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Detailed Surface Structural Mapping of the Dieng Geothermal Field in

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Conference Paper · April 2015

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Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015
Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015

Detailed Surface Structural Mapping of the Dieng Geothermal Field in Indonesia

M. Istiawan NURPRATAMA, Randy Wijaya ATMAJA, ELFINA, Yunarto Tri WIBOWO, Agung HARIJOKO,
Salahuddin HUSEIN, Ign. SUDARNO, Agung SETIANTO, Pri UTAMI
PT Geo Dipa Energi (Persero), Recapital Building 8th floor, Aditiawarman street Kav.55, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected].

Keywords: geology, structural geology, structural, mapping, Dieng, geothermal

ABSTRACT
The Dieng field is located in Central Java, Indonesia with a 63 km2 concession area. This field is also known as the vulcan complex
area. About 47 wells were drilled to prove that the potential geothermal resources of this field can generate enough electricity for
Unit 1 (60 MW). For Units 2 and 3, created for development purposes, resource assessment was done in the Dieng field. This
included reservoir modeling and the evaluation of surface and subsurface structural mapping. Detailed surface structural mapping
was conducted to evaluate the surface structural pattern and to reconstruct the volcano-tectonic structural play in the Dieng field.
Detailed surface structural mapping consisted of two phases: the presurvey analysis phase and the postsurvey analysis phase. In
presurvey analysis phase, structural analysis derived from IFSAR-DEM was conducted. IFSAR-DEM was chosen because of its
spatial accuracy which can reach up to 8 m. The three steps of IFSAR-DEM structural analysis was conducted. This included
IFSAR-DEM interpretation, including hillshade analysis, manually lineament delineation, and digitally extraction lineament;
Statistic analysis; and Kinematics analysis. In the postsurvey phase, an analysis of structural geology data derived from field data
was conducted to reconstruct the volcano-tectonic structural play. The result of this study indicated that Dieng field was located in
the NE Flank of Serayu Geanticline, which was elongated in the E-W direction. The structural play consisted of three main
orientations, which are NW-SE, N-S, and E-W. This structural play was believed to be responsible for controlling the permeability
zone in the Dieng field.

1. INTRODUCTION
The Dieng field is located in Central Java, Indonesia with a 63 km2 concession area. This concession area is owned by PT Geo Dipa
Energi (Persero), an Indonesian geothermal state owned company (SOE). Resource estimation conducted by West JEC (2006)
using numerical methods indicate that the Dieng Field resource size is 240 MW. Currently, the Dieng field is utilized for Unit 1,
which is a 60 MW power plant. For the development of Units 2 and 3, several production wells should be drilled to supply the
steam demand for the power plant. Based on this condition, both the resource assessment and evaluation have been done. Resource
assessment activities consist of detailed structural mapping, reprocessing of geophysical data, and updating of the reservoir model.
This paper will explain the detailed structural mapping, which is a part of the resource assessment activity.

2. REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The Dieng field is located in the North Serayu Mountainous Zone (van Bemmelen, 1949) with aged Oligo-Miocene (Figure 1). Van
Bemmelen (1949) divided the volcano-tectonic evolution in Java into seven stages. The first stage is the central java volcanism in
Early Miocene, which caused the depression of the North Serayu back-arc basin. The second stage is the highest activity in the
South Serayu volcanic-arc in early-Middle Miocene. The third stage is the orogenetic activity in Middle Miocene, which caused
sedimentary debris to accumulate at the edge of North Serayu Zone. Next, the fourth stage is the end of the South Serayu volcanic
activity and the beginning of the North Serayu volcanic arc activity in late-Middle Miocene. The fifth stage consists of orogenetic
activities, which caused the uplifting of the South Serayu Zone in Late Miocene. The sixth stage is composed of orogenetic
activities, which cause the uplifting of the North Serayu Zone in Late Pliocene. The seventh stage is indicated by the intensive
activity of younger volcanism in the North Serayu Zone, which caused volcanoes to appear in this mountainous zone (Figure 2).
The overburden from the appearance of these volcanoes triggered gravitational mass distribution in this zone. Overall, the Dieng
field is believed to have formed during the seventh stage activity.

Figure 1: Central Java Physiography (modified from van Bemmelen, 1970)

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Nur Pratama, et al.

Van Bemmelen (1949) also divided the regional stratigraphy of North Serayu Zone into several series. The oldest rocks called
“Eocene Series”, outcropped at Karangkobar area, are aged Eocene. Above this series, sequentially, overlay the Sigugur Limestone
series in Oligo-Miocene, Merawu Series in Early Miocene, Penjatan Series in Middle Miocene, Bodas Series (volcanic facies) in
Late Miocene, Bodas Series (neritic facies) in Early Pliocene, Ligung Series in Early-Middle Pleistocene, Jembangan Series in
Middle-Late Pleistocene, and Alluvial and Dieng Volcanic deposited in Holocene. Dieng field’s stratigraphy is believed to consist
of Dieng Volcanics deposited during the Holocene. However, the oldest Dieng Volcanic deposited sample had been from dating
measured by Budihardi (1991) which put the age at 3.6 Ma (Late Pliocene). This is interpreted to be a part of the van Bemmelen’s
Ligung Series.

Figure 2: North Serayu Mountainous Zone (Dieng Field in red box)

3. GEOMORPHOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF DIENG FIELD

3.1 Geomorphology
The geomorphology of the Dieng field has been analyzed using two approaches for determining the geomorphology unit:
morphology identification and process interpretation;

3.1.1 Morphology Identification

The morphology identification of the Dieng Field was conducted using the IFSAR-DEM image, which has an 8 m resolution. It
helped in precisely distinguishing the morphology features in Dieng field.

3.1.2 Process Interpretation

The process interpretation of the Dieng field is conducted by determining the most dominant geomorphic process which controlled
the landscape. This method included the interpretation of endogenic processes such as lithology and structural geology and also the
interpretation of exogenic processes such as the degree of deformation, slope, and elevation. According to this approach, the most
dominant process that controlled the Dieng field was a volcanic process.

3.1.3 Geomorphology Unit

The geomorphology units (Figure 3) of Dieng Field were determined based on the two approaches stated above. The
geomorphology units are:

1) Volcanic cone unit. There are 20 volcanic cones identified in the Dieng field which are: Gn. Sikunang; Gn. Seroja; Gn.
Pakuwaja; Gn. Kendil; Gn. Watusumbu; Gn. Sikunir; Gn. Prambanan; Gn. Igirbinem; Gn. Pangonan; Gn. Merdada; Gn.
Sipandu; Gn. Pagerkandang; Gn. Sembungan; Gn. Sidede; Gn. Bisma; Gn. Nagasari; Gn. Jimat; Gn. Reban; Gn.
Sigemplong 1; Gn. Sigemplong 2,
2) Gn. Prau structural-denudational unit,
3) Gn. Gajahmungkur denudational unit,
4) Alluvial plain unit.

3.2 Stratigraphy
According to a study performed by Miller et al. (1984), geological map by Sukhyar et al (1986), and dating of several rocks by
Budihardi (1991), the Dieng field is divided by three parts which are: older Dieng, mature Dieng, and younger Dieng.

Based on these data, the stratigraphy distribution of Dieng Field was determined using two approaches: the interpretation of
lithology unit distribution from IFSAR-DEM image analysis and the interpretation of the lithology unit distribution from field
checks. Wohletz et al (1992) stated that the identification of volcanic facies and stratigraphy relationships among lithology units are
the key factors to determining a precise distribution of the lithology units in a volcanic area. The result derived from these
approaches show that the Dieng field consists of several lithology units (Figure 4), which are:

1) Older Dieng. The older Dieng consists of Gajahmungkur tuff breccia, Prau andesite lava, and tuff breccia (3.60 Ma),
Reban andesite pyroxene lava, Sigemplong 1 andesite pyroxene lava, Sigemplong 2 andesite pyroxene lava, Nagasari
andesite lava & tuff breccia (2.99 Ma), Jimat andesite lava & tuff breccia, Bisma tuff breccia (2.53 Ma), Sidede tuff
breccia, Sembungan andesite pyroxene and tuff breccia.
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2) Mature Dieng. The mature Dieng consists of the Pagerkandang lava and tuff breccia, Sipandu andesite pyroxene lava,
Pangonan andesite lava and tuff breccia (0.37 Ma), and Merdada lava and tuff breccia (0.37 Ma).
3) Younger Dieng. The younger Dieng consists of Igir Binem tuff breccia, Prambanan andesite basaltic lava & tuff breccia,
Watusumbul andesite basaltic lava and tuff breccia, Sikunir andesite basaltic lava, Kendil andesite basaltic lava and tuff
breccia (0.19 Ma), Pakuwaja andesite basaltic lava and tuff breccia (0.09 Ma), Seroja andesite basaltic lava and tuff
breccia (0.07 Ma), Sikunang andesite basaltic lava, and Alluvial.

Figure 3: Geomorfology Map of Dieng Field

Figure 4: Geological Map of the Dieng Field

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Nur Pratama, et al.

4. DETAILED STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

The detailed structural geology of the Dieng field was determined using two approach phases, which are: 1) pre-survey analysis
phase and the post-survey analysis phases. The result of both approaches were combined to obtain a comprehensive analysis of the
structural geology play that controlled the Dieng Field.

4.1 Pre-Survey Analysis phase

In the pre-survey analysis phase, IFSAR-DEM image was used as the basic data for analysis and interpretation. QC checks were
done to assure the accuracy of the IFSAR-DEM image, which resulted to 8 m accuracy. Several analyses were conducted to obtain
a detailed structural geology interpretation derived from the IFSAR-DEM image, which are: hill-shade analysis, manual lineament
delineation, digital lineament extraction, and statistical analysis.

4.1.1 Hill-shade analysis

Hill-shade analysis was conducted to obtain a proper figure of relief from IFSAR-DEM, especially for a steep slope which probably
indicated a major lineament. Eight azimuth directions were used in the software in order to do the Hill-shade analysis to get a
proper relief from the IFSAR-DEM image (Figure 5). The result from this analysis will be used for the next analysis.

Figure 5: 8 Eight azimuth directions from the Hill-shade analysis

4.1.2 Manual lineament delineation

Manual lineament delineation is conducted by delineating a relatively linear lower slope which has a particular length. By manually
delineating, the linear feature resulted from tectonic activity could be differentiated from the linear feature which resulted from
non-tectonic activity. The linear feature which resulted from tectonic activity has a specific characteristic such as repetitive with an
arranged interval. There are 53 (fifty-three) lineaments recovered from this analysis in the Dieng Field, which were probably related
with tectonic activity.

4.1.3 Digital lineament extraction

Digital lineament extraction was conducted using a software programs with several parameters such as pixel filter radius, gradation
edge limit, curve length limit, differential degree limit, etc. The purpose of this analysis was to obtain a larger amount of lineament
distributions based on those parameters. There were 1651 lineaments recovered from this analysis, which were probably related
with both tectonic and nontectonic activity.

4.1.4 Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was conducted for several data sets such as joint data and lineament data. The purpose of this analysis was to
obtain the maxima from several sets of data and recover the spatial distribution of those data. There are two ways to visualize the
result from statistical analysis, which are: rose diagrams and stereonets.

The result of the statistics analyses from manual lineament delineation using a rose diagram show two maxima values, one is N-S
trending and the other is E-W trending (Figure 6). These maxima are interpreted as an extensional fracture of E-W trending
anticline, which resulted from a compression force which is trending N-S. These evidences also show that the Dieng Field lineation
is still influenced by the tectonic uplifting of the North Serayu zone. The E-W trending lineation appears to be the tension fracture
of an anticline crest (tension joint), and the N-S trending lineation appears to be a tension fracture of the anticline flange (dip joint).
Beside these two maxima, there are also NW-SE and NE-SW trending lineations (Figure 6). In the anticline framework, these
lineations are interpreted as oblique shear joints which appear in the anticline flange, which complements the tension fracture (dip
joint) that is N-S trending (Figure 5).

The result from the statistical analysis from digital lineament extraction shows a different trend compared to the manual lineament
delineation, where a single maxima appears with an E-W trending direction (Figure 7). A combination of a lithology distribution
and digital lineament extraction is conducted by isolating the digital extraction process in each lithology unit. The result shows that
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the NW-SE trending and NE-SW trending lineaments distribute mostly in the northern part of the field along with older lithology
units such as Gajahmungkur, Jimat, Prau, Reban, Nagasari, Sigemplong 1 and Sigemplong 2 (Figure 8). On the other hand, the E-
W trending lineament distributes from the middle of the field up to the southern part of the field along with younger lithology units
such as Pagerkandang, Pangonan, Merdada, Kendil, Sikunang, Pakuwaja, Seroja, Prambanan, Watusumbul, Sikunir and Alluvial
(Figure 8). The E-W trend is interpreted as a tension joint near the anticline crest. On the other hand, the NE-SW and NW-SE
trends are interpreted as oblique shear joints in the anticline flange. This result is coherent with the results from manual lineament
delineation, which show four trends: E-W, N-S, NW-SE, and NE-SW. This result also strongly indicated that the tectonic regional
play in the Dieng Field is influenced by the North Serayu Geanticline.

Figure 6: The result from manual lineament delineation

Figure 7: The result from digital lineament extraction

4.2 Post-Survey Analysis phase

The post-survey analysis phase is conducted after the field check. The data derived from field check, including lithology
distribution and structural geology, will be analyzed to update the results from the pre-survey analysis phase.

5
Nur Pratama, et al.

Figure 8: The result from the combination of digital extraction and lithology distribution

4.2.1 Statistics analysis

About 396 data of shear joints and tension joints have been analyzed using a rose diagram to determine its trend (Figure 9). Shear
joints show two maximum directions with NE-SW and NW-SE trends. However, tension joints show two maximum directions with
N-S and E-W trends. These results are coherent with the tectonic regional concept derived from the pre-survey analysis phase
results. Shear joints with NW-SE and NE-SW trends are interpreted as oblique shear joints, which are products of a N-S
compression that caused the uplifting of the North Serayu zone. Tension joints with N-S and E-W trends are interpreted as
extensional zones in the anticline crest and anticline flange.

Figure 9: The result of statistical analysis from 396 joints data sets. The yellow dots are the data locations.

4.2.2 Kinematics analysis

Kinematics analysis is conducted on the fault data to determine its relative movement and to predict the tectonic regime working in
Dieng field. About nine fault data sets have been analyzed, six faults are located in the younger lithology units and three fault data
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sets are located in the older lithology unit (Figure 10). The result indicated that the extensional tectonic regime trending N-S is
working on a normal fault which strikes E-W in younger lithology units. The normal fault, which strikes N-S, also appears,
although not dominant, in the northeastern part of the Dieng field as a result of extensional tectonics regime that trend in the E-W
direction. On the other hand, the older lithology units located in northwestern part of Dieng field are influenced by the
compressional tectonics regime trending N-S, which resulted in a strike-slip fault.

Figure 10: The result from the kinematics analysis based on the data from nine faults.

Volcanic-triggered faults are also found in the Dieng Field. Generally, a volcanic-triggered fault appears to be a gravitational fault
that resulted from a lateral movement along a weak zone which is triggered by the volcanic overburden. Volcanic-triggered faults in
the Dieng field predominantly trend in the E-W direction for younger lithology units. This trend is superimposed with normal faults
that have resulted from the extensional tectonics regime. This evidence shows a close relationship between the volcanic-triggered
faults and tectonics faults in the Dieng field. Volcanic gravitational deformation is interpreted to be controlled by tectonics faults
reactivation, which is located under the volcanic deposits.

5. CONCLUSION
Based on the structural geology and volcano-stratigraphy analyses, some changes occur sequentially, in terms of the structural
geology, between the N-S and NW-SE directions in the Dieng field. The volcano-tectonic history of Dieng Field could be described
as follows:

1) Dieng Field volcanism started with the appearance of the Prau volcano in Late Pliosen,
2) The partial collapse of the Prau volcano towards NW is interpreted as being triggered by the uplifting of the North Serayu
Geanticline in Late Pliosen. This interpretation is based on the Prau volcano location in the northeastern edge of North
Serayu Geanticline. The NW-SE trending structure of the North Serayu Geanticline is believed to be responsible for this
partial collapse,
3) The next volcanism activities come from the Nagasari and Bisma volcanoes in the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene, which
fill the tectonics fracture that trends in the NW-SE direction, as derived from the Prau partial collapse,
4) In Middle Pleistocene, two particular volcanism trends appear: a) Pagerkandang – Sigemplong volcanoes appear with a
N-S trend between the Nagasari and Prau volcanoes, followed by the b) Merdada – Pangonan – Kendil volcanoes
appearing with a NW-SE trend between the Paru and Bisma Volcanoes,
5) In Late Pleistocene, there appears to be a particular volcanism in the eastern part of the Dieng Field with a N-S trend that
resulted in the Pakuwaja – Seroja volcanoes,

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6) Early Holocene is interpreted as the last tectonic regime with the appearance of a dextral fault trending NW-SE in the
middle of Dieng field. This fault is believed to be responsible for the alluvial distribution in the northern part of Pangonan
– Merdada volcanoes. It controls the current hydrothermal system in the Dieng field.

Based on the analysis of the stratigraphy and structural geology, there are three major structural trends that control the Dieng Field,
in terms of volcanic activity and hydrothermal systems. These are the N-S, E-W, and NW-SE directions. Having understood these
major structural trends would give an advantage in understanding the Dieng field geothermal system. Another advantage is for
developing the field in the future.

6. REFERENCES
Budihardi, M., Suranto., Sudarman, S.: Evaluation of the Dieng Geothermal Field: Review of Development Strategy, Proceeding of
Indonesian Petroleum Association 20th Annual Convention, (1991), 347-361.
Miller, C et al.: Eruptive History of Dieng Mountain Region, Central Java, and Potential Hazard from Future Eruption, United
States Department of Interior Geological Survey, (1984).
Sukhyar, R., Sumartadipura, N.S., and Effendi, W.: Peta Geologi Komplek Gunungapi Dieng, Jawa Tengah. Direktorat
Vulkanologi, (1986).
Van Bemmelen, R.W.: Geology of Indonesia vol. 1A, Second Edition, Martinus Nijhoff/The Hague, Holland, (1949), 29, 595, 615-
616.
West JEC, 2006: Feasibility Study for Dieng No. 4, 5, and 6 Unit Geothermal Power Development. Unpublished report.
Wohletz, K. and Heiken, G.: Volcanology and Geothermal Energy, University of California Press, Oxford, England, (1992), 39-45.

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