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Integration Formulas: Reciprocal Identities

The document provides formulas and identities for integration, trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions, and their relationships. Some key formulas include integrals of common trigonometric functions like sin(x), cos(x), tan(x); definitions of hyperbolic functions like sinh(x), cosh(x), tanh(x); and transformations between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions using identities.

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Cassandra Ayad
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978 views2 pages

Integration Formulas: Reciprocal Identities

The document provides formulas and identities for integration, trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions, and their relationships. Some key formulas include integrals of common trigonometric functions like sin(x), cos(x), tan(x); definitions of hyperbolic functions like sinh(x), cosh(x), tanh(x); and transformations between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions using identities.

Uploaded by

Cassandra Ayad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration Formulas 1 1

28. √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢√𝑢2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 ln|𝑢 +


2 2
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝑐 √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 | +𝑐

2. ∫(𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑐 1 1


29. ∫ √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 ln|𝑢 +
2 2
3. ∫ 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
𝑢𝑛+1 30. ∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝑐
4. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
31. ∫ sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + c
5. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 32. ∫ csch2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − coth 𝑢 + 𝑐
6. ∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑢
33. ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 du = − sech 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑢
7. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
ln 𝑎 34. ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csch 𝑢 + 𝑐
8. ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝑐 35. ∫ tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|cosh 𝑢| + 𝑐
9. ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐 36. ∫ coth 𝑢 du = ln|sinh 𝑢| + 𝑐
10. ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢| + 𝑐

11. ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝑐 Trigonometric Identities


12. ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝑐 Reciprocal Identities
13. ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢| + 𝑐 1
1. sin 𝑥 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
1
14. ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝑐 2. cos 𝑥 =
sec 𝑥
1
15. ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝑐 3. tan 𝑥 =
cot 𝑥
1 1
16. ∫ sin2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 − sin 2𝑢 + 𝑐 Tangent and Cotangent Identities
2 4
sin 𝑥
1
17. ∫ cos 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + sin 2𝑢 + 𝑐
1 1. tan 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
2 4
cos 𝑥
18. ∫ tan2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 − 𝑢 + 𝑐 2. cot 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
19. ∫ cot 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 − 𝑢 + 𝑐

20. ∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝑐 Pythagorean Identities

21. ∫ csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝑐 1. sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1


2. 1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
22. ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝑐 3. 1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 Cofunction Identities
23. ∫ = arcsin + 𝑐 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑢 =
√𝑎2 −𝑢2 𝑎
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒; 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1. sin(90 − 𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 2. csc(90 − 𝑥) = sec 𝑥
24. ∫ = arctan + 𝑐 3. sec(90 − 𝑥) = csc 𝑥
𝑎2 +𝑢2 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 4. cos(90 − 𝑥) = sin 𝑥
25. ∫ = arcsec + 𝑐 5. cot(90 − 𝑥) = tan 𝑥
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢−𝑎 Sum and Difference Formula


26. ∫ = ln | |+𝑐
𝑢2 −𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑢+𝑎

1 1 𝑢 1. sin( 𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥


27. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 + 𝑎2 arcsin + 2. sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥
2 2 𝑎
𝑐 3. cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
4. cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 4. 1 − tanh2 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥
5. tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = (tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦)⁄(1 − tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦) 5. sinh( 𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin ℎ 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
6. tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) = (tan 𝑥 − tan 𝑦)⁄(1 − tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦) 6. cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

Double – Angle Formula Double Angle Formula

1. sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥


2. cos 2𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 1. sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
3. tan 2𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ⁄(1 − tan2 𝑥) 2. cosh 2𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥

Power Reducing Formulas


1−cos 2𝑥 Pythagorean Hyperbolic Identities
1. sin2 𝑥 = 2
1+cos 2𝑥
2. cos 2 𝑥 = 1. cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
2
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2. tanh2 𝑥 + sech2 𝑥 = 1
3. tan2 𝑥 = 1+cos 2𝑥 3. coth2 𝑥 − csch2 𝑥 = 1
Product to Sum Formulas
1
1. sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 2 [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) − cos(𝑥 − 𝑦)] Sum to Product Formulas
1
2. cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = 2 [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) + cos(𝑥 − 𝑦)] 1. sinh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑦 = 2 sinh[(𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] cosh[(𝑥 − 𝑦)/2]
3. sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = 2
1
[sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)] 2. sinh 𝑥 − cosh 𝑦 = 2 cos ℎ[ (𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] sin ℎ[(𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2]
3. cosh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑦 = 2 cosh[ (𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] cosh[(𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2]
1
4. cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 2 [sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) − sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)] 4. cosh 𝑥 − cosh 𝑦 = −2 sinh[ (𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] sinh[(𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2]

Sum to Product Formulas Product to Sum Formulas

1. sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 2 sin[(𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] cos[(𝑥 − 𝑦)/2] 1. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 cosh 𝑦 = sinh(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sinh(𝑥 − 𝑦)
2. 2 cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 = sinh( 𝑥 + 𝑦) − sinh(𝑥 − 𝑦)
2. sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 = 2 cos[ (𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] sin[(𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2]
3. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦 = cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) − cosh(𝑥 − 𝑦)
3. cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 = 2 cos[ (𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] cos[(𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2] 4. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 = cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) + cosh(𝑥 − 𝑦)
4. cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = −2 sin[ (𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] sin[(𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2]
Sum and Difference Identities
1. sinh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 ± cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
Definition of Hyperbolic Function 2. cosh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 ± sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
3. tanh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = (tanh 𝑥 ± tanh 𝑦)⁄(1 ± tanh 𝑥 tanh 𝑦)
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
1. sin ℎ 𝑥 = 4. coth(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = (coth 𝑥 coth 𝑦 ± 1)⁄(coth 𝑦 ± coth 𝑥)
2

𝑒 𝑥+𝑒 −𝑥
2. cosh = Power of Hyperbolic Functions
2
cosh 2𝑥−1
1. sinh2 𝑥 = 2
sinh 𝑥
3. tanh = cosh 𝑥

cosh 2𝑥−1
1
4. csch 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 2. cosh2 𝑥 = 2

1
Double Angle Formulas
5. sech 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥
1. sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
cosh 𝑥
6. coth 𝑥 = 2. cosh 2𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 = 2 cosh2 𝑥 − 1 = 1 +
sinh 𝑥
2 sinh2 𝑥

2 tanh 𝑥 2
Hyperbolic Identities 3. tanh 2𝑥 = = coth 𝑥+tanh 𝑥
1+tanh2 𝑥

1. sinh(−𝑥 ) = − sinh 𝑥
2. cosh(−𝑥 ) = cosh 𝑥
3. cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1

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