Installation and

Unit
2 Configuration of
Operating System

Introduction
Any computer system has an operating system. The user
interacts with the machine via the operating system.
An operating system (OS) is the software that provides
an interface between the computer hardware and the
application programs or users. An operating system is
responsible for the management and coordination of
activities and sharing of the resources in computer. The
OS acts as a host for application programs that are run
on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an
OS is to handle the details of the operation of computer
hardware. OS offers a number of services to application
programs and users. Users may also interact with the OS
by commands or using a graphical user interface (GUI).
There are various types of operating systems, but all
of them essentially perform the same functions. This
Unit gives an overview of operating systems. Common OS
include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The
installation process of Microsoft Windows 10 and Ubuntu
Linux operating system is illustrated in this Unit. This will
enable the students to gain fundamental knowledge and
skills required to install and configure Windows 10 and
Ubuntu Linux operating systems.
 4
Chapter

Introduction
Introduction to Operating System

As you know that, CPU is the main processing unit

of a computer. It processes the data based on the
instructions received. Even for a simple calculation, it
performs a series of instructions. Also, operating the
several peripheral devices attached to, the computer
requires executing certain instructions. The computer
system has several resources such as a CPU, memory,
storage devices, and network devices. All these resources
are accessed by several users and several programs. The
CPU manages all these resources.
A computer also requires a basic user interface to
interact with the user and provides consistent support
to the processor, memory, and devices. An operating
system (OS) is a software that satisfies all these needs of
the user.
In this Chapter, we will discuss the components of
operating system, the different types of operating systems
and the functions of operating system. A brief description
of some operating systems is also given.

Overview of Operating System

A computer cannot perform any tasks on its own. In any
computing process, both the hardware and software
work together to accomplish a task. This applies to all
the computing devices, including basic calculators,
watches, mobile devices, and any other gadgets which
use hardware components as well as integrated software
components. Different files which are interrelated and
accomplish a certain set of tasks make up the operating
system. These files are system level files which do
scheduling, interrupting, data transferring, managing
the flow of data, and are a low level software component
of the computer itself. The standard definition of an
operating system would be — an operating system is a
set of program files which control the resources of the

Unit 2.indd 67 09-Oct-19 9:59:33 AM

 Notes computer system and allows the communication of
hardware components of a computer to the software
components of the computer system.
An operating system is one of the essential and
important software installed in every computer. A
computer is useless without an operating system. The
operating system is like a resource manager. It controls
and manages all the computer resources including
hardware and software. Computer system mainly has
four types of resources. These are CPU or processor,
main memory or RAM, secondary storage, and the input
output devices.

Booting Process of Operating System

When you start the computer, it is observed that some
initial text information is displayed on the screen. This
is displayed by the firmware. The booting instructions
are stored in ROM (read‑only memory). Then the booting
process starts. After booting, an operating system gets
loaded in the main memory (RAM) of the computer. Let
us understand the complete booting process.
• When you power on the computer, the CPU
(central processing unit) activates the BIOS (basic
input output system).
• The first program activated is POST (power on self-
test). Using the CMOS (complementary metal oxide
semiconductor) memory it checks all the hardware
and confirms that they are functioning properly.
• After that it reads the MBR (master boot record)
in boot drive in accordance with the firmware
‘bootstrap loader’ which is provided by the
computer manufacturer.
• Then the computer loads in the operating system
in boot drive to the RAM.
• Once this is performed, the operating system takes
over the control of the computer and displays an
user interface to the user.

Functions or Tasks of the Operating System

The operating system is a large and complex software
consisting of several components. Different components

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 User
tion softw
p lica ar Application
Ap ating syst e
er I/O management
Op

em
Hardware Device drivers
Memory management
CPU management
Hardware

Fig. 4.1: Resource management

of OS perform specific tasks to provide overall

functionality of the operating system. Figure 4.1 shows
the interconnection between resource management in
the computer.
Operating system is a large and complex software
consisting of several components. Each component of
the operating system has its own set of defined inputs
and outputs. Different components of OS perform
specific tasks to provide the overall functionality of the
operating system.
The main functions performed by the operating
system are as follows:

I/O Management Input/Output or Input/Output

Input/Output (IO) is the basic event completion or event wait
Waiting
process in any computing
device. OS manages I/O
devices and makes the I/O Interrupted
process effective. It allows Ready Running
interaction with I/O devices Dispatch
using commands. OS accepts
Exit
inputs from the input device, Admitted
stores it in the main memory,
asks the CPU to process it, New Terminated
and finally, provides the result
to the output device.
Fig. 4.2: Input/Output management

Data Management
In a computer, the data or programs are stored in a file.
The data is managed by performing various operations
on a file such as creating, updating, reading, writing,

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 storing, and deletion. These tasks are performed by
using the commands of the operating system. Thus, the
operating system functions for data management.

Create

Update

Ex.txt

File system

Fig. 4.3: Data management

Memory Management
Every computer has a primary memory (RAM). This
memory should be managed properly for efficient
functioning of the computer. Operating system loads
the data and programs into RAM before sending it to the
CPU for processing. The results obtained after processing
are also stored in RAM
OS OS OS before sending it to the
output devices. After
Process 1 Process 1 Process 1 sending the output
Process 2 Process 4 to output device, OS
terminates starts
Process 2
releases the memory and
Process 2
makes it available for
use to other programs.
Process 3 Process 3 Process 3
Thus, operating system
utilises the RAM
Fig. 4.4: Memory management
efficiently to manage the
memory for various processes. The activities of memory
management are  — allocate memory, free memory,
re-allocate memory, and keep track of memory usage.

Process Management
Every job to be performed by the computer system is
scheduled in the form of processes. These processes are

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 managed by the operating system. Allocation of a CPU
to the processes and making the CPU free when the
process is executed is also performed by the operating
system. The process management activities handled by
the OS are :
1. control access to shared resources like file,
memory, I/O, and CPU,
2. control execution of applications,
3. create, execute, and delete a process (system
process or user process),
4. cancel or resume a process,
5. schedule a process,
6. synchronisation, communication, and deadlock
handling for processes.

Start Ready Running Terminated

Wait

Fig. 4.5: Process management

Device Management
Operating system manages the
peripheral devices attached I/O Command
to the computer system. The
CPU I/O Device
processes may require certain
devices. Operating system finds
the status of the device and
allocates the appropriate device.
Data Data
Device controllers are used to
control the peripheral devices
and device drivers are used to
control software components. Memory
The device management tasks
Fig. 4.6: Device management
handled by OS are:
(1) open, close and write the device driver;
(2) communicate, control and monitor the device
driver.

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 File Management
Every computer system consists
Root of a large number of files. A user
directory
has to access these files whenever
required. Operating system
performs file management.
f1 f2
File management includes
d1 d2 d3
storage and backups of the files,
accessing files, handling files
and their properties, performing
d4 f3 d5 d6 d8 f4 d9 file operations. Location of the
file, size, its uses, and status
are maintained by the operating
system. Whenever a process
f5 f6 f7 f8 d7 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13
requires a file allocation, then the
Fig. 4.7: File management
file is searched and it is allocated
to that process. Whenever the
process is completed, then the file allocation is removed.
Operating system also prevents the file from viruses
or unauthorised access. The file management tasks
include:
1. create and delete files,
2. provide access to files,
3. allocate space for files,
4. keep back-up of files,
5. secure files.

Time Sharing Management

I/O request Computer network allows the use
Running Blocked of the computing power of the
server to a number of users through
Time out
network operating systems. In network
Dispatch environment, each user is allocated a certain
I/O Complete amount of time to access the hardware.
Ready This access time is moved from one user to
another user very fast so that every user has
Fig. 4.8: Time sharing management a feel to access the computer for all the time.
This time sharing management between the number of
users of the computer hardware is performed by the
operating systems.

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 Security Management
In this, the security of one user is protected from other
users. Operating system provides security to the data
and programs of the user. User authentication, file
attributes like read, write, encryption, and back-up of
data are used by OS to provide basic protection.

Deadlock Prevention Holds

Resource A
In a multi-programming environment, Process 1 Waits
multiple processes may try to access the
resource. A deadlock is a situation when a Waits
process waits endlessly for the requested
Holds
resource which is being used by another
Process 2
process that is waiting for some other Resource B
resource (Figure 4.9).
Fig. 4.9: Deadlock prevention
Virtual Storage
In a multiprogramming system, many Virtual Physical
Memory Memory
programs are located in the memory
along with the operating system. Some
applications require large memory as
the whole program cannot be loaded
into the memory. If the program is
larger than the main memory, then the
operating system uses free space of
the secondary memory which is known
as virtual memory and the secondary
storage used for storing which is
known as virtual storage. Virtual Secondary
memory allows the execution of those Memory
processes that are not completely in
the memory. Fig. 4.10: Virtual storage

Providing User Friendly Interface

One of the important functions of the operating system
is to provide the user interface. The user interface is a
set of commands or a graphical user interface through
which the user interacts with the applications and
the hardware. There are two types of user interfaces
provided by the operating systems. They are:

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 1. command line interface – CLI
2. graphical user interface – GUI

Command Line Interface (CLI)

The CLI has a command prompt from where you can issue
a command. The CLI accepts the text based commands
on the command line or terminal and
executes them. In CLI, the correct syntax
of commands has to be used, hence the
commands need to be remembered by the
user. CLI was used by the operating system
of the early days. Operating systems — DOS
and Unix are the examples of CLI. In using
command line interface, the correct syntax
has to be used.

Fig. 4.11: Command line interface (CLI) Graphical User Interface (GUI)
The modern operating systems such as
Windows, Linux, and Mac all use GUI.
GUI is easy to operate and user-friendly.
GUI provides the ability to use the mouse
or fingertips to navigate the commands.
It becomes easy to interact with the
computers. The operating system with GUI
uses four components to interact with the
Fig. 4.12: Graphical user interface (GUI) screen system. These are abbreviated as WIMP
(windows, icons, menus, and pointer).

Types of operating systems

Operating systems are normally preloaded on the
computer that you purchase. But it is possible to
upgrade or install the operating system on your
computer. There are three most common types of
operating systems—Microsoft Windows, Mac OX, and
Linux. For mobile devices, such as smartphones and
tablet computers, the commonly used operating systems
are Apple iOS and Google Android.

Microsoft Windows
It is a graphical user interface (GUI) based operating
system. A typical desktop image of a computer system

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 on which a Microsoft Window 10 is installed is shown in
Figure 4.13.
In this GUI system, all the programs
or commands of the operating system are
available in the form of icons, buttons, and
menus. Everything within the operating
system is clearly displayed on the screen
by making a combination of graphics
and text. Whenever we want to execute
any command or program, then the
corresponding icon needs to be clicked.
There are various versions of Microsoft
Fig. 4.13: Microsoft Windows 10 screen
Windows OS available. Most recent
version of Microsoft Windows OS is Windows 10, which
was released in 2015. The earlier versions are Windows
8, released in 2010, and Windows 7, released in 2009.
Microsoft Windows is one of the most popular operating
systems.

Mac OS
It is an operating system that is created by
Apple. It is a preloaded OS on Macintosh
computer or Macs. A typical image of a
Mac desktop is shown in Figure 4.14.
Observe that this operating system also
has a graphical user interface (GUI). But
the GUI of Mac OS is different from that
of Microsoft Windows. All the commands
and programs available in Mac OS are
displayed in the form of icons or buttons.
By clicking appropriate buttons, we can Fig. 4.14: Mac OS screen
execute that program.
There are various versions of Mac OS. Most recent
version of Mac OS is OS X which is pronounced as OS
10. The latest version released on 24 September 2018
is Mac OS 10.14 and is named as Mojave (Liberty). The
earlier versions of Mac OS are OS X 10.11: El Capitan
(Gala) released on 30 September 2015, OS X 10.10:
Yosemite (Syrah) released on 16 October 2014, OS X
10.9 Mavericks (Cabernet) released on 22 October
2013, OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion (Zinfandel) released

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 on 25 July 2012, and OS X 10.7 Lion
(Barolo) released on 20 July 2011.

Linux
It is a family of open source operating
systems. It means that it can be modified
and distributed by anyone around the
world. Earlier OS that we have discussed
such as Windows and Mac OS are
proprietary software. It means that they
can be modified only by the company
Fig. 4.15: Ubuntu Linux OS screen that owns it. Whenever you want to use
proprietary software on your computer
system, you need to purchase it by
paying a cost so that you can get a user
Main Memory license. Linux is a freeware, meaning
that you need not to pay any cost and
Operating
System
Waiting for CPU you can use it on your computer system.
Job A A typical desktop image that runs Linux
is shown in Figure 4.15. Observe that
Job E
Job B Linux is also available in the form of
GUI. Every program in the Linux OS is
Executing
Job D Job C displayed in the form of an icon, button,
or graphics. By clicking on the icon or
Secondary button, we can execute that program.
Writing output Storage
There are many distributors of Linux, for
Fig. 4.16: Multi-programming with three programs
example Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora,
Suse, Red Hat, and so on.

Classification of OS
Task 1 Operating systems can be classified based
on the following:

Task 2
Word Classification based on
Processing Method
Browser OS
Task 3 Multi-programming OS
CPU
In this, two or more programs are executed
Excel simultaneously by a single processor. It is
Fig. 4.17: Multitasking with three programs used in a multi-user environment.

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 Multitasking OS I/O units I/O units I/O units

It is capable of running several tasks or

programs at the same time. Most of the CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 3
present operating systems like Microsoft process A process B process C
Windows, Linux, and Mac OS are running running running

multitasking operating systems.

Multiprocessing OS
Operating System
It supports running a program in more process A running
than one CPU. Two or more processors process B running
process C running
(CPU) are used to control the different process D in queue
activities or execution of many program process E in queue
instructions simultaneously. Servers are Memory

designed to support multiple processors. Fig. 4.18: Multiprocessing OS

UNIX is an example of multiprocessing
OS.

Time-sharing system
In this, the processor is shared among
User 4
many users. The CPU switches so rapidly
User 3
from one user to another, that every
user gets the impression of getting the
services of CPU for all the time.
User 5
User 2
Multithreading OS
Active
This has the ability to divide the process CPU
CPU Link
into sub-processes known as threads
and execute them concurrently. Threads User 1 User 6
are individual processes that execute Fig. 4.19: Time sharing system
simultaneously in multi-tasking OS.

Batch processing OS Job 1 Batch 1

Jobs +Job 1
+Job 4
In this, similar jobs are grouped together Job 2
Job 3
for processing. It consists of programs, Batch 2
data, and system commands. The time Job 4 Operator Jobs +Job 5
+Job 3
Computer

taken between job submission and job Job 5

+Job 2

completion is very high. It is suitable for

programs with large computation time
Fig. 4.20: Batch processing
where user involvement is not necessary.

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 Data
Examples are payroll,
base forecasting, and statistical
server
analysis.

Transaction Transaction Online processing

processing processing
operating system
In this, transactions are
Central processed immediately
processing
and output is provided
to the user. Most of the
Fig. 4.21: Online processing present systems use
online processing. Bank
transactions are an example of online processing
system.

Real-time OS
This method receives data, processes it, and returns
results quickly to affect the functioning of the system at
that time. It is an online processing system where the
processing time is critical. Monitoring and controlling
nuclear power stations, rocket launching systems, are
examples of real time systems.

Classification of OS based on User Interface

As we have already learned, there are two types of
user interface. One is command line interface (CLI)
and other is graphical user interface (GUI). The
operating system is also classified on the basis of
user interface.

Classification of OS based on Mode of User

Under this classification, the OS is classified as single
user or multi-user.

Single user OS
The majority of small microcomputer based systems
have single user OS, which allows a single user to
operate the machine in an interactive mode. It allows
only one user program to use the system. MS-DOS, PC-
Fig. 4.22: Single user OS DOS are single user operating system.

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 Multi-user OS
A multi-user OS allows two or more users to run
programs at the same time. The multi-user OS shares
computer resources among these users, allowing each a
small slice of the processor time. This concept is known
as time sharing. Example of multi-user OS are UNIX,
LINUX.

Central
server
Terminals

A B C D E F

Fig. 4.23: Multi‑user OS

Components of Operating System

We identify the operating system by its user interface.
The look or initial screen of various operating systems
looks different, but architectural view of the various
operating systems remains the same. There are
essentially three components of operating system as
described below:
1. the device driver
2. the kernel
3. the shell

The Device Driver

This component is close to computer hardware. The
device drivers are required for proper functioning
of the devices attached to the computer system.
These drivers can be installed or uninstalled as
and when required. The kernel uses it for operating
and controlling.

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 Kernel The Kernel
It is the core of the operating
system. It performs all the
Shell Program Program ........ Program Program
major functions of the operating
system. It manages resources,
User controls program execution, and
schedules program execution. It
is the main operating system. It
Device Device Device Device Device detects the new hardware when
driver driver driver ........ driver driver
attached and installs the device
driver for it to function properly.
Hardware
The Shell
Fig. 4.24: Components of OS
We identify the operating
system by how the shell looks. It provides the user
interface to interact with the kernel and hardware.
There are two types of user interface — command line
interface (CLI) and graphical user interface (GUI) as
explained in the Chapter earlier.

The File System

The operating system provides a file system interface
to secondary storage. A file system contains files and
directories (folders). Directory is a container that
may contain files and other directories known as
subdirectories. A file is the basic unit secondary data
storage on computers. Any data is stored in a file in the
file system. The file has two components, file name and
extension. File system that is stored on the disk may
have a large number of files and/or directories. Every
file system starts with a root directory.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
1. Operating system loads in _______________.
(a) RAM (b) CMOS
(c) ROM (d) CPU
2. What is an operating system?
(a) Collection of programs that manages hardware
resources

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 (b) System service provider to the application programs Notes
(c) Link to interface the hardware and application
programs
(d) All of the mentioned
3. Which operating system allows multiple users
simultaneously?
(a) Multi-user OS (b) Multi-tasking OS
(c) Real time OS (d) All of these
4. Logical extension of multi-programming operating
system is _______________.
(a) time sharing (b) multi-tasking
(c) single programming (d) Both (a) and (b)
5. When a computer starts, operating system checks all
the _______________ and loads their drivers so a user can
work properly.
(a) programs (b) devices
(c) drivers (d) network
6. _______________ creates a link between a user and the
computer.
(a) Device driver (b) Utilities
(c) Operating system (d) Image view
7. Multi-processor system has a _______________.
(a) small system (b) tightly coupled system
(c) loosely coupled system (d) macro system
8. Which one of the following error will be handled by the
operating system?
(a) Power failure
(b) Lack of paper in printer
(c) Connection failure in the network
(d) All of the above mentioned
9. By operating system, the resource management can be
done via _______________.
(a) time division multiplexing
(b) space division multiplexing
(c) Both time and space division multiplexing
(d) None of the mentioned
10. _______________ is the most popular type of operating
system for personal computers.
(a) Linux (b) Unix
(c) Microsoft Windows (d) Mac OS

B. Fill in the blanks

1. Microsoft Windows is a graphical user interface (GUI)
_______________.
2. Mac OS is an operating system that is created by
_______________.
3. Linux is a family of _______________ operating systems
4. In multi-programming OS, two or more programs are
executed simultaneously by _______________ processor.

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 Notes 5. A multi-processing OS supports running a program in
more than one _______________.
6. The similar jobs grouped together for processing is called
_______________.
7. Bank transaction is an example of _______________
processing system.
8. A multi-user OS allows two or more users to run
programs at the _______________.
9. The look or initial screen of various operating systems
looks _______________.
10. The kernel is the core of _______________.
11. The shell provides the user interface to interact with the
kernel and _______________.
12. The operating system provides a file system interface to
_______________ storage.
13. A file system contains files and _______________.

C. Short answer questions

1. What is an operating system?
2. List the various types of operating systems.
3. Describe the booting process of the operating system.
4. List the main function of the OS.
5. What are tasks of the operating system?
6. What is an interface and why it is an important aspect in
the operating system?
7. Describe different types of operating systems.
8. Discuss different categories of operating systems.
9. What is single user and single task OS?
10. What is single user and multitasking OS?
11. What is time sharing?
12. What is a multi-user OS?
13. What is a multiprocessing OS?
14. Give one example each of OS using CLI and GUI interfaces.
15. What do you mean by a CLI interface?
16. What do you mean by a GUI interface?
17. What are the major components of an operating system?
18. Why is the file system important in an operating system?
19. Define real time operating systems with an example.

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 5
Chapter

Introduction
Installation
Windows 10
and Configuration of

Windows 10 operating system is available for many devices

such as phones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers. It
is also available in multiple editions and in both 32-bit and
64-bit versions. First, one needs to choose the appropriate
edition and architecture of Windows to provide the necessary
features, such as Secure Boot, Client Hyper-V, Cortana,
and others. It is also important to verify the compatibility
of existing hardware such as printers, scanners, and other
peripherals with Windows 10.
In a new computer, a clean installation of Windows
10 is the perferred option. For a new computer, the user
needs to select another appropriate installation option
as per their requirements. This installation will resolve
startup and shut down problems as well as memory
usage and app issues. Also, you can get rid of viruses
and other types of malware, fix system corruption, and
improve battery life.

Windows 10 System Requirements

Today’s modern computers are capable of installing
Windows 10. However, if you wish to check the hardware
requirements of old computers, check the minimum
hardware requirements as follows:
1. processor: 1 gigahertz (Ghz) or faster processor
2. memory: 1GB RAM for 32-bit or 2GB RAM for 64-
bit
3. storage: 16 GB of disk space for 32-bit or 20 GB
for 64-bit
4. graphics card: DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0
driver
5. display: 800x600 pixels
It is also recommended to have an internet
connection to download and install updates.

Unit 2.indd 83 09-Oct-19 10:00:03 AM

 Notes Windows 10 Upgrade or Clean Installation
It is possible to upgrade Windows 10 on the existing
computers or you can choose the clean installation.
If you have the licensed copy of Windows 7, then it is
possible to upgrade it to Windows 10. You can choose
any one of the following three methods for upgrading to
Windows 10:
Inplace upgrade: The existing operating system can
be updated to Windows 10 without destroying the user
data and settings. It is the recommended and most
preferred method for most of the users who wish to
upgrade to Windows 10 in the existing hardware. In
this method, Windows 10 setup program automatically
retains the settings. It is important to backup user data
files before starting the upgrade to avoid possible data
loss. A procedure for inplace upgrade is as below:
1. check whether the computer meets minimum
hardware requirements for Windows 10 and that
supports all hardware,
2. verify that all the applications work on Windows 10,
3. back up the user’s data files,
4. run the setup.exe program on the Windows 10
product DVD,
5. choose ‘upgrade’ when prompted and complete
the setup wizard.
Side-by-side migration: In this method, the source and
destination computers are different. You need to install
Windows 10 on a new computer and then migrate the
data and user setting from the earlier operating system
to the new computer.
Wipe-and-load migration: In this method, you have
to back up the user data and settings to an external
location and then install Windows 10 on the existing
computer. After that you have to restore the user data
and settings.

Windows 10 editions
This comes in various editions ranging from a single
device to large enterprise. The specific editions of
Windows 10 are listed below:

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 Windows 10 Home: It is designed for home users and Notes
includes features such as Microsoft Edge, Continuum
tablet mode for touch devices, Cortana, Windows Hello,
virtual desktops and number of built-in Windows apps
such as Photos, Maps, Calendar, Music, and Video. In
Windows 10 Home, you cannot control updates as of the
earlier Windows and these are received automatically.
Windows 10 Pro: It includes the same features as
in Windows 10 Home with some additional features,
such as, Domain Join and Group Policy Management,
Microsoft Azure Active Directory Join, BitLocker,
Enterprise Mode for Internet Explorer 11, Client
Hyper-V, Microsoft Store for organisations, Windows
Information Protection (WIP). In Windows 10 Pro,
updates are provided more quickly.
Windows 10 Enterprise: It provides some more
additional features other than those provided by
Windows 10 Pro including Direct Access, Windows To
Go Creator, AppLocker, Branch Cache, start screen
control with Group Policy, Windows Defender Credential
Guard and Windows Defender Device Guard.
Windows 10 Education: It provides the same features
as Windows 10 Enterprise, but does not support
for LTSC. Windows 10 Education is only available
through Academic Volume Licensing.
Windows 10 Mobile: It is designed for phones and
smaller tablets. It offers the same features as that of
Windows 10 Home desktop edition.
Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise: It offers features
similar to Windows 10 Mobile. It provides security
updates more quickly. It is available only to Volume
Licensing customers.
Windows 10 Business Edition: Microsoft also provides
a special Windows 10 Business edition, which is
included as a part of Microsoft 365 Business.

32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows 10

All desktop editon of Windows 10 come in 32-bit and
64-bit. The 64-bit versions of Windows 10 provides the
following advantages:

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 Notes Memory: The 64-bit versions of Windows 10 can
address more physical memory than 32-bit versions.
32-bit versions are limited to 4GB of RAM, whereas 64-
bit versions have no such limitation.
Security: Features such as Kernel Patch Protection,
mandatory kernel-mode driver signing, and Data
Execution Prevention (DEP).
Client Hyper-V: This feature is only available on 64-bit
versions of Windows 10.
Performance: The 64 bit processors can handle more
data during each CPU clock cycle.

General features
The following general features of Windows 10 provide
general usability and functional improvements:
Client Hyper-V: enables to create, manage, and run
virtual machines. For this feature, you should have a 64-
bit version of Windows 10 Pro or Windows 10 Enterprise
edition, a computer that supports SLAT, additional 2
GB of physical memory to support running the virtual
machines.
Cortana: you can use Cortana as a digital assistant to
control Windows 10 and perform tasks such as writing
email, setting reminders, and performing web searches.
Since Cortana is voice-activated and controlled,
Windows 10 device requires a microphone.
Continuum: Windows 10 is available on a variety
of devices types and form factors. With Continuum,
Microsoft endeavors to optimise the user experience
across device types by detecting the hardware on your
device and changing to that hardware. For example,
Windows 10 determines when you are using a non-touch
desktop computer and enables traditional interaction
with the operating system by use of a mouse. For users
of hybrid devices, such as the new Microsoft Surface
Pro, when you disconnect a keyboard cover, Windows
10 switches to tablet mode. When you use Windows 10
Mobile, Continuum enables you to use a second external
display and optimises app behaviour on that display.

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 Miracast: Windows 10 uses Miracast to connect your
Windows device wirelessly to an external monitor
or projector. The only thing you need is a Miracast
compatible external monitor or projector.
Touch: Windows 10, like Windows 8 before it, is a touch-
centric operating system. Although you do not need a
touch device to use Windows 10, some features are made
more usable through the use of touch. To use touch, your
tablet or display monitor must support touch.
OneDrive: users of OneDrive are entitled to 5 GB free
online storage. OneDrive provides this storage. It is built
into the Windows 10 operating system like any other
type of storage, and consequently, it is easy to use. You
must have a Microsoft account to use OneDrive.
Sync your settings: when you use more than one
Windows 10 device, it is convenient for your user
settings to move with you to the new device. You can
use the ‘Sync Your Settings’ feature of Windows 10 to
ensure that settings such as theme, Internet Explorer
and Edge settings (including favorites), passwords,
language, and ease of access are synchronised between
your devices. You must have a Microsoft account to use
this feature.

Configuring Correct Boot Order

The operating system Windows 10 has
been provided to you on a DVD media.
If not, then prepare the bootable media
DVD or USB pen drive by using the
standard process. Set the boot order first
according to installation media that you
are using for installation.
Inside the BIOS interface, look for the
‘Boot’ menu (Figure 5.1), and configure
the boot order to start from the DVD
or USB drive according to installation
media. Save the new changes.
The bootable media can be prepared
by using the windows tool or Microsoft
Fig. 5.1: BIOS PC Windows 10
Media Creation Tool or third-party tools
like Rufus, Yumi.

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 Performing a Clean Installation of Windows 10
To perform a clean installation of Windows 10, insert a
bootable media DVD or USB pen drive in your computer
system, and press any key to boot from the bootable
disk as shown in Figure 5.2. Let the disk allow the
loading of the setup file as shown in Figure 5.3. Follow
the steps below for clean installation of Windows 10.

Fig. 5.2: Press any key for booting Fig. 5.3: Loading setup file

(i) Insert a bootable media DVD or USB pen drive

in your computer system. Provide the details
of language, time zone, and keyboard layout
as shown in Figure 5.4. Then click on the
‘Next’ button.
(ii) Click the ‘Install now’ button as shown in
Figure 5.5.

Fig. 5.4: Select language, time, and currency Fig. 5.5: Installation window and input

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 (iii) In the next window, you will be asked to enter
the product key. Enter it and click on the ‘Next’
button to proceed. In case you don’t have the
product key currently, then you can skip to enter
the product key by clicking on the option ‘I don’t
have a product key’ to continue the installation
as shown in Figure 5.7 below.

Fig. 5.6: Collecting information Fig. 5.7: Product key window

(iv) A new window as shown in Figure 5.8 will appear

where you have to accept the licence terms by
putting the tick () on the checkbox ‘I accept the
license terms’.
(v) Click the ‘Next’ button as shown in Figure 5.8.
(vi) Click on the ‘Custom: Install Windows only
(advanced)’ option as shown in Figure 5.9.

Fig. 5.8: License terms Fig. 5.9: Selecting installation setup window

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 (vii) Select the partition with the
current installation of Windows
(usually “Drive 0”), and click the
‘Delete’ button to remove it from
the hard drive.
(viii) Click the ‘Yes’ button to confirm
the deletion.
(ix) Select the empty drive (‘Drive 0
Unallocated Space’) and click
on the ‘Next’ button as shown in
Fig. 5.10: Partition window Figure 5.11.
(x) After completion of these steps, the
set-up will proceed to install Windows
10 as shown in Figure 5.12.

Fig. 5.11: Drive 0 unallocated Space Fig. 5.12: Installing Windows

(xi) After complete installation, the initial,

window will appear on the computer
screen as shown in Figure 5.13.

Post Installation Tasks

After installation of Windows 10, you need
to perform certain post installation tasks.
(i) Check whether Windows is activated or
not. To confirm that you’re running
Fig. 5.13: Home window of Windows 10
an activated copy of Windows 10,
open ‘Settings’. For this, press the windows key
and type settings in the textbox. The Windows
setting will be displayed as shown in Figure 5.14.

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 (ii) Click on ‘Update & Security’ as shown in
Figure 5.15.

Fig. 5.14: Window setting Fig. 5.15: Selecting update and security

(iii) Click on ‘Activation’ as shown in Figure 5.16.

(iv) Under the
‘Activation’
head, Windows
edition and
activation status
is displayed as
‘Windows is
activated with a
digital license’
as shown in
Figure 5.16. This
confirms that Fig. 5.16: Selecting activation
your Windows
10 is activated.
Instead of this
if it shows
the message
‘Windows is
not activated’,
then you need
to activate the
Window by
entering the
product key. Fig. 5.17: Selecting activation

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 To install the latest updates:
(i) Open ‘Settings’ as
shown in Figure 5.14.
(ii) Click on ‘Update &’
Security’ as shown in
Figure 5.15.
(iii) Click on ‘Windows
Update’ as shown in
Figure 5.18.

Region and language

support in Windows 10
Fig. 5.18: Click on ‘Windows update’ Windows 10 supports 111
languages of 190 countries
and regions. If you want to change the language, you can
download any of the additional languages for Windows
10. The following activity demonstrates how to add an
input language to your PC.

Practical Activity
Configure Windows 10 for language support
1. Open ‘Settings’> ‘Time and Language’> ‘Region & Language’.
2. Under ‘Languages’ select ‘Add a Language’.
3. Select the language you want to use from the list, as shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1: Time and language window

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 4. Windows 10 searches ‘Windows Update’ for the desired language and then installs it
on your computer.

Fig. 2: Selecting ‘Windows update’ Fig. 3: Check for updates

5. Click the ‘Check for updates’ button as shown in Figure 3.

Device driver
1. To confirm that all the
device drivers have
been installed correctly,
invoke the ‘Device
Manager’ through the
Windows key as shown
in Figure 5.19.
2. Search for ‘Device Fig. 5.19: Invoke device manager through the
Manager’ as shown in Windows key

Figure 5.20. The device

manager window will
open as shown in
Figure 5.21.
3. Observe that the drivers
for all the devices are
installed. In the case
of any missing driver,
download the latest
available driver for the
device manufacturer and
install it. Fig. 5.20: Search device manager

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 Windows 10 automatically updates the
device driver. If you do not want to update the
device driver, then you can turn off the automatic
installation of device driver. The following activity
will demonstrate how to turn on or off the automatic
installation of device driver.

Practical Activity
Turning off automatic installation of device driver
1. Open ‘Control Panel’, click on ‘Devices and Printers’.
2. The icons of the various devices will be displayed.
Right-click on the ‘Desktop’ icon. The Desktop icon
shows your computer name. Then select and click
on the ‘Device installation settings’, as shown in
Fig. 5.21: Device manager
window Figure 1.
3. ‘Device installation settings’ dialog box will appear
as shown in Figure 2. By default the ‘Yes’ option is
selected. Choose the option ‘No’ and then click on the
‘Save Changes’ button.

Fig. 1: Disabling the automatic device driver software installation

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 4. The changes will be saved which will turn off the
automatic updates.

Fig. 2: Device installation settings dialog box

Static IP address configuration in Windows 10

To access Internet on your computer, you need
to configure the network settings in Windows.
Internet connection availability and access in Fig. 5.22: Selecting network access option
Windows is indicated via an icon residing on the
taskbar. If you see a yellow triangle exclamation
mark on the network icon, it means that, it has
limited network connectivity.
(i) Right-click the network icon in the taskbar
and select ‘Open Network & Internet
Fig. 5.23: Open ‘Network & Internet
settings’ as shown in Figure 5.23. settings’

Fig. 5.24: Open Ethernet setting Fig. 5.25: Change adapter options

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 (ii) In the ‘Open Network & Internet
Setting’ window, click on ‘Ethernet’
as shown in Figure 5.24, to see the
settings of your connection. You can
change the related settings as shown in
Figure 5.25.
(iii) Right click your active network adapter
and choose ‘Properties’, as shown in
Figure 5.26.
(iv) Under ‘This connection is using the
following items’, double click on
‘Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/
IPv4)’, as shown in Figure 5.27 to
Fig. 5.26: Ethernet properties change the current IP address and the
DNS server.
(v) Select ‘Use the following IP address’ as shown
in Figure 5.29, and you will be able to edit the
IP and DNS fields. You should know what IP
address to put as the gateway and subnet mask.
(vi) Enter the valid IP address, subnet mask, and
default getaway as shown in Figure 5.29.

Fig. 5.27: Selecting IPv4 Fig. 5.28: IPv4 properties Fig. 5.29: Giving IP address

(vii) You can see the network connection details by

clicking on the ‘Details’ as shown in Figure 5.30.
The connection details will be displayed as
shown in Figure 5.31.

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 Fig. 5.30: Ethernet status Fig. 5.31: Network connection details

Installing printer
A printer is essentially required for taking print outs
from the computer. The following activity illustrates the
installation of a printer in Windows 10.

Practical Activity
Installation of printer
Step 1: Click and run setup .exe file of printer as shown in
Figure 1. The setup.exe file will extract as shown in
Figure 2.

Fig. 1: Run printer .exe setup file

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 Notes

Fig. 2: Setup extracting Window

Step 2: Click on install button as shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 3: HP Printer Installation

Step 3: Click on ‘Add another printer’ as shown in Figure 4.

Fig. 4: Connect device window

Step 4: Check whether device is connected or not.

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 Notes

Fig. 5: Connect device window

Fig. 6: Installing driver

Fig. 7: Successfully setup completed

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 Practical Activity
Installation of Scanner
Scanner is another important peripheral commonly required by the user. The following
activity illustrates the installation of scanner in Windows 10.

Installation of Scanner
Step 1:  Run Scanner setup.exe file as
shown in Figure 1. The setup.
exe file will extract as shown in
Figure 2.

Fig. 2: Scanner setup.exe extracting window

Step 2:  Click on install software as

shown Figure 3.
Step 3:  A new window as shown in
Figure 6 will appear where you
have to accept the license terms
and by putting the tick () on
the checkbox ‘I have reviewed
Fig. 1: Run scanner setup.exe file and accept the installation
agreements and settings’.

Fig. 3: HP driver installation window

Fig. 4: Checking system

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 Fig. 5: Scanjet permission — allow all installation
Fig. 6: Accepting ‘End User license Agreement’
process window

Fig. 7: Ready to install

Fig. 8: Installing software

Fig. 9: Connect scanner to PC

Fig. 10: Successful setup installation

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 Fig. 11: HP Scanjet Window.jpg
Step 4:  Connect your scanner to PC.

Installation of antivirus software

It is essential to install an antivirus software to protect
your computer from viruses and worms. The antivirus
software should also be updated from time to time.
Use only one antivirus program in a computer system.
More than one antivirus program can cause problems.
There are various free as well as paid antivirus software
available in the market. For example,
Microsoft Security Essential, Quick
Heal, Kaspersky, AVG, F-Secure,
Norton, McAfee, bit defender, Avast,
and Avira as shown in Figure 5.32.
You can choose any one of these
as per your choice. The installation
process of ‘Quick Heal Total
Security’ antivirus is given below as
Fig. 5.32: Types of Antivirus software an example.
System requirements
To use Quick Heal Total Security antivirus, your system
must meet the following minimum requirements  : 
(However, a higher configuration will give better results.)

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 1.
CD/DVD Drive
2.
Internet Explorer 6 or later
3.
Internet connection to receive updates
4.
For Microsoft Windows 10, 1 gigahertz or faster
CPU with 1GB RAM for 32 bit and 2 GB RAM for
64 bit operating system.
Before installing an antivirus program consider
following the points:
1. close all open applications, browsers, programs,
and documents for uninterrupted installation,
2. ensure that you have administrative rights for
installing ‘Quick Heal’ antivirus.

Practical Activity
Standard installation of Quick Heal Total Security
Step 1.  First, download the antivirus installer from the Quick Heal website. Click on the
download button to download the software.

Fig. 1: Quick Heal initialising installer Fig 2: Preparing installation window

Step 2.  Wait until the setup wizard checks and finds the updated and latest version of the
antivirus or just click on the ‘Skip’ button to install the current version.
Step 3.  Click on the ‘Next’ button to start setup or you can review the End‑User License
Agreement (EULA) as shown in Figure 3.
Step 4.  Click ‘Next’ to review the ‘Install Location’ of Quick Heal Total Security as shown in
Figure 4.
Step 5.  Installation process continues as shown in Figure 5.
Step 6.  Installation successfully completed, now click on ‘Register Now’ as shown in Figure 6.

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 Step 7.  Review the features of Quick Heal Total Security antivirus by clicking ‘continue’. This
step is optional; you can skip it if you wish.

Fig. 3: ‘End User License Agreement’ window Fig. 4: Selecting ‘Install Location’ window

Fig. 5: Installation process progress window Fig. 6: Installation completed window

Fig. 7: Home window of Quick Heal Total

Security antivirus

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 After you have installed and launched Quick Heal
Total Security antivirus, activate it and scan your
computer with this antivirus.
Run a full system scan
After installing and updating the antivirus software,
start a full system scan process. Some antivirus software
programs have different types of scanning and you have
to run the most important type, known as full system
scan. Scanning will take time depending on the disk
size and data size. During full scan, you can continue
any of your other work.
There could be a situation that the antivirus may not
detect any virus or malware while an user is working on a
computer. In such case, it is suggested to run a full system
scan as shown in Figure 5.33 and 5.34 and any viruses
may be removed.

Fig. 5.33: Full system scan window Fig. 5.34: Full system scan window

Review discovered threats and recommended action

During the scanning process or after completing
scanning, the antivirus program will inform you about
the various discovered threats and suitable action to be
taken. Although the recommended action will be the best
option, but you can take any action from the available
choices. If the antivirus is not able to remove any type of
infection, then just search for a proper solution on the
internet or ask a professional, don’t ignore the problem.
You can also contact the support team or customer care
of the antivirus software.

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 Notes Malware
The antivirus program may also has an anti‑malware
program too. If not, then install an anti‑malware
program and check the system again for any
malware infection. Antivirus and anti‑malware both
programs scan for different things but they work in a
similar way.
In the worst case, if you are unable to clean your
computer from virus or malware or not able to repair
the damaged operating system files, then take backup
of important data and format the system. Reinstall
the operating system and application programs. After
reinstalling it, first, install the antivirus software
program and update the antivirus immediately. After
updating, perform the full scan of the system including
backup data.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
1. Which is a ‘text editor’ for Microsoft Windows?
(a) MS Word (b) Ms Excel
(c) WordPad (d) Notepad
2. Which of the following user can use the administrator
password to perform administrative tasks?
(a) Administrator user account
(b) Standard user account
(c) Power user account
(d) Authenticated user account
3. Which function key is pressed during reboot to enter in
safe mode of Windows 10?
(a) F8 (b) F2
(c) F1 (d) F9
4. Which one is the latest release of Windows client
operating system?
(a) Windows XP (b) Windows 7
(c) Windows 8 (d) Windows 10
5. Which key combination is used to minimise all open
windows and displays on the screen?
(a) Alt+M (b) Shift+M
(c) Windows Key+D (d) Ctrl+D
6. What is the maximum number of primary partitions that
can be created on a hard disk?
(a) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Four

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 7. Which one is the default ‘word processor’ for Microsoft Notes
Windows?
(a) MS Word (b) Ms Paint
(c) WordPad (d) Notepad
8. Which of the following method is adopted for fresh
installation of Windows 10 on a new computer in
place upgrade?
(a) Side‑by‑side migration
(b) Clean installation
(c) In place upgrade
(d) Wipe-and-load migration
9. Which of the following Windows edition is used to install
in mobile and tablets?
(a) Windows 10 Mobile
(b) Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
(c) Windows 10 Enterprise
(d) Windows 10 Pro
10. Which of the following feature is available only in 64 bit?
(a) Client hyper‑V (b) Cortana
(c) Direct access (d) Secure Boot

B. State whether the following statements are True or False

1. Antivirus and anti-malware both programs scan for same

things but they work in a similar way.
2. After updating the antivirus, never perform a full scan of
your system including that of backup data.
3. Every antivirus software programs has the same type of
scanning way.
4. Close all open applications, browsers, programs, and
documents for uninterrupted installation.
5. Quick Heal is a word processing software in
Windows 10.
6. Without a product key, you cannot install Windows 10.
7. User is able set the boot order.
8. Windows 10 always manually updates the device driver.
9. Windows 10 comes in a single edition.
10. The Windows task manager allows the user to monitor
the current CPU and memory utilisation.

C. Fill in the blanks

1. For Microsoft Windows 10, 1 gigahertz or faster CPU with

1GB RAM for 32 bit and 2 GB RAM for __________ and
with operating system.
2. To access Internet on the computer you need to configure
________ setting in Windows.

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 Notes 3. Windows 10 __________ updates the device driver.
4. Windows 10 supports _______ languages.
5. At the time of installation, the partition usually has drive
___________.
6. When Windows 10 installation is running it asks for
__________.
7. If you have the licensed copy of Windows 7, then it is
possible to upgrade it to ________.
8. The existing operating system can be updated to Windows
10 without destroying the _________ data and settings.
9. Windows 10 setup program _________ retains the settings.
10. Windows 10 comes in various ________.

D. Short answer questions

1. Write steps of driver installation and removal.
2. What are the Windows 10 system requirements?
3. Write about the different editions of Windows 10 and
their features?
4. What features of Windows 10 provide general usability
and functional improvements?
5. Write the basic steps for clean installation of
Windows 10.
6. What are the post installation tasks?
7. How to uninstall sound or any device driver?
8. How to give IP address and what is the use of IP address?
9. Write steps for installing a printer software.
10. Write steps for installing a scanner software.

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 6
Chapter

Introduction
Installation of Ubuntu Linux

Ubuntu (pronounced as oo-BOON-too) is an open source

operating system sponsored by Canonical Ltd. Primarily,
this operating system was developed for personal
computers (PCs) but later on, used in servers also. The
word ‘Ubuntu’ is from the African Zulu language whose
meaning is “humanity to others.” The Ubuntu desktop is
very easy to use and easy to install. It includes everything
you need to use in your school, home or office. It’s also
open source, secure, accessible, and free to download
from its official website www.ubuntu.com. In this
session, we will understand the installation requirement
and installation procedure of Ubuntu desktop operating
system using a bootable DVD drive or a USB flash drive.

Features of Ubuntu Linux

• Ubuntu is user-friendly.
• Ubuntu is FOSS (free and open source software)
operating system.
• Ubuntu can be downloaded from its official website
www.ubuntu.com.
• It is more secure as compared to the Windows
operating system.
• High customisation, it means you can set your
own flavors of working.
• Many Ubuntu flavors are readily available.
• Online Ubuntu community is available to help you
out in any problem.
• Minimum hardware is required to install Ubuntu.
• Lots of free software in software centers.

Installation Requirements
Ensure the following technical requirements are in place
before starting the installation:
• connect your computer system to an
uninterrupted power source,

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 • ensure that your computer has at least 25GB of
free disk storage space,
• make a bootable DVD or a USB flash drive of
latest version of Ubuntu. Here we are taking the
Ubuntu version 18.04,
• make sure to take data backup before starting
the fresh installation.

Boot from Ubuntu Bootable Disk DVD or USB

Flash Drive
To install Ubuntu, first prepare the bootable disk, either
DVD or USB flash drive. Nowaday’s most computers are
able to boot from USB. To install the Ubuntu Linux OS,
follow the steps below:
• put the Ubuntu bootable disk in case of DVD into
optical/DVD drives and in case of USB flash drive,
into the USB socket. Make sure the boot device
order has set to the disk being used as either CD/
DVD or USB flash drive.
• restart the computer. After restarting, the
computer will boot from the bootable DVD and
the install window as shown in
Figure 6.1 will appear on your
computer screen.
There are two options shown,
‘Try Ubuntu’ and ‘Install Ubuntu’.
The first option ‘Try Ubuntu’
allows you to just use the Ubuntu
on a trial basis without permanent
installation; the other option
‘Install Ubuntu’ allows actual
installation. It will launch the
installer automatically, as shown
in Figure 6.1. After selecting the
Fig. 6.1: Installation window of Ubuntu
‘Install Ubuntu’ option, select the
language from the left side pan. By default, the language
selected is ‘English’. Ubuntu can also be installed in
other listed languages.

Prepare to Install Ubuntu

Now the installer will recognise your computer
configuration and install the device drivers automatically.

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 If it doesn’t correctly guess the
default layout of any device,
use the ‘Detect keyboard layout’
button to run through a brief
configuration procedure. The
English (US) keyboard is selected
by default in the keyboard layout
option as shown in Figure 6.3.
Press ‘Continue’ to apply. The
next window will appear as shown
in Figure 6.4, that will ask you
the type of installation —‘Normal Fig. 6.2: Default language selected as ‘English’
installation’ or ‘Minimal installation’.
The normal installation is
the default bundle of utilities,
applications, games, and media
players — a great launchpad for
any Linux installation. The minimal
installation takes considerably less
storage space and allows to install
the required stuff. Select the
normal or minimal as per your
requirement. Generally normal
option is selected by the beginners.
Below are the other options,
the two checkboxes ‘Download Fig. 6.3: Selecting ‘Detect keyboard layout’

updates while installing Ubuntu’

and ‘Install third party...’.
It is recommended to tick both
the options. Stay connected to the
Internet to get the latest updates
while the installation takes place.

Select Installation Type

and Allocate
Drive Space
The next installation window
as shown in Figure 6.5 will ask
you to provide the installation
type. If the computer has already
installed any other operating Fig. 6.4: Selecting ‘Normal installation’

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 system then you can install
the Ubuntu alongside the other
operating systems, so that you have
the option to boot the computer
with any of the operating system.
The ‘Erase disk and install Ubuntu’
option will format the hard disk and
start the installation of Ubuntu. In
this case all the previous data will
be lost. If you are an advanced user
Fig. 6.5: Selecting ‘Something else’ choose the ‘Something else’ option.
Select the appropriate option
and click on continue. The next
window as shown in Figure 6.6 will
allow you to review the partition and
allocate the disk space. Change the
partition as per your requirement
and click on ‘Install Now’ button.
In any Linux system, there
should be three partitions namely,
swap, boot, and root (/). If you
keep the pre‑existing partitions as
Fig. 6.6: Creating swap partition it is, click on ‘Install Now’ button
to proceed the installation with
pre‑existing partitions. The alert
will be displayed. Then click on
‘Continue’ button to continue the
installation.
If you have to create the partitions
manually as per your requirement,
then click on the ‘Change’ button
to change the partitions. The ‘Edit
partition’ window will be displayed
where you can create the partition.
Fig. 6.7: Creating new partition table First, we will create the swap
partition. Swap is a small space on
the drive that is used like system memory (RAM). It is
recommended to keep the swap area slightly more than

Note:  Options related to side-by-side installation or erasing a previous

installation are only offered when pre-existing installations are detected.

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 the amount of RAM in your PC. For example, having
1 GB of RAM creates swap area of 2GB (2048 MB) as
shown in Figure 6.7. When you click ‘OK’ an alert will
be displayed. Then click on ‘Continue’ button as shown
in Figure 6.7 to create the partition name ‘swap area’.
A new partition is created with swap area of 2048
MB as shown in Figure 6.8. Next to create ‘/’ boot
partition, use Ext4 journaling file system as shown in
Figure 6.9.

Fig. 6.8: Create a new partition Fig. 6.9: Creating ‘/’ boot partition

To create boot partition, select ‘boot’ from dropdown

of ‘mount point’. Also, note that the file system which
Linux uses is selected by default as Ext4. Click ‘OK’ to
create ‘/boot’ partition.
Then create ‘/home’ partition, use Ext4 journaling
file system as shown in Figure 6.10.
Then you will need to create ‘/’ partition, Using Ext4
journaling file system as shown in Figure 6.11.

Fig. 6.10: Creating ‘/’ home partition Fig. 6.11: Creating root (/) partition

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 Begin Installation
After creating the partitions as above, the new partition
table along with the storage space allocated to each
area will be seen as shown in Figure 6.12. To begin
installation, click on the ‘Install Now’ button.
Clicking on ‘Install Now’ button, a small pane will
appear with an overview of the storage options you have
chosen as shown in Figure 6.13. You have the chance to
go back by clicking on the ‘Go Back’ button if the details
are incorrect.

Fig. 6.12: Begin installation Fig. 6.13: Write changes to disk

Click ‘Continue’ to fix those

changes in place and start the
installation process.

Select your location

If you are connected to the
internet, your location will be
detected automatically. Check
if your location is correct and
click ‘Forward’ to proceed. If
you are not sure of your time
zone, type the name of a local
town, city, or use the map to
Fig. 6.14: Select your geographical location select your location.

Change login details

Enter your name and the installer will automatically
suggest a computer name and username. These can

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 be changed if you prefer. The computer name is how
your computer will appear on the network, while your
username will be your login and account name.
Next, enter a strong password (Figure 6.15). The
installer will let you know if it’s too weak. You can
also choose to enable automatic login and home
folder encryption. If your machine is portable, it is
recommended to keep automatic login disabled and
enable encryption. This should stop people from accessing
your personal files if the machine is lost or stolen.
If you enable home folder encryption and you forgot
your password, you won’t be able to retrieve any personal
data stored in your home folder.

Fig. 6.15: Supplying user credentials Fig. 6.16: Expanding background installation
window

Fig. 6.17: Restart after installation complete

Background installation
The installation will now complete in
the background while the installation
window teaches you a little about how
wonderful Ubuntu is. Depending on
the speed of your machine and network
connection, installation will take a few
minutes.
Fig. 6.18: Login to Ubuntu

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 Installation complete
After everything has been installed
and configured, a small window will
appear, asking you to restart your
machine. Click on ‘Restart Now’ and
remove either the DVD or USB flash
drive when prompted. If you initiated
the installation while testing the
desktop, you also get the option to
continue testing.
Thus, you have successfully
Fig. 6.19: Ubuntu home screen
installed Ubuntu Linux in your
computer. Enter user credentials
and use the Linux.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
1. System structure of Linux is ______________.
(a) Microsoft Windows
(b) UNIX
(c) Window Vista
(d) Monolithic Kernel
2. Linux is an/a ______________.
(a) closed Source
(b) freeware
(c) open source software
(d) Both (a) and (b)
3. Core of Linux operating system is ______________.
(a) kernel
(b) shell
(c) terminal
(d) command
4. Which one provides command interpreter environment?
(a) kernel
(b) shell
(c) CPU
(d) hardware
5. Which directory contains configuration files in Linux?
(a) /etc/
(b) /bin/
(c) /dev/
(d) /root/

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 6. In Linux, a user can load or upload ______________. Notes
(a) I/O modules
(b) I/O devices
(c) Kernel modules
(d) File base I/O
7. File name that handles interrupts in Linux is ___________.
(a) access file
(b) control file
(c) interrupts file
(d) proc interrupts file
8. In Kernel, signals are used to notify a certain ___________.
(a) decision
(b) fault
(c) strategy
(d) procedure

B. Fill in the blanks

1. Ubuntu is a/an __________ source operating system.
2. On the time of installation of Ubuntu, if you are connected
to the internet, your location will be detected __________.
3. Linux is __________ sensitive.
4. Linux considers __________ as its standard input device.
5. The administrative privileges are available to only a user
know as __________.

C. Short answer questions

1. What is Linux Kernel?
2. What is the advantage of open source?
3. What are the basic components of Linux?
4. What is GUI?
5. What is the root directory?

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