipment (except for some lab bench computers) must be turned off before
closing down the lab area for the day.
• Never open (remove cover) of any equipment in the laboratories.
• Never "jump," disable, bypass or otherwise disengage any safety device or feature of any
equipment in the laboratories.
• Laboratories shall be locked when unoccupied.
7. Waste Management Safety
• Know the correct handling, storage and disposal procedures for batteries, cell, capacitors,
inductors and other high energy-storage devices.

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8. Equipment Safety
• Before equipment is energized ensure, circuit connections and layout have been checked by a
Teaching Assistant (TA) and all colleagues in your group has given their consent.
• Experiments left unattended should be isolated from the power supplies. If for a special reason,
it must be left on, a barrier and a warning notice are required.
• Equipment found to be faulty in any way should be reported to the lab supervisor and taken out
of service until inspected and declared safe.
9. Equipment Accessories
• Use extension cords only when necessary and only on a temporary basis.
• Request new outlets if your work requires equipment in an area without an outlet.
• Discard damaged cords, cords that become hot, or cords with exposed wiring.

B. Electrical and Fire Emergency Responses

1. Police, Fire or Medical Emergency
• Use the telephone located in the laboratory area and press 0-996 to notify police, fire, and
ambulance for emergency help.
• Everyone present in the laboratory area shall be familiar with the locations and operation of
safety and emergency equipment, including but not limited to, fire extinguishers, first aid kits,
emergency power off system, fire alarm pull stations, and emergency telephones.
2. Electric Shock
• When someone suffers serious electrical shock, he may be knocked unconscious.
• If the victim is still in contact with electrical current, immediately turn off the electrical power
source.
• If you cannot disconnect the power source, depress the Emergency Power Off switch.
• Do not touch a victim that is still in contact with a live power source; you could be electrocuted!
Have someone call for emergency medical assistance immediately. Administer first-aid, as
appropriate.
3. Electrical Fire
• If an electrical fire occurs, try to disconnect the electrical power source, if possible.
• If the fire is small and you are not in immediate danger; and if you have been properly trained
in fighting fires, use the correct type of fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire.
• When in doubt, push in the Emergency Power Off button.
• NEVER use water to extinguish an electrical fire.
4. Emergency Power Off
• Every lab is equipped with an Emergency Power off System.
• When this switch is depressed, electrical power to the lab will shut off, except for lights.
• Only authorized personnel are permitted to reset power once the Emergency Power Off system
has been engaged.
5. Building Evacuation in Emergency
• Everyone present in the laboratory should be familiar to emergency exits & way out plans.
• Use the nearest exit doorway from lab area closest to the stairwell to exit the building.
• Follow the Emergency Exit Signs posted in the hallways. Do not use elevators.
• Lab Teaching Assistants (T/As) or Instructor shall make sure all persons are out of the
laboratory area and follow the directions posted at each doorway to the laboratory area.

The above general laboratory safety rules are designed to safeguard you and your co-workers, fellow
students and colleagues and are a minimum requirement for individuals working in the computer
engineering laboratories at Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah. Specialized training
and rules may apply depending on type and scope of activities involved.

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 1
Experiment

Flight 8086 Training Board

Objective
The aim of this lab experiment is to familiarize the students with Flight 8086 training board.

Equipment
Flight 8086 training board, PC with Flight86 software, download cable.

Tasks to be Performed
 Connecting the 8086 training board to PC (using COM1 port)

 Study of different commands provided by the training board

 Program entry, execution and debugging

 Assembling and disassembling of a program

 Displaying the contents of registers and memory locations

 Modifying registers and memory contents

 Single-step execution and breakpoint insertion

 Downloading & uploading a program file

 Running simple programs to perform the following operations:

1. Arithmetic operations

2. Finding the smallest/largest number from a given list of numbers

3. Searching for a given number in a list of numbers

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1.1 Background
The FLIGHT 86 Trainer System is designed to simplify the teaching of the 8086 CPU and some
of its commonly used peripherals. It can be linked to most PCs with a simple serial line, so that
code may be assembled and debugged in a supportive software environment before being
downloaded into the RAM on the board. The board itself may then be linked to other peripheral
devices. A block diagram of this mode of operation is shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Block Diagram of the FLIGHT-86 Trainer System

Once downloaded, the code may be executed and examined in a system which is accessible to the
user. Data may be manipulated on the board and the effects viewed on the PC. The software which
handles this two-way transfer is supplied with the board, in the form of a monitor program resident
on the board in EPROM, and a disk containing the "host" software for the PC.

1.2 Connecting the Training Board to PC

Figure 1.2 shows the FLIGHT-86 Trainer Board layout. The first step is to connect the serial socket
(P3) on the training board to COM1 in the PC using RS232 cable. Next, connect the power cable
to the power supply connector (P6). Finally, load the program F86GO.BAT on the PC. This should run
and report the amount of RAM and EPROM on the FLIGHT-86 board, before returning the
prompt as shown in Figure1.3.

1.3 Commands Provided by Flight-86

A ‘-’ prompt on the screen means that the host is ready to accept a command. Table1.1 gives a
summary of the commands that will be used during this experiment.

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 Figure 1.2: Layout of the FLIGHT-86 Training Board

Loading FLIGHT86 host program, please wait...

FLIGHT86 Controller Board, Host Program Version 2.1
Press ? and Enter for help - waiting for controller board response...
ROM found at F000:C000 to F000:FFFF Flight Monitor ROM version 2.0
RAM found at 0000:0000 to 0000:FFFF
-

Figure 1.3: Starting Message of the FLIGHT-86 Training Board

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 Table 1.1: Summary of some commands provided by FLIGHT-86

KEY PARAMETER DESCRIPTION

Press the Escape button to stop the current
ESC
command
X Resets the training board
Terminates running of the board software
Q
and returns control to the operating system
? [command letter] Help
Allows the user to display or change the
R [register]
content of a register
Allows the user to display or change one or
M [W][segment:] address1 [address2]
more memory locations
Allows the user to write 8086 assembly
A [[segment:] address]
code directly into the training board
Z [[V] [segment:] address1 [address2]] Disassemble command
Allows the user to execute code that has
G [[segment:] address]
been downloaded into RAM
Allows the user to Display/Clear/Set break
B ? | R | S [segment:] address
points inside his code
Allows the user to step through code one
S [R][[segment:] address]
instruction at a time
Loads an Extended Intel Hex file from disk
: [drive:\path] filename
into the memory of the training board

1.4 The First Program

Assembling a Program (Command A)

The assemble command (A [segment:] address) allows you to type in 8086 assembly code, and this
code will be assembled and stored into the board memory. The following example shows you how
to write a simple program using this command

Example 1.1: Using the assemble command, write a program that will add the content of
two memory locations (words) and store the result in a third memory location.

1. Start the line assembler at the desired address by entering A 0050:0100 (Note that the
origin address for user RAM on the FLIGHT-86 is 0050:0100)

2. The FLIGHT-86 responds by echoing the address 0050:0100

3. Now enter the assembly code one instruction at a time hitting ENTER after each
instruction

4. Each time, the FLIGHT-86 responds by echoing the next address

4
 5. When you are done exit from the line assembler by pressing ESC button

The screen will now look like

A 0050:0100
0050:0100 DW 0002
0050:0102 DW 0003
0050:0104 DW 0000
0050:0106 MOV AX,[0100]
0050:0109 ADD AX,[0102]
0050:010D MOV [0104], AX
0050:0111 INT 5
0050:0113
-

Disassembling a Program (Command Z)

You can examine what you have entered using the disassemble command. If you type Z 0050:0100
0111, then the content of the memory locations between the addresses 0050:0100 and 0050:0111
will be disassembled as follows:

0050:0100 02 00 ADD AL, [BX+SI]

0050:0102 03 00 ADD AX, [BX+SI]
0050:0104 00 00 ADD [BX+SI], AL
0050:0106 A1 01 00 MOV AX,[0100]
0050:0109 03 06 02 01 ADD AX,[0102]
0050:010D 89 06 04 01 MOV [0104], AX
0050:0111 CD 05 INT 5

The HEX numbers between the addresses and the instructions represent the opcodes of the
disassembled instructions. Notice that memory words entered as DW directives have been
disassembled as ADD instructions with different parameters. This is because the values of these
memory words are equivalent to the opcode of the ADD instruction with the shown parameters.

Running a Program (Command G)

To run the above program enter G 0050:0106 and press the ENTER key. The program will now
run, load the word at address 0050:0100 into AX, add the content of the word at address 0050:0102
to the content of AX, store the result into the word at address 0050:0104, and terminate. Note that
the instruction INT 5 is responsible for terminating the program.

Displaying/Modifying Memory Locations (Command M)

To test the result of the above program enter M W 0050:0104 and press the Enter key. This will
display the memory word at address 0050:0104 where the result of the above program is stored.
Exit from this command by pressing the ESC key.

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Let’s now change the content of the memory words stored at addresses 0050:0100 and 0050:0102.
At the command prompt ‘-’, enter M W 0050:0100 and press the Enter key. The content of the
memory word at address 0050:0100 is displayed. To change the content of this memory location,
enter a HEX number (say 0005) and press the Enter key. The content of the next memory location
is displayed. Enter another HEX number (say 0007) and press the Enter key. When the content of
the next memory location is displayed, press the ESC key to go back to the command prompt.
These steps are shown below:

-M W 0050:0100
0050:0100 0002 0005
0050:0102 0003 0007
0050:0104 0005
-

Now run the program again and test the content of the memory word at address 0050:0104.

Breakpoint Insertion (Command B)

This command is intended for debugging user code. A breakpoint is an INT 3 instruction inserted
at an opcode position. The original opcode at this address is saved. When the code is executed it
runs normally, at full speed, until it reaches this location. Then, original opcode is restored and the
registers, address and first opcode byte are displayed.

As an example, enter the command B S 0050:010D and press the Enter key. This will set a
breakpoint at address 0050:010D in the previous program (i.e. a breakpoint is set at the instruction
MOV [0104], AX). Now, run the program using the command G 0050:0100. Notice that the
program terminates and the message “Monitor breakpoint at 0050:010D” is displayed. This means
that the execution of the program stopped at location 0050:010D. You can resume the execution
of the program using the command G, but let us first modify the content of register AX. At the
command prompt ‘-’, enter the command R AX and press the Enter key. This will display the
content of AX which is 000C (i.e. 0005+0007). Modify this value by entering 0001 next to 000C
and press the Enter key then ESC to go back to the command prompt. Now, continue the
execution of the program from address 0050:010D using the command G 0050:010D. Check the
content of memory word at address 0050:0104.

The previous steps are shown below:

-B S 0050:010D
-G 0050:0100
Monitor Breakpoint at 0050:010D
-R AX
AX 000C 0001
BX 0000
-G 0050:010D
User Break at 0050:0111
-M W 0050:0104
0050:0104 0001
0050:0106 00A1
-

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Single-Step Execution (Command S)
This command is provided to allow the user to step through code one instruction at a time for
debugging purposes. The display will be the next instruction address and opcode byte with,
optionally, registers content. Once the command has started, pressing the Enter key will execute
the next instruction. As an example, enter the command S R 0050:0100 and press the Enter key.
This will execute the first instruction and terminate with registers content shown on the screen.
When you press Enter again, the next instruction is executed. Continue pressing the Enter key until
all instructions in the program get executed, or press the ESC key to terminate the command.

1.5 Writing a Program Using Assembler on a PC

In the pervious section, we have used the assemble command to write and load simple assembly
instructions into the board memory. However, for more sophisticated applications, you need to
write and assemble programs on a PC before downloading them into the board memory. For this
purpose, you need the following programs:

 MASM: as the assembler and linker

 EXE2BIN: to convert from and executable file into a binary file

 BIN2HEX: to convert the binary file into an INTEL HEX file for download to
the FLIGHT-86

Example 1.2: Write a program to search for a given number in a list of numbers. You
should define the list as a sequence of memory bytes labeled with the letter A. The number
to be searched is passed through register DL. When the program terminates, BX should
contain the index of the number if it is found in the list.

COMSEG SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'

ASSUME CS:COMSEG, DS:COMSEG, ES:COMSEG, SS:COMSEG
ORG 0100h
start:
MOV AX, CS
MOV DS, AX ; Set the data segment

MOV BX, 0 ; Set BX to index of the 1st element in

; the list
L1: CMP BX, 8 ; if BX exceeds the indices of the list
JZ L2 ; then end the search

CMP DL, A[BX] ; if the number is found in the list

JZ L2 ; then end the search
INC BX ; else increment BX
JMP L1

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 L2: INT 5 ; terminate the program
A DB 4
DB 2
DB 7
DB 6
DB 3
DB 5
DB 1
DB 8
COMSEG ENDS
END start

Using any text editor on the PC enter the previous code. The code shown in bold is required for
every program using MASM, and can be thought of as a template. Now, save this file with any
name (say search.asm). Using the Assembler, i.e. MASM, assemble and link this file to produce
SEARCH.EXE, and using EXE2BIN create the binary code file search.bin. Now, using
BIN2HEX, convert this binary file to the Intel hex format file search.hex. Finally load the HEX
file into the board memory using the command “:search.hex”. Note, you may need to specify the
drive and the path of the file if it is not in the same directory as the F86GO software (e.g.
:C:\MyProjects\Search.hex).

To run this program, first load the required number into DX using the command R DX. Next, run
the program using the command G 0050:0100. Finally, use the command R BX to check result of
the search (i.e. the value of BX represents the index of the given number in the list).

These steps are shown below.

-R DX
DX 0000 0003
SP 0500
-G 0050:0100
User Break at 0050:011A
-R BX
BX 0004
-

Exercises
1.1. Modify the program in Example 1.1 to perform the four basic operations: addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. The required operation is specified by loading DX
with the appropriate value (i.e. 1 for addition, 2 for subtraction, 3 for multiplication, and
4 for division).

1.2. Write a program to find the smallest number from a given list of numbers. Load this
program into the FLIGTH-86 and test it.

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 2
Experiment

Conducting Simple I/O

Operations Using Flight 86
Training Kit
Objective
The aim of this lab experiment is to conduct simple I/O operations, reading state of switches and
turning on/off LEDs provided on the Application Board, by programming 8255 PPI chip.

Equipment
FLIGHT-86 training board, Application Board, PC with Flight86 software, download cable

Tasks to be Performed
 Interfacing the Application Board to the FLIGHT-86 training board.

 Conducting the following experiments

1. To read the state of a switch (on/off), and to output a signal to turn

(on/off) an LED

2. Generate a mod 16 counter and display the output on LEDs.

3. Controlling the operation of the LEDs based on the state of a particular switch.

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2.1 Background
The FLIGHT-86 training board ‘talks’ to the Application Board by means of an Input/Output
(I/O) device (i.e. 8255 PPI). This device is quite intelligent, and can perform input, output, and
handshaking. However, before it will carry out any of these tasks, it must be told what is required
of it. For I/O, it consists of three 8-bit ports. These ports can be set up as input or output ports.

Telling the PPI device how to perform is known as INITIALISATION. Thus, the first code we
run after power up or reset, must be one which initializes the 8255. This little code will be required
for every experiment.

In this experiment you will learn how to interface the Application Board to the FLIGHT-86 training
board, program the 8255 PPI chip, and conduct simple I/O operations.

2.2 The Application Board

Figure 2.1 shows the layout of the Application Board that will be used to carryout a number of
experiments. This board incorporates a wide array of electronic devices such as digital switches,
LED displays, temperature, light, and optical position/speed sensors, a heater, a DC motor, an
LED bar-graph, and a potentiometer. A screw terminal is also provided for external analog input.

The Application Board has two I/O ports (one for input and one for output) connected to a parallel
socket (P1). The Processor output port connects to Port-A on the Application Board, and the state
of the output port is always displayed on the 8-colored LEDs. This port can be used to control the
motor (forward and reverse) and/or the heater. When not in use for these functions, the output
port can be used to drive the Digital-to-Analog Converter (D/A). On the other hand, the processor
input port connects to Port-B on the Application Board. This port can be used to read the 8-bit
DIP switch, or the output of the Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D), or the output of the D/A
comparator, and/or the output of the speed sensing infrared detector.

The operation of the devices on the Application Board is controlled by means of the MODE
SWITCHES. There are 6 mode switches divided into two groups (SW2 and SW4). Each switch
enables/disables a certain device as shown in Table 2.1.

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 Figure 2.1: Layout of the Application Board

Table 2.1: Mode Switches

Group Switch Operation

1 Enables either the 8-bit DIP switch or the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
SW2
2 Enables/disables the MOTOR
1 Enables/disables the speed sensor
2 Enables/disables the Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
SW4
3 Enables/Disables the heater
4 Enables/Disables the BARGRAPH

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2.3 Programming the 8255 PPI Chip
The 8255 is a general-purpose parallel I/O interfacing device. It provides 24 I/O lines organized as
three 8-bit I/O ports labeled A, B, and C. In addition to these three ports, a third port (Control) is
used to program the chip. Each of the ports, A or B, can be programmed as an 8-bit input or output
port. Port C can be divided in half, with the topmost or bottommost four bits programmed as
inputs or outputs. Individual bits of a particular port cannot be programmed. In the FLIGTH-86
training board, the 8255 PPI chip is interfaced to two parallel port sockets P1 and P2. In each
socket, each one the four ports (A, B, C, and Control) has an individual address as shown in Table
2.2.

Table 2.2: 8255 port addresses

Actual port address
Port Activity allowed
P1 P2
Port A Read/Write 00 01
Port B Read/Write 02 03
Port C Read/Write 04 05
Control Write only 06 07
The 8255 PPI chip can be programmed to operate in three modes:

 Mode 0 Basic Input/Output

 Mode 1 Strobed Input/Output

 Mode 2 Bi-directional bus (not available on FLIGHT-86)

There is also a bit set/reset mode that allows individual bits of port C to be set or reset for control
purposes.

In this experiment, you will learn how to initialize the 8255 PPI chip to operate in Mode 0. To learn
about programming the 8255 PPI chip in other modes you can refer to your text book.

Mode 0 gives the simplest form of I/O possible, where no ‘handshaking’ is required. Data is simply
read from or written to the specified port. Any one of the ports A, B, C (upper half), and C (lower
half) can be set individually as input or output ports. This is done by sending a control byte to the
Control Port. The 16 possible control words are shown in Table 2.3. Notice that D7, D6, D5, and
D2 are fixed for this mode. For example, to set the three ports as output ports, you need to send
the control word 80h to the Control port using the following set of instructions:

MOV AL, 80H ; load AL with the control word 80H

OUT 06H, AL ; send this control word to port 60H
; (i.e. the Control port)

Table 2.3: Control words for Mode 0

Ports Control Word

A C (higher) B C (lower) D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
OUT OUT OUT OUT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OUT OUT OUT IN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

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 OUT OUT IN OUT 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
OUT OUT IN IN 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
OUT IN OUT OUT 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
OUT IN OUT IN 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
OUT IN IN OUT 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
OUT IN IN IN 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
IN OUT OUT OUT 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
IN OUT OUT IN 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
IN OUT IN OUT 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
IN OUT IN IN 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
IN IN OUT OUT 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
IN IN OUT IN 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
IN IN IN OUT 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
IN IN IN IN 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

2.4 Conducting Simple Experiments Using the

Application Board
In this section, you will learn how to write simple programs to read the states of the switches and
turn on/off the LEDs on the Application Board connected to the FLIGHT-86 training board.
These programs will be assembled on the PC, and then downloaded to the training board. In this
way, you can keep your programs on the PC, and easily modify them or link them with other
programs.

Example 2.1: Write a program to read the state of a switch (on/off) and display it on the
corresponding LED.

1 COMSEG SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'

2 ASSUME CS:COMSEG, DS:COMSEG, ES:COMSEG, SS:COMSEG
3 ORG 0100h
4 start:
5 MOV AL, 99h; Port A IN, Port B OUT, Port C IN
6 OUT 06h, AL; output control word to the Control Port
7 L1: IN AL, 00h; read the states of the switches
8 OUT 02h, AL; display the output on the LEDs
9 JMP L1
10 COMSEG ENDS
11 END start

Lines 4 and 5 in the above code initialize the 8255 PPI chip in Mode 0, such that ports A and C are
set as input ports while port B is set as an output port. Then, the program enters a continuous loop
that reads the states of the switches into AL and displays them on the LEDs. Reading the states of
the switches (line 7) is done through port A (00h), while displaying the output on the LEDs (line 8)
is done through port B (02h).

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 Example 2.2: Write a program to generate modulo 16 counter and display the output on
the LEDs.

1 COMSEG SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'

2 ASSUME CS:COMSEG, DS:COMSEG, ES:COMSEG, SS:COMSEG
3 ORG 0100h
4 start:
5 MOV BL, 16
6 MOV AL, 99h ; Port A IN, Port B OUT, Port C IN
7 OUT 06h, AL ; output control word to the Control Port
8 MOV AX, 0 ; initialize the counter to 0
9 L1: OUT 02h, AL ; display the counter on the LEDs
10 MOV CX, 0FFFh ; delay loop
11 L2: LOOP L2
12 INC AL ; increment the counter
13 DIV BL ; AH = AL mod 16
14 MOV AL, AH
15 MOV AH, 0
16 JMP L1
17 COMSEG ENDS
18 END start

The previous code starts as usual by initializing the 8255 PPI chip (lines 6 and 7). The counter is
initialized in line 8. Line 9 displays the counter on the LEDs through port B (02h). Then, the
program enters a delay loop (lines 10 to 12) before incrementing the counter in line 13. Since a
module 16 counting is required, the counter (i.e. AX) is divided by 16 and the remainder is loaded
back into AX (lines 14 to 16). Notice that instruction in line 14 divides AX by 16, leaving the
quotient in AL and the remainder in AH.

Exercises
2.1. Write a program to generate the following based on the state of a particular switch

Switch 1 : ON Generate a mod 8 counter and display it on LEDs

OFF Switch off all LEDs

Switch 2 : ON Generate a mod 256 counter and display it on LEDs

14
 OFF Switch off all LEDs

Switch 3 : ON Light LEDs one after another one at a time in a

sequence from left to right (from first LED to Last
LED). When one LED is on, all other LEDs must be
switched off. (i.e., shifting bit ‘1’ from left to right).
Repeat this cycle until the switch 3 is turned OFF

Switch 4 : ON Repeat the above from last LED to the first

2.2. Write a program to add 2 four-bit numbers and display the result on the LEDs. The two
numbers are entered through the 8-DIP switch provided on the Application Board (i.e.
each 4 switches represent one number).

15
 3
Experiment

Generating Timing Sequences

Objective
The aim of this lab experiment is to generate timing sequences using software delays and by
programming 8253 Programmable Interval Timer (PIT) chip.

Equipment
Flight 8086 training board, the Application Board, PC with Flight86 software, download cable

Tasks to be Performed
 Generate time delays using software delays and 8253 PIT chip.

 Use generated delays to turn ON/OFF LEDs for specific amounts of time

 Generate waveforms of different frequencies, and observe them on an oscilloscope/logic

analyzer.

 Interface a simple relay driver circuit to 8255 port and switch ON/OFF a device for a
specific amount of time.

16
3.1 Background
It is often necessary to control how long certain actions last. This can be achieved using software
delays, or more accurately by the use of a timer (i.e. 8253 PIT chip). In this experiment, you will
learn how to generate time delays using both software delays and 8253 PIT chip. Also, you will
learn how to use time delays to control the operation of some devices (e.g. LEDs and Relays), and
to generate periodical waveforms of different frequencies.

3.2 Software Delays

The easiest way to generate delays is a software delay. If we create a program which loops around
itself for a fixed number of times, then the time taken by this program on a given processor with a
specific clock rate will be almost the same each time the program is executed. All we have to do is
to write this loop such that it takes 1 second. Then, by calling this loop n times, we generate a delay
of n seconds. Notice that the time taken by the loop does not need to be 1 second. For example, a
loop that takes 0.25 seconds to execute, can be called 4×n times (i.e. n/0.25) to generate a delay of
n seconds. The question now is how to determine the time taken by a loop. This can be
answered by the following example.

Example 3.1: Calculate the total time taken by the following loop.

MOV CX, 8000h; load CX with a fixed value 8000h (32768)

L1: DEC CX ; decrement CX, loop if not zero
JNZ L1

From the 8086 data sheets, we find that DEC CX requires 2 clock cycles and JNZ
requires 16 clock cycles. Thus, the total number of clock cycles required by these two
instructions is 18 clock cycles.

Since the FLIGHT-86 board is running at 14.7456/3 MHz, 1 clock cycle will take
3/14.7456 microseconds, and 18 clock cycles will take 54/14.7456 microseconds.
Thus, the total time taken by the loop is 32768 × (54/14.7456 × 10-6) = 0.12 seconds

The previous loop requires 0.12 seconds. Thus, this loop needs to be executed almost 8 times to
generate a delay of 1 second. The following example shows how to use this loop inside a program
to turn ON/OFF an LED for specific amounts of time.

Example 3.2: Write a program to turn ON an LED for 3 seconds, then turn it OFF for
another 3 seconds, and repeat this cycle.

17
 COMSEG SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'
ASSUME CS:COMSEG, DS:COMSEG, ES:COMSEG, SS:COMSEG
ORG 0100h
Start:
MOV AL, 99h ; initialize 8255 ports:
OUT 06h, AL ; A and C in, B out
MOV AL, 01h ; set bit 0 in AL to 1
ON_OFF: OUT 02h, AL ; turn on/off LED 0
MOV DL, 25 ; delay of 25*0.12 = 3 sec
CALL Delay
XOR AL, 01h ; complement bit 0 in AL
JMP ON_OFF

Delay PROC
L1: MOV CX, 8000h
L2: DEC CX
JNZ L2
DEC DL
JNZ L1
RET
Delay ENDP
COMSEG ENDS
END Start

Run the above program on the FLIGHT-86 board and estimate the ON/OFF time of LED 0.
What you conclude about the accuracy of the software delays?

3.3 Time Delays Using the 8253 PIT Chip

Software delays are the easiest way to generate time-delays, as they do not require any additional
hardware. However, software delays are not accurate especially for long delays. Therefore, timers
like the 8253 PIT chip are used to generate accurate delays. Figure 3.1 shows the circuit diagram of
the 8253 PIT chip. It consists mainly of three identical counters (Counter0 to Counter2) and one
Control Word Register.

Counting and Control Registers of the 8253 PIC Chip

The three counters are 16-bit count down registers, which decrement on the falling edge of their input
clocks (CLK0 to CLK2). In the case of the FLIGHT-86, CLK0 to CLK2 are connected to the
PCLK clock that is running at 14.7456/6 MHz. Thus, the counters will be decremented every
6/14.7456 microseconds. The three counters are loaded through the low byte of the data bus (D0-
D7). Hence, two write cycles are required to load any one of the 16-bit registers. The Control Word
register is used to determine the mode, size and type of count for each counter to be used.

18
 Figure 3.1: The 8253 PIT circuit diagram

Each one of the previous registers has a unique address, and can be accessed using I/O operations
(i.e. IN and OUT). Table 3.1, shows the addresses assigned to four registers in the FLIGHT-86
board.

Table 3.1: The 8253 PIT chip register addresses

Register Activity Allowed Actual Port Address

Counter 0 Read/Write 08h
Counter 1 Read/Write 0Ah
Counter 2 Read/Write 0Ch
Control Word Write Only 0Eh

Programming the 8253 PIT Chip

Each counter of the 8253 PIT chip can be programmed independent from the other counter by
sending a control word to the Control Word Register. Figure 3.2 shows the format of the control
word. Bit D0 specifies counting type (i.e. binary or BCD). Bits D3, D2, and D1 specify the counting
mode. Bits D5 and D4 specify how the counter is read and loaded. Bits D7 and D6 specify the
counter to be programmed (i.e. Counter 0 to Counter 2).

There are four options for reading/loading the counter:

1. Latch Counter: allows you to latch the current register count, and then read
the counter value ‘on the fly’

2. Read/Load Least Significant Byte (LSB): only the low byte of the counter
can be read or loaded

3. Read/Load Most Significant Byte (MSB): only the high byte of the
counter can be read or loaded

19
 4. Read/Load Least LSB then MSB: allows two bytes to be read from or
loaded into the counter such that the LSB comes first.

Figure 3.2: Control Word Format of the 8253 PIT Chip

As indicated in Figure 3.2, there are six counting modes:

Mode 0 - Interrupt on Terminal Count: The output goes low after the mode set operation, and
remains low while counting down. When the count decrements to zero, the output goes high and
remains high until the next mode is set or a new count is loaded. See Figure 3.3 (a).

Mode 1 - Programmable One-shot: not available on FLIGHT-86

Mode 2 - Rate Generator: A divide by N counter. The output is low for one input clock period
and then high for N clock periods. This cycle repeats until a new mode is selected. See Figure 3.3
(b).

Mode 3 - Square Wave Rate Generator: Similar to Mode 2, except that the output is high for the
first half of the count and goes low for the other half. See Figure 3.3 (c).

Mode 4 - Software Triggered Strobe: The output goes high once the mode is set, and remains
high while the counter is decremented. When the counter decrements to zero, the output goes low
for one clock cycle and then goes high again. The output will remain high until a new mode or
count is loaded. See Figure 3.3 (d).

Mode 5 -Hardware Triggered Strobe: not available on FLIGHT-86.

20
 Figure 3.3: Counting modes of the 8253 PIT chip

In order to program any one of the three counters in a certain mode, you need to do two things.
First, send a control word to the Control Word Register. Then, load a proper value into the counter
register. These two steps are illustrated in the following example.

Example 3.3: Write an assembly code to do the following:

(1) Set Counter0 as a 16-bit binary counter operating in Mode0
(2) Load Counter0 with the proper value, such that OUT0 goes high after 0.025 seconds.

21
 (1) The required control word is shown below:
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 30h
--- --- ----- -
| | | |16 bit binary counter
| | |Mode 0
| |Read/Load LSB then MSB
|Counter 0

(2) Since the counter clock input is connected to PCLK (14.7456/6 MHz), it will
be decremented every 6/14.7456 microseconds. Hence, we need to load the
counter with the value (0.025 × 14.7456 × 10-6)/6 = 61440 = F000h.
The following code will load the required control word (i.e. 30h) into the Control Word
Register, and will load Counter0 with F000h.
MOV AL, 30h ; load the control word into AL
OUT 0Eh, AL ; and send it to the Control Register

; since the 8253 PIT chip is connected to the low byte of

; the data bus, two write cycles are required to load
; F000h into counter0

MOV AL, 00h ; load the low byte of F000h

OUT 08h, AL ; into low byte of Counter0

MOV AL, F0h ; load the high byte of F000h

OUT 08h, AL ; into high byte of Counter0

Handling the Outputs of Counter0 and Counter1

You may noticed that the outputs of Counter0 and Counter1 (i.e. OUT0 and OUT1) in Figure 3.1
are connected to inputs IR6 and IR7 of the 8259 chip respectively. This allows these two counters
to operate in an interrupt driven manner. The 8259 Programmable Interrupt Control (PIC) chip
accepts requests from the peripheral chips through inputs IR0 to IR7, and determines which of the
incoming requests has the highest priority. Then, it issues the interrupt to the 8086 processor
together with the interrupt pointer to enable the correct Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) to be executed.
The 8259 PIC chip can be programmed to perform a number of modes of operation, which may
be changed dynamically at any time in the program. Programming the 8253 PIC chip is not covered
in this experiment. Instead, you will be given the necessary code to set the chip in a proper mode
of operation.

When the output of Counter0/Counter1 goes high, it generates a request on IR6/IR7. The 8253
PIC chip handles this request as follows. If maskable interrupts are enabled by the instruction STI,
the 8259 will send an interrupt to the 8086 via the INT line. The 8086 acknowledges the interrupt
request with an INTA pulse. Upon receipt of the INTA from the 8086, the 8259 freezes the
pending interrupts and waits for another INTA pulse. When the 8086 sends the second INTA ,
the 8259 treats this as a Read pulse and places an 8-bit pointer onto the data bus. The pointers
corresponding to requests on IR6 and IR7 are 38 and 39 respectively.

The 8086 processor uses the 8-bit pointer to fetch the address (i.e. offset and segment) of the
corresponding ISR from the Interrupt Vector Table (IVT). This is done as follows. Suppose that

22
the 8-bit pointer is n, then the 8086 will fetch four bytes starting from the address 0000:n*4. The
first two bytes contain the offset of the ISR, while the next two bytes contain the segment of the
ISR.

Illustrative Example
The following example illustrates how to program the 8253 PIT and 8259 PIC chips to generate
time delays.

Example 3.4: Write a program to turn ON an LED for 3 seconds, then turn it
OFF for another 3 seconds, and repeats this cycle. Do not use software delays.

1 COMSEG SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'

2 ASSUME CS:COMSEG, DS:COMSEG, ES:COMSEG, SS:COMSEG
3 ORG 0100h
4 Start: ; set the extra segment to point to the
5 ; base of the Interrupt Vector Table (IVR)
6 XOR AX,AX
7 MOV ES,AX

8 ;store the offset of ISR in the IVT

9 MOV WORD PTR ES:[38*4],OFFSET IR6_ROUTINE
10
11 ;store the segment of ISR in the IVT
12 MOV WORD PTR ES:[38*4+2],CS
13
14 ; initialize the 8255 PPI chip:
15 ; A and C input ports, B output port
16 MOV AL, 99h
17 OUT 06h, AL

18 ; initialize the 8259 PIC chip

19 MOV AL, 17h
20 OUT 10h, AL
21 MOV AL, 20h
22 OUT 12h, AL
23 MOV AL, 03h
24 OUT 12h, AL
25 MOV AL, 3Fh
26 OUT 12h, AL

27 ; initialize 8253 PIT chip (00110110 = 36h)

28 ; Counter0, load MSB then LSB, mode 3, binary
29 MOV AL, 36h
30 OUT 0Eh, AL

31 ; counter loaded with F000h for 25 ms delay

32 MOV AL, 00h
33 OUT 08h, AL ; first load low byte
34 MOV AL, 0F0h
35 OUT 08h, AL ; now load high byte

36 STI ; enable 8086 maskable interrupts

37 MOV DL, 120 ; count for 120 interrupts (3s)

23
 38 ; start of main program

39 ; switch off all LEDs

40 MOV DH, 00h
41 MOV AL, DH
42 OUT 02h, AL
43 Again: JMP Again ; wait for interrupt on IR6
44 ; (Counter0 decrements to 0)

45 ; Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) for IR6

46 ; this routine toggles ON/OFF LED 0 every 3 seconds
47 IR6_ROUTINE:

48 DEC DL ; decrement interrupts counter

49 CMP DL,0 ; if counter < 120
50 JNZ Return ; then exit ISR
51 XOR DH, 01h ; else toggle LED0
52 MOV AL, DH
53 OUT 02h, AL

54 MOV DL, 120 ; count for 120 interrupts (3s)

55 Return:IRET

56 COMSEG ENDS
57 END start

In the previous program, lines 6 and 7 set the ES segment to 0000h, which is the base address of
the IVT. Lines 9 and 12 load the starting address of the ISR (IR6_ROUTINE) into the IVT. This
routine will handle any request on IR6. Lines 16 and 17 initialize the 8255 PPI chip. Lines 19 to 26
initialize the 8259 PIC chip. Lines 29 and 20 initialize the 8253 PIT chip. Lines 32 to 35 load the
Counter0 with the value F000h. This will generate an interrupt every 25 ms (120 interrupts every 3
seconds). The main routine starts by setting all LEDs off by sending 00h to port B (Lines 40 to 42),
and waits for an interrupt on IR6 (Line 43). Upon receipt of the interrupt, the control is transferred
to IR6_ROUTINE (Line 47). This routine toggles LED0 every 120 interrupts (i.e. every 3 seconds).

Exercises
3.1. Consider the following loop:

MOV CX, Y
L1: DEC CX
JNZ L1
What value of Y makes the loop executes in 0.225 seconds?

3.2. Modify the program in Example 3.2 such that Counter0 is set in Mode 0

3.3. Generate square waveforms with the following frequencies:

24
 a. 100 KHz

b. 10 KHz

c. 1 KHz

3.4. Interface a simple relay driver circuit to 8255 port, and write a program switch ON/OFF
a lamp every 10 seconds.

3.5. Write a program to simulate a traffic light controller (home assignment)

3.6. Write a program to simulate a lift controller (home assignment)

25
 4
Experiment

Analog to Digital & Digital to

Analog Conversion
Objective
The aim of this lab experiment is to study the Analog to Digital conversion and Digital to Analog
conversion.

Equipment
Flight 8086 training board, Application board, PC with Flight86 software, download cable.

Tasks to be Performed
 Simulation of a A/D conversion employing successive approximation method using D/A
converter

 Use a D/A converter to perform the following:

1. Sine wave generation (using look up table)

2. Staircase waveform generation

3. Saw-tooth waveform generation

 Read the DIL switches and output the digital values to the LEDs and DAC. The analog
output of the DAC is to be represented by lighting up the bar-graph.

26
4.1 Background
In any computer controlled process it may be required to monitor analog values, i.e. the output of
a voltmeter or strain gauge. In order to do this, the analog signal must be first converted into a
digital value using an Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D). On the other hand, Digital-to-Analog
Converters (D/A) can be used to convert a digital output from the computer into an analog value.
For instance, we could generate a series of tones by changing the digital output values in such a way
that the analog signal is represented as a sine wave.

4.2 A/D Conversion

The Application Board provides four sources of analog inputs which can be selected using a four
position switch (SW3). The analog source can be provided externally (P2-in), or from the output of
a light dependent resistor (LDR1), or from the temperature sensor (Q1), or from an on board
variable voltage (UR6).

With the Application Board we can simulate a simple A/D converter that reads the output of a
certain analog source (e.g. variable voltage) and converts it into a digital value as shown in Figure
4.1. By means sending values to Port-B, and hence by means of the D/A converter we can generate
analog voltages proportional to the digital value we output. If this analog voltage is now compared
with the unknown analog voltage, we can gradually adjust the output value to Port-A, until the
comparator finds the two analog voltages equal. The digital value output to the D/A converter
must be the digital value equivalent of the unknown analog input.

The output of the comparator is bit 3 of the input Port-B. A logic 1 means the output on Port-B is
too small, a logic 0 means it is too large.

Figure 4.1: Simulation of an A/D Converter

Example 4.1: Write a program to simulate a simple A/D converter. Use the
variable voltage source (UR6) as your analog source. The program should display
one HEX digit (0-F) representing the digital value of the voltage input.

27
 Set SW3 to VOLTS (Variable Voltage)
Set SW4-2 to DAC (enable D/A converter)
Set SW2-2, SW4-1, SW4-3, and SW4-4 OFF

1 COMSEG SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'

2 ASSUME CS:COMSEG, DS:COMSEG, ES:COMSEG, SS:COMSEG
3 ORG 0100h
4 Start:
5 MOV AL, 99h ; initialize the 8255 PPI chip
6 OUT 06h, AL ; A input, B output, C input

7 MOV AL, 0 ; turn off all LEDs

8 OUT 02h, AL
9
10 ANAL: MOV BL, 0 ; first digital value
11 SMALL: MOV AL, BL ; put in AL for output
12 OUT 02h, AL ; output value to D/A

13 NOP ; wait for D/A

14 NOP
15 NOP
16 NOP
17 NOP
18 NOP

19 IN AL, 00h ; get input Port-B

20 AND AL, 08h ; keep comparator bit (bit 3)

21 JZ LARGE ; if value is large (bit3= 0)

22 ; then display the digital value
23 INC BL ; else increment the digital value
24 JMP SMALL ; and tray again

25 ; display the digital value as a HEX digit

26 LARGE: MOV AL, BL
27 CALL display_voltage
28 JMP ANAL

29 INCLUDE display_voltage.asm
30 INCLUDE putc.asm
31 COMSEG ENDS
32 END start

The previous code uses two functions, namely display_voltage and putc, to display the digital value
corresponding to the input voltage. The first function converts the digital (binary) value of the input
voltage into an ASCII character, and calls putc to display it on the screen. The two functions are
given in two separate files display_voltage.asm and putc.asm, so that you can include these two files in
your code using the INCLUDE directive.

28
4.3 D/A Conversion
The D/A converter on the Application Board produces an analog voltage proportional to the digital
input. The digital input is provided by Port-A. The analog output corresponding to 00h is 0.00V,
while the analog output corresponding to the digital input FFh (255) is approximately 2.55V.

The following example shows you how to generate a SIN wave using the D/A converter.

Example 4.2: Using a set of SIN tables for data, output a sine wave in 10 degree
steps, observe the analog output (at P2-Out) with an oscilloscope and measure its
frequency.

The first step is to construct a table containing the values of the SIN function for
the following degrees: 0, 10, 20, …, 350 (see Table 4.1). Then, we assign a proper
voltage to each value in the SIN table. As you know, the D/A converter can produce
256 different analog voltages (0.00V to 2.55V). Therefore, we can map a range of
these voltages to the range of the SIN function (-1 to 1). Let us use the range 0.00V
to 2.54V, such that 0.00V corresponds to -1 and 2.54V corresponds to 1. Since
1.27V is the mid point in the range 0.00V to 2.54V, it will be mapped to the mid
point of the SIN range which is 0. Other voltage values can be mapped easily to the
SIN values as shown in Table 4.1. Finally, we use the digital values corresponding
to these analog voltages to generate the SIN wave as shown in the following
program.

Set SW4-2 to DAC (enable D/A converter)

Set SW2-1 to SWITCH
Set SW4-1, SW4-3, and SW4-4 OFF

1 COMSEG SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'

2 ASSUME CS:COMSEG, DS:COMSEG, ES:COMSEG, SS:COMSEG
3 ORG 0100h
4 Start:
5 MOV AL, 99h ; initialize the 8255 PPI chip
6 OUT 06h, AL ; A input, B output, C input

7 MOV AL, 0 ; turn off all LEDs

8 OUT 02h, AL

9 L1: MOV SI, OFFSET Table ; 1st element in the table

10 MOV BL, 36 ; number of elements in the table

11 L2: LODSB ; load AL from the table

12 OUT 02h, AL; and output the value to D/A

13 DEC BL ; count down table

14 JZ L2 ; loop if not zero
15 JMP L1 ; if zero then return to the start
16 ; of the table

29
 17 Table DB 127 ; 1.27V -> sin(0)
18 DB 149 ; 1.49V -> sin(10)
19 DB 170 ; 1.70V -> sin(20)
20 DB 191 ; 1.91V -> sin(30)
21 DB 209 ; 2.09V -> sin(40)
22 DB 224 ; 2.24V -> sin(50)
23 DB 237 ; 2.37V -> sin(60)
24 DB 246 ; 2.46V -> sin(70)
25 DB 252 ; 2.52V -> sin(80)
26 DB 254 ; 2.54V -> sin(90)
27 DB 252 ; 1.27V -> sin(100)
28 DB 246 ; 1.27V -> sin(110)
29 DB 237 ; 1.27V -> sin(120)
30 DB 224 ; 1.27V -> sin(130)
31 DB 209 ; 1.27V -> sin(140)
32 DB 191 ; 1.27V -> sin(150)
33 DB 170 ; 1.27V -> sin(160)
34 DB 149 ; 1.27V -> sin(170)
35 DB 127 ; 1.27V -> sin(180)
36 DB 105 ; 1.27V -> sin(190)
37 DB 84 ; 1.27V -> sin(200)
38 DB 64 ; 1.27V -> sin(210)
39 DB 45 ; 1.27V -> sin(220)
40 DB 30 ; 1.27V -> sin(230)
41 DB 17 ; 1.27V -> sin(240)
42 DB 8 ; 1.27V -> sin(250)
43 DB 2 ; 1.27V -> sin(260)
44 DB 0 ; 1.27V -> sin(270)
45 DB 2 ; 1.27V -> sin(280)
46 DB 8 ; 1.27V -> sin(290)
47 DB 17 ; 1.27V -> sin(300)
48 DB 30 ; 1.27V -> sin(310)
49 DB 45 ; 1.27V -> sin(320)
50 DB 64 ; 1.27V -> sin(330)
51 DB 84 ; 1.27V -> sin(340)
52 DB 105 ; 1.27V -> sin(350)
53 COMSEG ENDS
54 END start

This program reads the digital values form Table and output them to Port-A, then the D/A
converter converts them to the corresponding analog voltages. Notice that the values in Table can
generate only one cycle of the SIN wave. Therefore, the digital values in Table are output
continuously to the D/A converter to generate a continuous SIN wave.

Table 4.1: SIN Table

Degree SIN(Degree) Assigned Voltage Corresponding Digital Value

0 0.000 1.27 127
10 0.174 1.49 149
20 0.342 1.70 170
30 0.500 1.91 191

30
 40 0.643 2.09 209
50 0.766 2.24 224
60 0.866 2.37 237
70 0.940 2.46 246
80 0.985 2.52 252
90 1.000 2.54 254
100 0.985 2.52 252
110 0.940 2.46 246
120 0.866 2.37 237
130 0.766 2.24 224
140 0.643 2.09 209
150 0.500 1.91 191
160 0.342 1.70 170
170 0.174 1.49 149
180 0.000 1.27 127
190 -0.174 1.05 105
200 -0.342 0.84 84
210 -0.500 0.64 64
220 -0.643 0.45 45
230 -0.766 0.30 30
240 -0.866 0.17 17
250 -0.940 0.08 8
260 -0.985 0.02 2
270 -1.000 0.00 0
280 -0.985 0.02 2
290 -0.940 0.08 8
300 -0.866 0.17 17
310 -0.766 0.30 30
320 -0.643 0.45 45
330 -0.500 0.63 64
340 -0.342 0.84 84
350 -0.174 1.05 105

Exercises
6.1. Consider Example 4.1. Describe how you would minimize the number of digital values
required to find the unknown voltage.

6.2. How could you vary the frequency of the SIN wave generated in Example4.2?

6.3. Use the D/A converter to perform the following:

a. Staircase waveform generation

b. Saw-tooth waveform generation

6.4. The bar-graph (U10) is essentially a bank of 10 LEDs. It is driven by U11 (LM3914)
which samples a voltage input signal, as the signal exceeds certain preset levels it will

31
output a signal to light one of the LEDs on the bar-graph. Hence, as the voltage
increases, more LEDs will be turned on.

a. Write a program to read the DIL switches and output the digital values to the
LEDs and DAC. The analog output of the DAC is to be represented by lighting
up the bar-graph.

b. Plot a graph of switch digital value against the number of LEDs alight on the bar-
graph.

32
 5
Experiment

Controlling DC Motors
Objective
The aim of this lab experiment is to control a small DC motor.

Equipment
Flight 8086 training board, Application board, PC with Flight86 software, download cable

Tasks to be Performed
 Running the motor in forward and reverse direction for a specified time

 Controlling the speed of the motor

33
5.1 DC Motor
The Application Board contains a small DC motor that can be operated in the forward or reverse
direction. The operation of this DC motor is controlled by bits 6 and 7 on Port-A as shown in
Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Operation Modes of the DC Motor

Bit6 Bit7 Operation

0 0 Stop
0 1 Reverse Direction
1 0 Forward Direction
1 1 Stop

The following example shows you how to run the DC motor in the forward and reverse direction
for a specific time.

Example 4.1: Write a program to run the DC motor in the forward direction for 5 seconds,
turn it off for 3 seconds, then run it in the revere direction for 5 seconds.

Set SW2-1 to SWITCH

Set SW2-2 to MOTOR
SW4-1, SW4-2, SW4-3, and SW4-4 OFF

MOV AL, 99h ; initialize the 8255 PPI chip

OUT 06h, AL ; A input, B output, C input
MOV DL, ? ; load a proper value for 5s delay
MOV AL, 40h ; forward direction
OUT 02h, AL
CALL Delay
MOV DL, ? ; load a proper value for 3s delay
MOV AL, 00h ; stop the motor
OUT 02h, AL
CALL Delay
MOV DL, ? ; load a proper value for 5s delay
MOV AL, 80h ; reverse direction
OUT 02h, AL
CALL Delay
MOV AL, 00h ; stop the motor
OUT 02h, AL
INT 5

; the delay procedure is left as an exercise

34
5.3 Controlling the Speed of the DC Motor
When the DC motor is ON (forward/reverse), it operates in its maximum speed. However, the
speed of the motor can be controlled using pulse width modulation (PWM).

PWM is a common technique for speed control. A good analogy is bicycle riding. You peddle (exert
energy) and then coast (relax) using your momentum to carry you forward. As you slow down (due
to wind resistance, friction, road shape) you peddle to speed up and then coast again. The duty cycle
is the ratio of peddling time to the total time (peddle+coast time). A 100% duty cycle means you
are peddling all the time, and 50% only half the time.

PWM for motor speed control works in a very similar way. Instead of peddling, your motor is given
a fixed voltage value (turned on) and starts spinning. The voltage is then removed (turned off) and
the motor "coasts". By continuing this voltage on-off duty cycle, motor speed is controlled.

The concept of PWM inherently requires timing. The 8253 PIT chip can be used to generate PWM.
In the beginning, the motor is turned on and Counter 0 is loaded with the ON duration. When
Counter 0 terminates, the motor is turned off and Counter 1 is loaded with the OFF duration. Now,
when Counter 1 terminates, the process is repeated from the beginning.

Example 4.2: Write a program to control the speed of the DC motor based on the
state of Bit0 of the DIP switch. If Bit0 = 0, the motor will run at maximum speed.
Otherwise, it will run at 50% of its duty cycle.

Set SW2-1 to SWITCH

Set SW2-2 to MOTOR
SW4-1, SW4-2, SW4-3, and SW4-4 OFF
1 COMSEG SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'
2 ASSUME CS:COMSEG, DS:COMSEG, ES:COMSEG, SS:COMSEG
3 ORG 0100h
4 Start: ; set the external segment to point to the
5 ; base of the Interrupt Vector Table (IVR)
6 XOR AX,AX
7 MOV ES,AX

8 ;store the offset of ISR in the IVT

9 MOV WORD PTR ES:[38*4],OFFSET IR6_ROUTINE
10 ;store the segment of ISR in the IVT
11 MOV WORD PTR ES:[38*4+2],CS

12 ;store the offset of ISR in the IVT

13 MOV WORD PTR ES:[39*4],OFFSET IR7_ROUTINE
14 ;store the segment of ISR in the IVT
15 MOV WORD PTR ES:[39*4+2],CS

16 ; initialize the 8255 PPI chip:

17 ; A and C input ports, B output port
18 MOV AL, 99h
19 OUT 06h, AL

20 ; initialize the 8259 PIC chip

21 MOV AL, 17h
22 OUT 10h, AL

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23 MOV AL, 20h
24 OUT 12h, AL
25 MOV AL, 03h
26 OUT 12h, AL
27 MOV AL, 3Fh
28 OUT 12h, AL

29 ; initialize 8253 PIT chip (00110000 = 30h)

30 ; Counter0, load MSB then LSB, mode 0, binary
31 MOV AL, 30h
32 OUT 0Eh, AL
33 ; initialize 8253 PIT chip (01110000 = 70h)
34 ; Counter1, load MSB then LSB, mode 0, binary
35 MOV AL, 70h
36 OUT 0Eh, AL

37 ; counter0 loaded with FFFFh

38 MOV AL, 0FFh
39 OUT 08h, AL ; first load low byte
40 MOV AL, 0FFh
41 OUT 08h, AL ; now load high byte

42 STI ; enable 8086 maskable interrupts

43 ; start of main program

44 MOV AL, 40h ; turn on the motor
45 OUT 02h, AL
46 again: JMP again ; wait for interrupt on IR6/IR7
47 ; Counter0/Counter1 decrements to 0

48 ; Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) for IR6

49 ; this routine checks Bit0 of the DIP switch
50 ; If Bit0 = 0 continue running the motor (max speed)
51 ; If Bit0 = 1 stop the motor (50% duty cycle)
52 ; the routine also reload Counter 1

53 IR6_ROUTINE:
54 IN AL, 00h ; read DIP switch

55 TEST AL, 01h ; check Bit0

56 JZ continue ; if Bit0=0 then don't stop the motor
57 MOV AL, 00h ; else stop the motor
58 OUT 02h, AL

59 continue:
60 ; counter1 loaded with FFFFh (50% duty cycle)
61 MOV AL, 0FFh

70 OUT 0Ah, AL ; first load low byte

71 MOV AL, 0FFh
72 OUT 0Ah, AL ; now load high byte
73 IRET

74 ; Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) for IR7

75 ; this routine turn on the motor and reload Counter 0

76 IR7_ROUTINE:
78
79 MOV AL, 40h ; turn on the motor

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80 OUT 02h, AL

81 ; counter0 loaded with FFFFh

82 MOV AL, 0FFh
83 OUT 08h, AL ; first load low byte
84 MOV AL, 0FFh
85 OUT 08h, AL ; now load high byte

86 IRET

87 COMSEG ENDS
88 END start

Exercises
5.1. Modify Example 5.2 to allow the user to control the direction in addition to the speed
(Use Bit1 to control the direction).

5.2. Modify Example 5.2 to operate the motor at 4 different, for example 100% duty cycle,
50% duty cycle, 25% duty cycle, and 5 % duty cycle. The speed is selected based on the
states of Bit0 and Bit1.

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 6
Experiment

Interfacing a Hyper Terminal to

the Flight 86 Kit
Objective
The aim of this lab experiment is to interface a Hyper Terminal to 8086 processor by programming
the 8251 USART.

Equipment
 Flight 8086 training board,

 PC with Flight86 software, and

 Download cable

Tasks to be Performed
Reading data from the keyboard and displaying it on the Hyper Terminal using RS-232 standard
interface and asynchronous serial communication

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6.1 Background
The Intel 8251 Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (USART), designed
for data communication with Intel's microprocessor families. It is used as a peripheral device and is
programmed by the CPU to operate using many serial data transmission techniques.

The USART accepts data characters from the CPU in parallel format and then converts them into
a continuous serial data stream. It accepts serial data streams and converts them into parallel data
characters for the CPU. The USART will signal the CPU whenever it can accept a new character
for transmission or whenever it has received a character for the CPU. The CPU can read the status
of the USART at any time. The status includes data transmission errors and control signals.

Although the USART is capable of operating in synchronous and asynchronous modes, it is

probable that most work will be carried out in the asynchronous mode. Therefore, asynchronous
operation only will be described in this experiment.

The 8251 USART chip may operate its transmitter and receiver independently. It may even operate
them at different speeds. However, on the FLIGHT-86 board, they both work at the same speed
which can be programmed using Counter 2 of the 8253 PIT chip.

Registers
The 8251 USART chip has four register:

1. The Data Register is used to store recently received data byte or the data byte
that is ready to be transmitted.

2. The Mode Register is used to set the operation mode of the 8251 chip.

3. The Control Register is used to send commands to the 8251 chip.

4. The Status Register reflects the current status of 8251 chip.

Table 6.1 shows the actual port addresses and allowed activities of these four registers in the
FLIGHT-86 board.

Table 6.1: The 8251 Registers

Register Activity Allowed Actual Port Address
Data Read/Write 18h
Mode Write Only 1Ah
Control Write Only 1Ah
Status Read Only 1Ah

Control Words
The 8251 USART chip can be programmed using two types of control words:

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(1) The Mode Instruction, which must follow a reset (internal or external) to specify the general
operation of the chip. This control word can be sent through the MODE register according to the
format shown in Figure 6.1 (a). The baud rate of the transmitter/receiver depends on the frequency
of the input clock of the transmitter/receiver. For example, if the input clock runs at 9600Hz (i.e.
9600 cycles per second), then the 8251 can transmit/receive 9600 bits per second (i.e. 1 bit every
clock cycle). The baud rate factor is used to adjust the baud rate by a certain factor (i.e. divide the
baud rate by 1, 16 or 64).

(2) The Command Instruction, which defines the detailed operation. Command instructions
can by sent after a mode instruction using the COMMAND register according to the format
shown in Figure 6.1 (b). All command instructions must keep D6 zero. Setting this bit to 1 will
reset the USART and make it ready to accept a new mode word.

Status Word
The CPU can examine the STATUS register at any time to determine the current condition of the
8251. The format of the 8251 status word is given in Table 6.2.

Sending Data
Provided the transmitter is enabled, as soon as a data byte is written to the DATA register, the 8251
will convert this to a serial form and send it to the serial output pin in the format specified. If the
receiving device is not ready the data byte will be held and sent as soon as possible.

Sending Data
Provided that the receiver is enabled, the 8251 will receive a serial data byte sent to it from another
device, and will store it in the DATA register. The CPU can identify if a character has been received
(e.g. by checking the STATUS register) and read the data byte form the DATA register. Once the
data byte is read the DATA register is flushed.

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 Figure 6.1: 8251 Control Words

Table 6.1: 8251 Status Word

BIT Description
0 Transmitter This bit is set when the transmitter is ready to
Ready receive a new character for transmission from the
CPU.
1 Receiver Buffer This bit s set when a character is received on the
Full serial input.
2 Transmitter This bit is set as soon as the USART completes
Buffer Empty transmitting a character and a new one has not
been loaded in time. It goes low only while a data
character is being transmitted by the USART.
3 Parity Error This bit is set when parity is enabled and a parity
error is detected in any received character.
4 Overrun Error This bit is set when the CPU does not read a
received character before the next one becomes
available. However, the previous character is lost.
5 Framing Error This bit is set when a valid stop bit (high) is not
detected at the end of a received character.
6 Synchronous Used for synchronous mode only
Detect/ Break
Detect
7 Data Set Ready This is a general-purpose input bit that can be read
by the CPU as part of the 8251status.

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6.2 Programming the 8251 USART Chip
In order to program the 8251 USART chip in asynchronous mode, you need to do the following:

1. Set the receiver/transmitter input clock to the desired baud rate. In the
FLIGHT-86, this is done by programming Counter 2 of the 8253 PIT chip.

2. Send asynchronous mode instruction with the desired format.

3. Send a command instruction to enable the transmitter/receiver.

Setting up the Baud Rate

Since the output of Counter 2 is connected to the input clocks of the transmitter and receiver,
Counter 2 can be used to control the speed (baud rate) of transmission/reception. If we program
Counter 2 in mode 3 and load it with some number N, then the transmitter/receiver can be
operated at 14.7456/(N×6) MHz. In other words, the transmitter/receiver can transmit/receive
14.7456×106/(N×6) bits per second. For instance, to get a baud rate of 9600, we need to load
Counter 2 with 14.7456×106/(9600×6) = 256.

Sending a Mode Instruction

After a system RESET the MODE register must be the first to be set. Because the 8251 may be in
an unknown state, it is normal practice to send the byte 00h to the COMMAND register three
times. This will guarantee the 8251 COMMAND register is active. Now, the byte value 40h (D6 is
1) is sent to activate the MODE register. The desired asynchronous format may now be set up and
sent to the MODE register.

Sending a Control Instruction

Once the mode has been programmed the 8251 will switch to the COMMAND register. Now, you
can send a command instruction according to the format shown in Figure 6.1 (b) to enable the
transmitter or the receiver or both.

Example 4.1: Write a program that continuously reads one character from the
keyboard and displays it on the Hyper Terminal.

1 COMSEG SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'

2 ASSUME CS:COMSEG, DS:COMSEG, ES:COMSEG, SS:COMSEG
3 ORG 0100H

42
 4 Start:
4 ; send 00h three times to ensure that
5 ; the command register is active
6 MOV AL, 00h
7 CALL Send_Control_Word
8 CALL Send_Control_Word
9 CALL Send_Control_Word
10 ; send 40h to activate the mode register
11 ; (D6=1 internal reset)
12 MOV AL, 40h
13 CALL Send_Control_Word

14 ; send a mode instruction, namely

15 ; 0100 1101 = 4Dh
16 ; baud factor=1, 8-bit char, no parity, 1 stop bit
17 MOV AL, 4Dh ;mode register 0100 1110
18 CALL Send_Control_Word
19 ; send a command instruction to enable
20 ; both the transmitter and receiver
21 MOV AL, 37h
22 CALL Send_Control_Word

23 ; initialize 8253 PIT chip (1011 0110 = B6h)

24 ; Counter2, load MSB then LSB, mode 3, binary
25 MOV AL, 0B6h
26 OUT 0Eh, AL

27 ; counter loaded with 0100h (baud rate = 9600)

28 MOV AL, 00h
29 OUT 0Ch, AL ; first load low byte
30 MOV AL, 01h
31 OUT 0Ch, AL ; now load high byte

32 L1: IN AL, 1Ah; read status word

33 TEST AL, 02h; check receiver buffer
34 JZ L1 ; if buffer is empty then try again
35 IN AL, 18h ; else get the character in the buffer
36 OUT 18h, AL ; and output it to the Hyper Terminal
37 JMP L1 ; repeat the process

38 Send_Control_Word:
39 OUT 1Ah, AL ; send the control word
40 MOV CX, 200h ; delay to ensure 8251 catches up
41 Delay: LOOP Delay
42 RET
43 COMSEG ENDS
44 END start
Note that once you run the program of Example 6.1 on the FLIGHT-86, you need to close the
F86GO program to allow the Hyper Terminal to communicate with the program through the serial
cable. This is because the serial communication port may not be used by more than one application
at the same time.

Exercises
6.1. Write a program to read a string from the keyboard and display it on the Hyper Terminal
in a reverse order.

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6.2. Write a program to read a decimal number (between 0 and 255) from the keyboard and
display it on the Hyper Terminal as a binary number.

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 2
Part

Mini Project

I In this part, students will be carrying out a mini project of designing an interface board for
certain application. This mini project will be carried out in groups. The students will use PCB
design tools for entering schematic and generating layout for fabrication of the interface card.
The interface board will need to be interfaced to their fabricated processor board. They are required
to select an appropriate peripheral chip depending upon the application chosen and design the
complete circuit and develop the control software to perform the required task.

Some of the mini projects that can be offered to the students are:

 Interfacing Keyboard (either PC keyboard or Keypad matrix)

 Interfacing CRT monitor
 Interfacing LED matrix character Display or LCD display ( to display
alphanumeric messages)
 Interfacing 7-segment LEDs ( to display address and data appearing on the system
bus, contents of the internal registers)
 Traffic Light controller
 Lift controller
 Smart Card Reader
 Stepper motor control ( robotic arm control application)
 Data Acquisition system ( using A/D and D/A converters)
 Serial I/O communication between processor kits ( file transfer )
 Printer Interface (printers using Centronics parallel Interface)
 Simple IC tester
 Voting machine
 Quiz/JAM key/buzzer and scoreboard control
 Counting Application (example, to count the number of visitors entering an
Exhibition Hall)

45