Calculus Cheat Sheet

Integrals
Definitions
Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x )
on [ a, b ] . Divide [ a, b ] into n subintervals of is a function, F ( x ) , such that F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) .
width ∆ x and choose x from each interval. Indefinite Integral : ∫ f ( x=
) dx F ( x ) + c
*
i

where F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) .
n

∫ f ( x ) dx lim ∑ f ( xi ) ∆ x .
b
Then= *
a n →∞
i =1

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Part I : If f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] then Variants of Part I :
d u( x)
f ( t ) dt = u ′ ( x ) f u ( x ) 
g ( x ) = ∫ f ( t ) dt is also continuous on [ a, b ] dx ∫ a
x
a
d b
and g ′ ( x ) =
d x
() ( ) ∫ f ( t ) dt = −v′ ( x ) f v ( x ) 
=
dx ∫ a
f t dt f x .
dx v( x )

Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] , F ( x ) is d u( x)
f ( t ) dt u ′ ( x ) f [ u ( x ) ] − v′ ( x ) f [ v ( x ) ]
dx ∫ v( x )
=
an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx )

then ∫ f ( x=
) dx F ( b ) − F ( a ) .
b
a
Properties
∫ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx ∫ cf ( x ) dx = c ∫ f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
∫ a f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx= ∫ a f ( x ) dx ± ∫ a g ( x ) dx ∫ a cf ( x ) dx = c ∫ a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
b b b b b

∫ a f ( x ) dx = 0 dx c ( b − a )
a b
∫ c=
a

∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x )
b b

∫ a f ( x ) dx = −∫b f ( x ) dx
b a
dx
a a

f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx for any value of c.

b c b
∫=
a a c

If f ( x ) ≥ g ( x ) on a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ f ( x ) dx ≥ ∫ g ( x ) dx
b b

a a

If f ( x ) ≥ 0 on a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ f ( x ) dx ≥ 0
b

If m ≤ f ( x ) ≤ M on a ≤ x ≤ b then m ( b − a ) ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ M ( b − a )
b

Common Integrals
∫ k dx
= k x+c ∫ cos u=
du sin u + c ∫ tan
= u du ln sec u + c

∫= ∫ sin u du = ∫ sec u du= ln sec u + tan u + c

+1
x n dx n1+1 x n + c, n ≠ −1 − cos u + c

∫x = dx ∫ x=
−1
dx ln x + c 1
∫ sec u=
2
du tan u + c ∫=
1
du a tan ( ua ) + c
1 −1
a +u
2 2

∫ a x +b=dx a ln ax + b + c
1 1
∫ sec u tan u=
du sec u + c
∫ a=
1
−u2
du sin ( ua ) + c
2
−1

∫ ln u=du u ln ( u ) − u + c ∫ csc u cot udu = − csc u + c

∫ e du= e + c ∫ csc u du = − cot u + c

u u 2

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
 Calculus Cheat Sheet

Standard Integration Techniques

Note that at many schools all but the Substitution Rule tend to be taught in a Calculus II class.

g (b)
u Substitution : The substitution u = g ( x ) will convert ∫ a f ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) dx = ∫ g ( a) f ( u ) du
b
using

du = g ′ ( x ) dx . For indefinite integrals drop the limits of integration.

cos ( x 3 ) dx cos ( x 3 ) dx = ∫ ( u ) du
2 2 8
∫ 1 5x ∫ 1 5x
2 2 5
Ex. cos
1 3

u = x3 ⇒ du =3 x 2 dx ⇒ x 2 dx = 13 du ( ) ( sin (8) − sin (1) )

8
= 5
=
3 sin u 1 5
3
x = 1 ⇒ u = 1 = 1 :: x = 2 ⇒ u = 2 = 8
3 3

b b
Integration by Parts : ∫ u dv
= uv − ∫ v du and ∫ a u= − ∫ v du . Choose u and dv from
b
dv uv a a

integral and compute du by differentiating u and compute v using v = ∫ dv .

∫ xe
−x 5
Ex. dx Ex. ∫3 ln x dx
u= e− x ⇒
x dv = du = −e − x
dx v = u = ln x dv = dx ⇒ du = 1x dx v = x
∫ xe + ∫ e dx =
−x −x −x −x −x
dx =
− xe − xe −e +c
( x ln ( x ) − x ) 3
5 5 5
∫3 ln x dx = x ln x 3 − ∫ dx =
5
3

= 5ln ( 5 ) − 3ln ( 3) − 2

Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions

For ∫ sin n x cos m x dx we have the following : For ∫ tan n x sec m x dx we have the following :
1. n odd. Strip 1 sine out and convert rest to 1. n odd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and
cosines using sin x = 1 − cos x , then use
2 2
convert the rest to secants using
the substitution u = cos x . =
tan 2
x sec 2 x − 1 , then use the substitution
2. m odd. Strip 1 cosine out and convert rest u = sec x .
to sines using cos 2 x = 1 − sin 2 x , then use 2. m even. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest
the substitution u = sin x . to tangents using sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x , then
3. n and m both odd. Use either 1. or 2. use the substitution u = tan x .
4. n and m both even. Use double angle 3. n odd and m even. Use either 1. or 2.
and/or half angle formulas to reduce the 4. n even and m odd. Each integral will be
integral into a form that can be integrated. dealt with differently.
Trig Formulas : sin ( 2 x ) = 2sin ( x ) cos ( x ) , cos 2 ( =
x) x ) 12 (1 − cos ( 2 x ) )
2 (1 + cos ( 2 x ) ) , sin ( =
1 2

∫ tan ∫ cos x dx
sin5 x
3
Ex. x sec5 x dx Ex. 3

∫ tan x sec5 xdx = ∫ tan 2 x sec 4

3 2 2
∫ cos x dx ∫= dx ∫
5 4
(sin x ) sin x
x tan x sec xdx = sin x sin x sin x
dx
cos x 3 cos x 3 3

= ∫ ( sec x − 1) sec
2 4
(1−cos x ) sin x
x tan x sec xdx
( u cos x )
2 2
= ∫= dx 3

∫ ( u − 1) u du
cos x
= 2 4
(u = sec x )
= −∫
(1−u )
du = − ∫ 1−2u +u du
2 2 2 4

u u 3 3
= 17 sec7 x − 15 sec5 x + c
= 12 sec 2 x + 2 ln cos x − 12 cos 2 x + c

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins