(16737423 - Frontiers of Literary Studies in China) Beyond Boundaries - Women, Writing, and Visuality in Contemporary China
(16737423 - Frontiers of Literary Studies in China) Beyond Boundaries - Women, Writing, and Visuality in Contemporary China
(16737423 - Frontiers of Literary Studies in China) Beyond Boundaries - Women, Writing, and Visuality in Contemporary China
Lit. Stud. China 2017, 11(1): 1–6
DOI 10.3868/s010‐006‐017‐0001‐4
SPECIAL ISSUE INTRODUCTION
Géraldine Fiss and Li GUO1
Beyond Boundaries: Women, Writing, and
Visuality in Contemporary China
This special issue offers explorations of women, writing, and visuality in
contemporary Chinese literature and culture, following up on a previous issue
titled “Nation, Gender, and Transcultural Modernism in Early Twentieth‐
Century China,” which was published in Frontiers of Literary Studies in China
(vol. 8, no. 1, 2014). The earlier issue addressed “the complex cultural
mechanism which placed gender at the center of the nationalist discourse” in
early twentieth‐century works by both male and female authors and
questioned how the uncertainty of discourses on gender and nation “opens
up space for creating subversive cultural imaginaries and challenging colonial
discourses.”2 This issue builds on and expands these critical investigations of
gendered subjectivity, women’s writing, and creative endeavors, by engaging
updated studies on contemporary women’s writings and films. The selected
essays in this special issue examine how female writers and filmmakers today
contribute in different ways to cultural transformations in a rapidly changing
country in a globalizing world. Their works both embody and transcend
feminist inquiries about agency, writerly authority, and gendered subjectivity.
Rather than perpetuating the polemical sociopolitical discourses
1
The guest editors of this special issue shared editing tasks equally and are listed
alphabetically.
2
Ping Zhu and Li Guo, “Introduction,” 1.
Géraldine Fiss
Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, CA 90089‐0357, USA
E‐mail: [email protected]
Li GUO (
)
Department of Languages, Philosophy and Communication Studies, Utah State University,
Logan, UT 84322‐0720, USA
E‐mail: [email protected]
3
Hélène Cixous, “The Laugh of the Medusa,” 875−76.
body—Liang Luo investigates how dancing and writing function at once
literally and metaphorically, dialectically and reciprocally, in Yan Geling’s
novella White Snake (1998) and Lilian Lee’s novel Green Snake (1986–93). She
argues that, through a creative use of writing and dancing as key metaphors
for identity formation and transformation, the “untold stories” in Yan’s text
offer a new form of literary praxis and “body writing” that privilege
homosexual love while Lee’s novel makes a truly revolutionary contribution
to the White Snake repertoire.
Jennifer Feeley studies how the eminent American poet Sylvia Plath
(1932–63) has been understood, evaluated, and translated in contemporary
China. Taking Venuti’s notion of translation and intertextuality as a starting
point, Feeley considers Chinese translations of Plath’s poetry autonomous
“receiving intertexts” and analyzes how translators inscribed their individual
interpretations onto their translations.4 Seeking to describe how Plath’s
poetic legacy is recontextualized in China in the 1980s and 1990s, Feeley
closely examines tropes of female hysteria, indicating a conflation of gender,
death, and anomalous mental state, in the works of the contemporary poets
Zhai Yongming and Lu Yimin. Feeley’s study shows that Chinese translations
of Plath made available a powerful lexicon for articulating unconventional
forms of feminine emotions, desires, experiences, and concerns, which are
not otherwise well presented in modern and contemporary Chinese poetry
by women.
Li Guo’s article discusses how contemporary representations of feminine
hysteria may provide a gendered lens of reconstructed historical authenticity.
Guo’s essay on the novel Water under Time, supposedly written by Fang Fang
(2008), suggests that female hysteria serves as a discourse on rebellion and is
mediated through the author’s melodramatic storytelling. The novel, which
recounts the history of Hankou through the female protagonist’s life
experience, provides a gendered historical vision of China’s early Republican
period, the anti‐Japanese War, and the new millennium. Guo argues that Fang
Fang’s narrative features women’s reconfiguration of contesting social and
political discourses about the city, the community, and the nation. Guo states
that women’s explorations of hysteria surpass the psychoanalytical reading
4
Lawrence Venuti, “Translation, Intertextuality, Interpretation.”
of hysteria as paradigms of female abjection. Rather, in Fang Fang’s text,
feminine hysteria embodies the potential to rewrite the boundaries of
gender, nation, and history.
Sabina Knight offers a close reading of Wei Hui’s bestselling novel Shanghai
Baby (1999) and highlights five elements to define a post‐Romantic neoliberal
literary sensibility and its ruptures: (1) a “melotraumatic” quest for
exuberance, (2) a denial of dependency, (3) a celebration of individual choice
and market rationalities, (4) disillusionment and disappointment, and (5) a
quest for intelligibility through narrative. Knight’s article proposes that the
narrator’s residual romanticism in the novel provides a testament to a
generational sensibility, a yearning for romantic exuberance. Such sentiments,
along with other characteristics of literary romanticism, distinguish Wei Hui
and other Shanghai “glamor girl” (meinü zuojia) writers who explore the
allure of “body writing” (shenti xiezuo or quti xiezuo). 5 Knight’s study
recontextualizes the concept of “body writing” in a Chinese setting and
views Wei Hui’s novel as an urban Chinese contribution to feminist debates
over sexuality, desire, and consumption.
Amy Dooling provides ground‐breaking research on cultural
representations of female labor, through a study of the shifting image of
dagongmei (female migrant workers) at the intersection of the rural‐to‐urban
labor migration, gender, and contemporary cultural expression. The modern,
sojourning dagongmei, Dooling argues, mediates new rhetorical strategies of
reinforcing the rural and urban divide and breaks away from earlier socialist
paradigms about gender equality, as represented by the iconic imaginary of
the iron girl (tie guniang) in propaganda materials of the 1960s. Dagongmei
thus embodies a stigmatized label of social and economic inferiority, in an era
of massive market reform that strengthens inequality and marginalizes
female workers. The article rigorously discusses the evolution of dagong
literature since the early 1980s and analyzes Zheng Xiaoqiong and Wang Lili,
two women labor writers. Dooling argues that these writers work with and
against the social stigma attached to the notion of dagong and that the
dagong label defines but also constrains women’s explorations of their roles
as experimental cultural practitioners.
5
See also Xueping Zhong, “Who Is a Feminist?”
Louisa Wei’s article examines contemporary women’s writing in relation to
visuality by discussing fiction, memoirs, and dramatic films by the director,
screenwriter, and author Peng Xiaolian. Wei argues that, behind the narrative
techniques and creative decisions in all of Peng’s works, female subjectivity
asserts itself through the centering of rarely seen characters, locations, and
time. These include mother‐daughter relationships complicated by history, a
realistic and local representation of Shanghai on screen, and history narrated
from a women’s perspective. The plots in Peng’s novels and films are driven
by characters’ emotional ups and downs, a narrative choice that can be read
as resistance to misogynistic social prejudices and patriarchal values. Through
a careful study of the interaction between visuality and spatiality in Peng’s
films, Wei posits that independent, articulate female characters emerge in
Peng’s works, who are unyielding in the face of patriarchal social values and
systems.
Concerned with defining a “feminine poetics of the city” in Hong Kong
director Flora Lau’s 2013 film Bends, Danica van de Velde foregrounds the
metaphor of intersection in the border spaces of Hong Kong and Shenzhen
and relates it to the uncertainty of place and identity. In considering the
intertwined relationship between identity, politics, and urban space, the
author employs the trope of disappearance in critical discourses on Hong
Kong as a point of departure to explore the distinct filmic topography of
Bends, which is a cinematic endeavor to preserve the dynamics of the city
under mainland Chinese administration. The essay examines Lau’s interest in
providing marginalized female groups with narrative agency to shed light on
an alternative perspectives of the special administrative region, as well as its
evolving relationship with the Chinese mainland. Van de Velde suggests that
the characters in Bends exemplify Hong Kong’s fractured identity, as
articulated through Lau’s vivid representations of feminine experience.
In the last article in this special issue, Isaac Hui examines Venuti’s notion of
“violence” in the process of translation to connect the idea of domesticating
translation with gender studies and women’s writing. If domesticating a
translation from Chinese to English can be understood as an act of
Eurocentrism, then the difficulties in translating Wong Bik‐wan’s latest novel,
Weixi chong xing (The re‐walking of Mei‐hei, 2014) can tell us how the female
Hong Kong writer uses language to flee from the patriarchal/colonial
influence. Hui analyzes how Wong takes up the strategy of writing as a
“repressed” (in terms of both her subject position and language style), to
allow the colonized subject to find a way to speak. Even though her language
is at times short and dense, with a rapid rhythm, Wong demonstrates how
one can speak more by uttering less. Hui’s study suggests that Wong’s novel
is a triumph of women’s writing, which refuses to be reduced to a single
meaning and is resistant to patriarchal domestication of female texts.
These eight articles illuminate the vital landscape of women’s literary and
visual experimentation in contemporary China from the early 1990s to the
new millennium. The articles indicate the depth and power of a multitude of
texts, and articulate a broad variety of female subjectivities in Chinese
literature and culture today. As guest editors of this special issue, we
sincerely thank all the contributors, the editors of Frontiers of Literary Studies
in China, and the anonymous reviewers, whose thoughtful and diligent work
made the publication of this issue possible.
References
Cixous, Hélène. “The Laugh of the Medusa,” translated by Keith Cohen and Paula Cohen.
Signs 1, no. 4 (1976): 875–93.
Rich, Adrienne. “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence.” Signs 5, no. 4 (1980):
631–60.
Venuti, Lawrence. “Translation, Intertextuality, Interpretation.” Romance Studies 27, no. 3
(2009): 157–73.
Zhong, Xueping. “Who Is a Feminist? Understanding the Ambivalence towards Shanghai
Baby, ‘Body Writing’ and Feminism in Post‐Women’s Liberation China.” Gender and
History 18, no. 3 (2006): 635–60.
Zhu, Ping, and Li Guo. “Introduction to the Forum on ‘Nation, Gender, and Transcultural
Modernism in Early Twentieth‐Century China’.” Frontiers of Literary Studies in China 8, no.
1 (2014): 1–4.
―――, ed. Forum on “Nation, Gender, and Transcultural Modernism in Early
Twentieth‐Century China.” Frontiers of Literary Studies in China 8, no. 1 (2014).