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1. DETERMINATION OF COP OF A REFRIGERATION UNIT.

AIM:
To determine coefficient of performance (COP) of the vapour compression Refrigeration
unit.
APPARATUS:
Two stop watches, Scales, etc.
SAFETY :
1. Ensure the valves are in open position
2. Make sure the pressure gauges and Temperature gauges
3. Observe the test rig physically for the completeness of wiring/ loose connections /
damage
4. Observe the leakage of refrigerant immediately after starting the test rig

THEORY:
Vapour compression refrigeration cycle is very widely used cycle of refrigeration. The
domestic refrigerator, ice plants work on this cycle. It uses a variety of refrigerants such
as ammonia (NH3), freons (R12, R22). The vapour compression refrigeration has
fundamentally four basic components as shown in fig, and four basic processes. The
corresponding T-S, P-h diagrams are also indicated in fig. Normally in the case of
refrigeration T-S & P-h diagrams are extensively used for indicating various processes
and hence the significance of these diagrams is to be fully understood.

Figure 1. VAPOUR 1. COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

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Figure 2: Representation of simple vapour compression cycle on T-s and P-h charts
Compressor:
The function of compressor is to draw the mech, energy and there by pressure &
temperature of refrigerant is increased before is supplied to the condenser.
Condenser :
In the condenser the high pressure vapours are condensed and the heat is rejected to
cooling medium (which is atmospheric air).
Expansion device:
High pressure liquid refrigerant from condenser is expanded to low pressure. A
thermostatic expansion value or capillary tube is an expansion device through which
liquid refrigerant is throttled
Evaporators:
The junction of evaporator is to contain food styles or such material to be pressured for
a long time. This is made possible by circulating refrigerant at low pressure and the
refrigerant gets evaporated by absorbing heat from the refrigerated space.
In the refrigeration cycle, heat is transferred from a colder region to a hotter
region. The refrigerant is used as the medium which absorbs and removes heat from the
space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere.
The refrigerant enters the compressor[ driven by a motor] at low temperature and low
pressure in a gaseous state. Refrigerant is compressed in the compressor the
temperature and pressure is increased. The refrigerant leaves the compressor at
supersaturated condition and enters to the condenser. Types of Compressors are scroll,
screw, centrifugal and reciprocating.
The condenser is essentially a heat exchanger. Heat is transferred from the
refrigerant When the refrigerant enters the throttling valve, it expands and releases
pressure. Consequently, the temperature drops at this stage. Because of these changes,
the refrigerant leaves the throttle valve as a liquid vapor mixture, typically in
proportions of around 75 % and 25 % respectively.
Throttling valves play two crucial roles that it maintain a pressure differential between
low- and high-pressure sides. Second, they control the amount of liquid refrigerant
entering the evaporator. At this stage of the Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle,
the refrigerant is at a lower temperature than its surrounding, it evaporates and
absorbs latent heat of vaporization from the cold space. Heat extraction from the
refrigerant happens at low pressure and temperature. There are different evaporator

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versions in the market, but the major classifications are liquid cooling and air cooling,
depending whether they cool liquid or air respectively.
DESCRIPTION:
All the components of refrigerator are displayed on a portable stand. The unit consists of ¼ HP
compressor, air cooled condenser with a fan for forced circulation of air, capillary tube,
expansion value and evaporator (cooled chamber). The hot vapour from the evaporator is
compressed in the compressor. The compressed vapour is sent to air cooled condenser, where
the condensation of the refrigerant takes place. Then the liquid refrigerant is passed either
through a capillary tube or a thermostatic expansion value, where the refrigerant is throttled to
low pressure and temperature. Now the refrigerant at low pressure cooling effect by the
absorption of heat energy, pressure gauges and thermometers are provided to measure pressure
and temperatures at suitable locations. The system is equipped with two energy meters to
measure the power consumption of compressor and the condenser fans respectively. The
system also consists of a voltmeter and an ammeter to measure the compressor.
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the values of the refrigerators
2. Power the water in evaporator section up to sufficient height.
3. Note the temperature of water in the evaporator.
4. Start one of the stop watches.
5. Simultaneously, switch on the main supply and system will start functioning. Note down
voltmeter and ammeter readings.
6. Note down the temperature readings and the pressure gauge readings after each component of
the refrigerator unit.
7. Calculate the compressor power consumption in the energy meter.
8. Calculate the power consumption to the compressor fan.
Run the refrigerator for a period, so that the water temperature in the evaporator decreased by
5°C, stop the stopwatch and the refrigerators unit.

FORMULAE & OBSERVATIONS:

1. Absolute pressure = gauge pressure +Atmospheric pressure.

1 PSI = 0.0689 bar

T min
2. Carnot COP =
T max −T min

Where
Tmin = Minimum temperature of the cycle, °K
Tmax = Maximum temperature of the cycle, °K

ncf ×3600
3. W Condenser Fan =
N ×tcf

Where, ncf = No. of revolutions in the energy meters

N=Energy meter constant = 1200 rev/kwh

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Tcf= time for 2 revolutions in the energy meter, sec

W Condenser Fan = work i/p to condenser fan, KW

nc × 3600
4. W compressor =
N ×tc

Where, nc = No. of revolutions in the energy meters (Say5)

N=Energy meter constant = 1200 rev/kwh
Tc= time for 5 revolutions in the energy meter, sec
W Condenser Fan = work i/p to condenser, KW

5. Total work i/p =W condenser fan + W compressor

6. Net refrigerating effect = mw Cp(Twi-Twf) / tw

Where, mw = mass of water taken in evaporator, Kg = Vw X ρw

Vw=Volume of water in evaporator, m3
ρw = Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3
Cp= Sp heat of water = 4.187 KJ/Kg °K
Twi = Initial temp. of water, °C
Twf = Final temp.of water, °C
Tw = Time for decrease of 5°C in evaporator, sec
7. Actual COP= Net refrigerating effect/total work i/p

8. Theoretical COP= mR (h1-h4) / mR (h2-h1) (from P-h chart)

Where, mR= mass how of refrigerant, Kg/sec= VR/vR

VR = volume flow rate of the refrigerant, m3 /sec
vR = sp.volume how rate of the refrigerant =0.825 ×10-3 m3/Kg
h1 = sp. Enthalpy of the refrigerant at the exit of evaporator, KJ/Kg
h2 = sp. Enthalpy of the refrigerant at the exit of compressor, KJ/Kg
h4 = sp. Enthalpy of the refrigerant before entering the evaporator, KJ/Kg

9. Relative COP = Actual COP/Theoretical COP

RESULT

INFERENCE

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TABULAR COLUMN
VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE PERFORMANCE TEST
S.N Parameter Units Using Capillary
o tubes
1 2
1 Absolute pressure after the compressor, bar
P1
2 Absolute pressure after the condenser, bar
P2
3 Absolute pressure after the expansion, bar
P3
4 Absolute pressure after the evaporator, bar
P4
5 Temp. after the compressor, T1 °C
6 Temp. after the condenser, T2 °C
7 Temp. after the expansion, T3 °C
8 Temp. after the evaporator, T4 °C
9 Flow rate or the refrigerator, VR m3
/sec
10 Initial temp. of water , TWI °C
11 Final temp. of water , TWf °C
12 Time for draw 5°C temp of water, tw sec
13 Time for 2 rev temp of water, tcf sec
14 Time for 5rev temp of water, tc sec
15 Temp.difference of water °C
16 Work i/p of condenser fan KW
17 Work i/p of condenser KW
18 Total work i/p KW
19 Net refrigerating effect KW
20 Carnot COP
21 Actual COP
22 Theoretical COP, (h1-h4)/(h2-h1)
23 Relative COP

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SAMPLE READINGS
S.N Parameter Units Using Capillary
o tubes
1 2
1 Absolute pressure after the compressor, P1 bar 12.054 3.789
2 Absolute pressure after the condenser, P2 bar 11.91 12.74
3 Absolute pressure after the expansion, P3 bar 3.44 12.39
4 Absolute pressure after the evaporator, P4 bar 3.44 3.78
5 Temp. after the compressor, T1 °C 62 22
6 Temp. after the condenser, T2 °C 40 59
7 Temp. after the expansion, T3 °C 2 39
8 Temp. after the evaporator, T4 °C 16 2
9 Flow rate or the refrigerator, VR m3
/sec
10 Initial temp. of water , TWI °C 20 24
11 Final temp. of water , TWf °C 15 19
12 Time for draw 5°C temp of water, tw sec 310 483
13 Time for 2 rev of condenser energy meter, sec 101 104
tcf
14 Time for 5rev of compressor energy meter, sec 34 35
tc
15 Temp.difference of water °C 5 5
16 Work i/p of condenser fan KW 0.0594 0.428
17 Work i/p of condenser KW 0.0411 0.05
18 Total work i/p KW 0.5005 0.4862
19 Net refrigerating effect KW 0.947 0.782
20 Carnot COP 4.55 4.49
21 Actual COP 1.892
22 Theoretical COP, (h1-h4)/(h2-h1)
23 Relative COP

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2. MECHANICAL HEAT PUMP TEST RIG

AIM:
1. To study the Mechanical Heat Pump
2. To calculate the C.O.P. of unit
3. To calculate the Effective Performance Ratio (EPR) or Heat Pump Performance Ratio
APPARATUS:
Mechanical Heat Pump Test Rig.
THEORY:
A heat pump is a machine whose prime function is to absorb heat from a low grade source,
and to deliver heat at a useful temperature, e.g. suitable for space heating or domestic hot
water. The basic heat pump cycle is identical to the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the
only difference between a heat pump and a refrigerator being their basic functions. A
refrigeration system cools the external fluid flowing through the evaporator, whereas a heat
pump heats the external fluid flowing through the condenser. The main difference between a
refrigerator and a heat pump is in the manner of operation regarding cooling or heating.

The basic components of a heat pump in its heating mode are shown in Figure. A working
fluid such as a non-CFC refrigerant is used. In the outdoor coils (the evaporator), heat transfer
Qc occurs to the working fluid from the cold outdoor air, turning it into a gas. The electrically
driven compressor (work input W) raises the temperature and pressure of the gas and forces it
into the condenser coils that are inside the heated space. Because the temperature of the gas is

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higher than the temperature inside the room, heat transfer to the room occurs and the gas
condenses to a liquid. The liquid then flows back through a pressure-reducing valve to the
outdoor evaporator coils, being cooled through expansion. (In a cooling cycle, the evaporator
and condenser coils exchange roles and the flow direction of the fluid is reversed.)
DESCRIPTION:
The Unit consists of following parts:
1. Compressor : Hermetically sealed
2. Condenser: A copper tube coil type water cooled condenser emerged in Stainless Steel tank
with the inlet and outlet of water. A rotameter is fitted to calculate the mass flow rate of water.
3. Receiver: 1 No. heavy duty sheet type receiver along with wall fittings provided to store the
liquid refrigerant R22.
4. Evaporator: Copper Tube type cooling coil of size: ¾” OD has been fixed inside the inner SS
Tank with outlet and inlet of water.
5. Control panel board : The following controls has been provided on Control Board:
Main switch, Voltmeter, Amperemeter, Energy meter, Digital Temperature Indicator, Suction
Gauge, Discharge Gauge, Capillary tube, Filter.
The whole unit is fitted on heavy Angle Iron base to accommodate the Condensing Unit, Brine
Tank and Compressor.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

Temperature before compression i.e. Suction Temp T1 =

Temperature after compression i.e. Discharge Temp T2 =

Hot water tank Temperature T3 =

Cold water tank Temperature T4 =

Mass of refrigerant flow m = 0.5 kg/min.

Gauge pressure before compression P11 = PSI

i.e. suction pressure

P1’ PSI
Absolute suction pressure P1 = ---------- + 1 kg/cm2
14.22

= kg/cm2

Gauge pressure after compression P2’ = PSI

i.e. Discharge pressure

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P2′ PSI
Absolute Discharge pressure = ----------- + 1 kg/cm2
14.22

From P-h Chart of F-12

Take P1 T1 Calculate h1 = KJ/kg.

Take P2 T2 Calculate h2 = KJ/kg

P3 T3 Calculate h3 = KJ/kg.

As expansion is constant enthalpy process

So h3 = h4
Refrigerating effect = h1 – h4 KJ/kg.

Work done by compressor = h2 – h1 KJ/kg.

Refrigerating effect
C.O.P. = -----------------------------------
Work done by compressor

h1 – h4
C.O.P. = -----------
h2 – h1

(h2 – h1) x m x 427

H.P. of unit = ------------------------- H.P.
4500 x 4.184

(h1 – h4) m
Refrigerating cap in Ton = ---------------- Tons
50 x 4.184

RESULT:

INFERENCE:

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3. DETERMINATION OF COP OF AIR CONDITIONING UNIT

AIM:
To determine of performance COP of the Air-Conditioning unit based on vapour
compression refrigeration cycle.
APPARATUS:
Air conditioning test rig, Stopwatch
THEORY:
Vapour compression refrigeration. The domestic refrigerator, i.e plants work on this
cycle. It uses a variety of refrigerants such as Ammonia (NH 3), freons (R12, R22). The
vapour compression refrigeration has fundamentally four basic components as shown
in fig, and four basic processes. The corresponding T-S, P-h diagrams are also indicated
in fig. Normally in the case of refrigeration T-S & P-h diagrams are extensively used for
indicating various processes and hence the significance of these diagrams is to be fully
understood. n air conditioner is able to cool a building because it removes heat from the
indoor air and transfers it outdoors. A chemical refrigerant in the system absorbs the
unwanted heat and pumps it through a system of piping to the outside coil. The fan,
located in the outside unit, blows outside air over the hot coil, transferring heat from the
refrigerant to the outdoor air.
Most air conditioning systems have five mechanical components:
• a compressor
• a condensor
• an evaporator coil
• blower
• a chemical refrigerant
Most central air conditioning units operate by means of a split system. That is, they
consist of a ‘hot’ side, or the condensing unit—including the condensing coil, the
compressor and the fan—which is situated outside your home, and a ‘cold’ side that is
located inside your home.
1. Compressor:
The function of compressor is to draw the mech, energy and there by pressure &
temperature of refrigerant is increased before is supplied to the condenser.
2. Condenser:

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In the condenser the high pressure vapours are condensed and the heat is rejected to
cooling medium (which is atmospheric air).
3. Expansion device:
High pressure liquid refrigerant from condenser is expanded to low pressure. A
thermostatic expansion value or capillary tube is an expansion device through which
liquid refrigerant is throttled
4. Evaporator:
The function of evaporator is to take the heat from the air. The low temp and low
pressure refrigerant take the heat from the air passing through the evaporator and gets
evaporated to low pressure
refrigerant vapour. Thus cooling
of air takes place.

Figure : Air conditioner

PROCEDURE:

1. Check the values of the air- conditions circuit.

2. Check up water in the U-tube monometer and also fill water in ulet bulb
thermometers wicks.
3. Switch on the main supply and system will start functioning.
4. Allow the system to stabilize for 5 to 10 minutes.
5. Note down the temperature readings and the pressure gauge readings after each
component of the refrigerator unit.
6. Calculate the compressor consumption to the compressor fan.
7. Calculate the power consumption to the compressor fan.
8. Note the manometer reading, rotameter reading as well as the dry and wet bulb
temperature at the before and after of the evaporator.
FORMULAE & OBSERVATIONS:

1. Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atm pressure.

IPSI = 0.0689 bar

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T min
2. Carnot COP =
T max −T min

Where
Tmin = Minimum temperature of the cycle, °K
Tmax = Maximum temperature of the cycle, °K
ncf X 3600
I. W Condenser Fan =
N X tcf

Where, ncf = no. of revolutions in the energy meters

N=Energy meter constant = 1200 rev/kwh
Tcf= time for 2 revolutions in the energy meter, sec
W Condenser Fan = work i/p to condenser fan, KW
ncX 3600
3. Wcompressor =
N X tc

Where, nc = no. Of revolutions in the energy meters (Say5)

N=Energy meter constant = 1200 rev/kwh
Tc= time for 5 revolutions in the energy meter, sec
W Condenser Fan = work i/p to condenser, KW
4. Total work i/p =W condenser fan + W compressor

5. Net refrigerating effect = ma ( hai – hao)

Where, ma = mass of air flowing in the duct , Kg/sec = Va X ρa

Va=Volume your rate of air in the duet, m3 /sec
ρa= Density of water, Kg/ m3
hai= Initial sp. enthalpy of air, KJ/Kg
hao=final sp. enthalpy of air, KJ/Kg
Va= Cd A0 =√2g Ha
Where, Cd = coeff. Of discharge of orifice meter = 0.6
A0 =area of the orifice meter, m2 = π /d2/4
d= diameter of the orifice meter = 0.05m
Ha= Head of air from manometers, m of air
Ha=Hw X ρw /ρa
Where, Hw = Head of water , m of water = ( h1-h2)
h1 =water level is left limp of monometer, m
h2=water level is right limp of monometer, m

ρa=P/RT at atmospheric conditions

6. Actual COP =Net refrigerating effect / total work i/p

7. Theoretical COP= mR ( h1-h4)/ mR ( h2-h1)

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Where,
mR = mass your rate of refrigerant, Kg/sec = VR/vR
VR = volume your rate of the refrigerant, m3 /sec
vR =Sp. volume your rate of the refrigerant = 0.825 X 10-3 m3/Kg
h1 =Sp. enthalpy of the refrigerant at the exit of evaporator, KJ/Kg
h2= Sp. enthalpy of the refrigerant at the exit of compressor, KJ/Kg
h4= Sp. enthalpy of the refrigerant before entering the evaporator, KJ/Kg
8. Relative COP = Actual COP/ Theoretical COP.

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TABULAR COLUMN:
AIR-CONDITIONER PERFORMANCE TEST
S.N Parameter Units Using Capillary
o tubes
1 2
1 Absolute pressure after the compressor, P1 bar
2 Absolute pressure after the condenser, P2 bar
3 Absolute pressure after the expansion, P3 bar
4 Absolute pressure after the evaporator, P4 bar
5 Temp. after the compressor, T1 °C
6 Temp. after the condenser, T2 °C
7 Temp. after the expansion, T3 °C
8 Temp. after the evaporator, T4 °C
10 Dry bulb temp. of air before evaporator °C
11 Wet bulb temp. of air before evaporator °C
12 Dry bulb temp. of air after evaporator °C
13 Wet bulb temp. of air after evaporator °C
14 Time for 2 rev of condenser energy meter, sec
tcf
15 Time for 5rev of compressor energy sec
meter, tc
16 Monometer difference m
17 Volume flow rate of air m3
/sec
18 Mass your rate of air Kg/Se
c
19 Work i/p of condenser fan KW
20 Work i/p of condenser KW
21 Total work i/p KW
22 Net refrigerating effect KW
23 Carnot COP
24 Actual COP
25 Theoretical COP, (h1-h4)/(h2-h1)
26 Relative COP

SAMPLE READINGS
S.N Parameter Units Using Capillary
o tubes
1 2
1 Absolute pressure after the compressor, P1 bar 3.44 3.789
2 Absolute pressure after the condenser, P2 bar 14.121 12.74
3 Absolute pressure after the expansion, P3 bar 14.129 12.39

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4 Absolute pressure after the evaporator, P4 bar 3.786 3.78

5 Temp. after the compressor, T1 °C -8 22
6 Temp. after the condenser, T2 °C 70 59
7 Temp. after the expansion, T3 °C 31 39
8 Temp. after the evaporator, T4 °C -10 2
9 Flow rate or the refrigerator, VR m3 0.05
/sec
10 Dry bulb temp.of air before evaporate °C 27 24
11 Wet bulb temp. of air before evaporate °C 20.5 19
12 Dry bulb temp.of air after evaporate °C -2
13 Wet bulb temp. of air after evaporate °C 3 483
14 Time for 2 rev temp of water, tcf sec 14 104
15 Time for 5rev temp of water, tc sec 30 35
16 Monometer difference m 0.0218 5
17 Volume your rate of air m3
/sec
18 Mass your rate of air Kg/Se 0.425
c
19 Work i/p of condenser fan KW 0.5 0.428
20 Work i/p of condenser KW 0.92 0.05
21 Total work i/p KW 1.5829 0.4862
22 Net refrigerating effect KW 3.3 0.782
23 Carnot COP 1.719 4.49
24 Actual COP 3.34
25 Theoretical COP, (h1-h4)/(h2-h1) 0.51
26 Relative COP

RESULT:

INFERENCE:

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4. VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION TRAINER

AIM: To conduct performance test on vapour absorption type refrigeration system.

APPARATUS: Vapour absorption test rig
SPECIFICATION:
Model : EA3140
Type : MF 20-60
Gross volume : 41 liters
Mains Operation : 220-240 volts AC
Power Rating : 90 W
Refrigerant : 245 NH3 + 145 H2O (SEALED UNIT)
SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
Volt meter : 0-300V AC
Ammeter : 0-20 A AC
Temperature indicator : -50 to +150 degree C
TSS : Thermocouple selector switch (9way)
Thermocouple : K type (Cr-Al)
Toggle switches for heater & condenser fan

INTRODUCTION
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems (VARS) belong to the class of vapour
cycles similar to vapour compression refrigeration systems. However, unlike vapour
compression refrigeration systems, the required input to absorption systems is in the
form of heat. Hence these systems are also called as heat operated or thermal energy
driven systems. Since conventional absorption systems use liquids for absorption of
refrigerant, these are also sometimes called as wet absorption systems.
Similar to vapour compression refrigeration systems, vapour absorption refrigeration
systems have also been commercialized and are widely used in various refrigeration
and air conditioning applications. Since these systems run on low-grade thermal
energy, they are preferred when low-grade energy such as waste heat or solar energy is

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available. Since conventional absorption systems use natural refrigerants such as water
or ammonia they are environment friendly

In the above Figure (a) and (b) show a continuous output vapours compression
refrigeration system and a continuous output vapour absorption refrigeration system.
As shown in the figure in a continuous absorption system, low temperature and low
pressure refrigerant with low quality enters the evaporator and vaporizes by producing
useful refrigeration Qe.
From the evaporator, the low temperature, low pressure refrigerant vapour
enters the absorber where it comes in contact with a solution that is weak in refrigerant.
The weak solution absorbs the refrigerant and becomes strong in refrigerant. The heat
of absorption is rejected to the external heat sink at To.
The solution that is now rich in refrigerant is fed to the generator. In the
generator heat at high temperature Tg is supplied, as a result refrigerant vapour is
generated at high pressure. This high pressure vapour is then condensed in the
condenser by rejecting heat of condensation to the external heat sink at To.
The condensed refrigerant liquid is then throttled in the expansion device and is
then fed to the evaporator to complete the refrigerant cycle.
On the solution side, the hot, high-pressure solution that is weak in refrigerant is
throttled to the absorber pressure in the solution expansion valve and fed to the
absorber where it comes in contact with the refrigerant vapour from evaporator. Thus
continuous refrigeration is produced at evaporator, while heat at high temperature is
continuously supplied to the generator. Heat rejection to the external heat sink takes
place at absorber and condenser. If we neglect pressure drops, then the absorption
system operates between the condenser and evaporator pressures. Pressure in absorber
is same as the pressure in evaporator and pressure in generator is same as the pressure
in Condenser.
It can be seen from Fig, that as far as the condenser, expansion valve and
evaporators are concerned both compression and absorption systems are identical.
However, the difference lies in the way the refrigerant is compressed to condenser

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pressure. In vapour compression refrigeration systems the vapour is compressed

mechanically using the compressor, where as in absorption system the vapour is first
converted into a liquid and then the liquid is pumped to condenser pressure using the
solution pump. Since for the same pressure difference, work input required to pump a
liquid (solution) is much less than the work required for compressing a vapour due to
very small specific volume of liquid, the mechanical energy required to operate vapour
absorption refrigeration system is much less than that required to operate a
compression system. However, the absorption system requires a relatively large
amount of low-grade thermal energy at generator temperature to generate refrigerant
vapour from the solution in generator. Thus while the energy input is in the form of
mechanical energy in vapour compression refrigeration systems, it is mainly in the form
of thermal energy in case of absorption systems. The solution pump work is often
negligible compared to the generator heat input. Thus the COPs for compression and
absorption systems are given by:

COP (VCRS) = Qe
Wc

COP (VARS) = Qe = Te x (Tg-Tc)

Qg (Tc-Te) Tg

Thus absorption systems are advantageous where a large quantity of low-grade

thermal energy is available freely at required temperature. However, it will be seen that for
the refrigeration and heat rejection temperatures, the COP of vapour compression
refrigeration system will be much higher than the COP of an absorption system as a high
grade mechanical energy is used in the former, while a low-grade thermal energy is used in
the latter.

Maximum COP of ideal absorption refrigeration system

In case of a single stage compression refrigeration system operating between
constant evaporator and condenser temperatures, the maximum possible COP is given
by

Cornot COP (VARS) = Te

Tc - Te
If we assume that heat rejection at the absorber and condenser takes place at
Same external heat sink temperature To, then a vapour absorption refrigeration system
operates between three temperature levels, Tg, To and Te.
The maximum possible COP of a refrigeration system operating between three
temperature levels can be obtained by applying first and second laws of

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thermodynamics to the system. Figure shows the various energy transfers and the
corresponding temperatures in an absorption refrigeration system.

Working Principle ( VARS - 245 NH3 + H2O):

The domestic absorption type refrigerator was developed from an invention by
CarlMunters and Baltzer Von Platen. This system is often called Munters Platen system.
Ammonia is used as a refrigerant. The operation of this system is based on the concept
of Dalton’s Law.
The ammonia vapour in the condenser is condensed to liquid and flows to
evaporator by gravity. The whole part is charged to a pressure of about 15 bar. In the
evaporator, the liquid ammonia meets an atmosphere of hydrogen at about 12 bar. Thus
the partial pressure of ammonia falls to about 3 bar, keeping the same total pressure,
and the temperature falls to about -100 C.
The vaporization of ammonia at this temperature produces refrigeration. Water
is used as a solvent for ammonia which absorbs ammonia readily. If liquid ammonia is
introduced at the top of the system, it passes on to the evaporator and vaporizes.
Hydrogen flows upwards in the evaporator counter-flows to liquid ammonia that falls
from the top. The ammonia vapour and hydrogen leave the top of the evaporator and
flow through the gas heat exchange getting warmed by the warmer hydrogen flowing
through the evaporator. Both the gases flow to the absorber. Weak aqua ammonia
solution enters at the top of the absorber and absorbs ammonia gas as it passes counter
flow through the absorber. The hydrogen is not soluble in weak aqua ammonia solution
and gets separated and flows up to the evaporator through the heat exchanger. Strong
aqua ammonia solution leaves the bottom of the absorber and passes on the generator.
Heat is supplied to the generator from external source by an electric heater,
expelling ammonia vapour out from the strong solution. Here the problem is to raise
the elevation of weak solution of ammonia also so that it can pass to the separator and
flow back to the absorber. Principle of bubble pump is used here. The delivery tube
from the generator is immersed below the liquid level in the generator. Thus as
ammonia vaporizes in the tube, they carry slugs of weak solution also into the
separation vessel. From the separating vessel, weak solution flows to the absorber and
ammonia vapour passes on to the condenser.
Thus cycle is completed. The total pressure in the condenser is approximately the
same as in evaporator. Since, in the condenser, there is pure ammonia, the vapour
pressure there is more or less same as the total pressure. In the evaporator, there exists a
mixture of ammonia vapour and hydrogen gas. Thus ammonia vapour pressure is
much less, this being equal to total pressure minus the partial pressure of hydrogen.
Being at a pressure below saturation pressure, the ammonia readily evaporates in the
evaporator and refrigerates. Thus temperature equal to the saturation temperature of
ammonia at its partial pressure is theoretically obtained in the evaporator.

OPERATING PROCEDURE:

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1. Fill the water in overhead tank.

2. Put the main switch ON.
3. Now, the digital panel meters display their respective readings.
4. Now switch on the heater and condenser fan.
5. Wait for 30-45 min (approx.) to get cooling effect (The door of the refrigerator should be
kept close always)
6. Check the temperatures @ different points using TSS
7. When the evaporator temperature T4 reaches 5 degree C, put the measuring jar inside the
refrigerator chamber, put the thermocouple in to the jar. Now allow the water from the over
head tank by opening the ball valve provided. The water flow through a copper pipe wound
around the evaporator pipe.
8. Now note down the temperatures @ different positions, voltmeter & ammeter readings
when it reaches steady state (say 10 or 15 min.approx.)
9. Check the quantity of water collected with respect to time.
10. Now switch off the heater, condenser fan and mains.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl. Time taken Cooling Act. Th.
no V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 t sec effect COP COP

OBSERVATIONS:
V = voltage in volts
I = current in Amps
T1 = Refrigerant temperature at inlet of generator in degree C
T2 = Refrigerant temperature at outlet generator
T3 = Refrigerant temperature at outlet of condenser
T4 = Refrigerant temperature at inlet of evaporator (after expansion)

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T5 = Refrigerant temperature at outlet of evaporator

T6 = Water temperature in collecting measuring jar
T7 = Water temperature at over head tank
T8 = Outlet temperature of air
Mw = mass of water collected in measuring jar
t = time taken for Mw of water collection
FORMULAE:
1. THEORETICAL COP
Qe Te T g−T c
(C . O . P)th = =
[
Q g T c −T e ][ Tg ]
Tg = T2 = Generator Temperature in degree K
Tc = T3 =Condenser outlet Temperature in degree K
Te = T4 =Evaporator inlet temperature in degree K
2. CARNOT COP
Te
carnot C . O. P=
T c −T e[Where,
]
Te = T4 in degree K
Tc = T3 in degree K
3. REFRIGERATION EFFECT:
Qc = Mw × Cpw ×(T6 –T7) kW
Where,
Mw =mass of water collected in the jar in kg/sec
V w x 10−6 x 1000
= … … … .kg /sec
t

Cpw =4.18 kJ/kg K

T6 =water temperature in the jar
T7 =water temperature in the over head tank
t = time taken in seconds
4. POWER INPUT

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V × I ×time ratio
Q g= kW
1000
Where,
V =voltage in volts
I =current in Amps
5. ACTUAL COP
COP = Refrigeration Effect = Qe
Power input Qg

RESULT:

INFERENCE:

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SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Sl. V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Time taken t

No sec

1 220 0.24 47.9 150 38.8 -9.2 14.2 19 26.3 26.6 600

1. THEORETICAL COP
COP th = Qe = -9.2 + 273 x (150-38.8) = 1.44
Qg (38,8-(-9.2)) 423

Tg = T2 = Generator Temperature in degree K

Tc = T3 =Condenser outlet Temperature in degree K
Te = T4 =Evaporator inlet temperature in degree K
2. CARNOT COP
Carnot COP = 263.8 = 5.49
38.8-(-9.2)
Where,
Te = T4 in degree K
Tc = T3 in degree K
3. REFRIGERATION EFFECT:
Qc = Mw x Cpw x (T7 –T6) kW
Where,
Mw =mass of water collected in the jar in kg/sec
= 420 x 10-6 x 1000 = 0.0007 kg/sec
600
Cpw =4.18 kJ/kg K

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T6 =water temperature in the jar

T7 =water temperature in the over head tank
t = time taken in seconds
Qc = 0.0007 x 4.187 x (26.3 – 19) = 0.0213 kW
4. POWER INPUT
Qg = 220 x 0.24 = 0.0528 kW
1000
Where,
V =voltage in volts
I =current in Amps
5. ACTUAL COP
COP = 0.0213 = 0.4
0.0528

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5. VORTEX TUBE APPARATUS

AIM: determining the cold factor of vertex tube

APPARATUS: Vortex tube test rig
THEORY:
It is one of the non-conventional type refrigerating systems for the production of
refrigeration. Air that rotates around an axis (like a tornado) is called a vortex.
It consists of nozzle, diaphragm, valve, hot-air side, cold-air side. The nozzles are of
converging or diverging or converging-diverging type as per the design.
Chamber is a portion of nozzle and facilities the tangential entry of high velocity
airstream into hot side. Hot side is cylindrical in cross section and is of different lengths
as per design. Valve obstructs the flow of air through hot side and it also controls the
quantity of hot air through vortex tube. Diaphragm is a cylindrical piece of small
thickness and having a small hole of specific diameter at the center. Air stream traveling
through the core of the hot side is emitted through the diaphragm hole. Cold side is a
cylindrical portion through which cold air is passed.

Compressed air is passed through the nozzle as shown in figure above. Here, air
expands and acquires high velocity due to particular shape of the nozzle.
A vortex flow is created in the chamber and air travels in spiral like motion along the
periphery of the hot side. This flow is restricted by the valve. When the pressure of the
air near valve is made more than outside by partly closing the valve, a reversed axial
flow through the core of the hot side starts from high-pressure region to low-pressure
region. During this process, heat transfer takes place between reversed stream and
forward stream. Therefore, air stream through the core gets cooled below the inlet
temperature of the air in the vortex tube, while air stream in forward direction gets
heated up. The cold stream is escaped through the diaphragm hole into the cold side,

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while hot stream is passed through the opening of the valve. By controlling the opening
of the valve, the quantity of the cold air and its temperature can be varied.

DESCRIPTION
Introduction
A Vortex Tube is a device which, when supplied with filtered compressed air at 100
psig (6.9 Bar) and 700 F (210 C), converts the air into two streams. One stream is
adjustable up to 2500 F (1210 C) and the other is adjustable down to -50o F (-48o C).
Models ranging in air consumption from 2 SCFM to 100 SCFM are available.

Compressed air supply

The compressed air supply must be filtered to remove water and dirt using a 5 micron
or smaller filter. Failure to use a filter may cause clogging (and freezing) of the
compressed air paths inside the Vortec product. Filter recommendations are given in
Table 1. Filter elements must be changed on a regular basis. Frequency of change is
determined by the condition of the compressed air supply. Filters should be installed in
the compressed air supply line as close as possible to the Vortec product. The
appropriate size of compressed air supply line should be selected to ensure optimal
performance of the Vortec product. Please refer to Table 2 to determine what supply line
size is recommended for your application. Contact Vortec at 1-800-441-7475 for further
assistance. When the desired cold air stream temperature is less than 32o F (0o C), a
compressed air dryer may be necessary to prevent ice formation on the inside of the
Vortec product
OPERATIONS
Vortex Tubes vary in air consumption from 2 SCFM - 100 SCFM. For help in selecting
the appropriate Vortex Tube for your exact need, contact your local distributor or
Vortec. The cold air temperature and volume can be changed by adjusting the valve at
the hot end of the Vortex Tube. Turning the valve counterclockwise will decrease the
temperature and volume of cold air. Correspondingly, the flow of hot air will increase
but its temperature will decrease. Maximum refrigeration (cooling capacity) is created
when the valve is adjusted to produce 60 to 70% cold air flow and 30 to 40% hot air
exhaust.
Trouble shooting
Insufficient airflow may be caused by the following:
1. Undersized compressed air line size.
2. Compressed air pressure too low.
3. Partial or complete blockage of internal compressed air path, due to dirt.
Insufficient cold air temperature may be caused by:
1. Compressed air line temperature too high.
2. Water vapour in the compressed air supply.
3. Loose cold cap. This may occur if not tightened properly after disassembled for
cleaning.
Specification

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T1 = Air inlet temperature

T2 = Cold air temperature from vortex tube
T3 = Hot air temperature from vortex tube.
P1 = FRL unit pressure
P2 = Cold air Pressure
PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the compressor.
2. Buildup10kg/cm2 Pressure inside the compressor.
3. Allow the air to flow towards FRL unit.
4. Adjust the FRL unit To 6 kg/cm2.
5. Switch on the Panel.
6. Open the vortex tube valve.
7. Note down the Pressure and temperatures T1,T2,T3& P1,P2.
8. Tabulate the readings and calculate the result.

TABULAR COLUMN
S.N Air inlet Cold air Hot air FRL unit Cold air Cold
o temperature(T1) temperature(T temperature(T pressure(P1) pressure(P2) fractio
2) 3) n

RESULT:

INFERENCE:

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Sample calculation

1) Inner diameter of warm tube : D=3.3 (An) =3.3*(0.000011105)

=11mm
2) Orifice diameter
Dc= 0.396D =0.396 (11) Dc= 43.56 mm
3) Length of warm tube L=13 D =13 (11) L=143 mm
4) Aperture angels for hot & cold ends
an = an = 3o
4. Sample Calculation Regarding Vortex Tube Performance
1) Cold air temperature (Tc) = 120 C
2) Hot air temperature (Th ) = 680 C
3) Inlet air temperature (Ti ) = 310 C
Drop in air temperature
(TC) = (Ti ) – (Tc) = {31-(12)} = 190C
Rise in temperature of air
(TH ) = (Th)- (Ti) = (68-31) = 370C

Cold Fraction (u) = [(Th) - (Ti)] / [(Ti ) – (Tc)] = 0.3157

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REFRIGERATION SIMULATION SOFTWARE

COOL PACK
INTRODUCTION
Cool Pack is a collection of simulation models for refrigeration systems and each
of them has a specific purpose e.g. cycle analysis, sizing of main components, energy
analysis and optimization. Cool Pack was developed by the Department of Mechanical
Engineering (MEK), Section of Thermal Energy (TES) at the Technical University of
Denmark (DTU).
The programs in Cool Pack covers the following simulation purposes:
• Calculation of refrigerant properties (property plots, thermodynamic &
thermophysical data, refrigerant comparisons)
• Cycle analysis – e.g. comparison of one- and two-stage cycles
• System dimensioning – calculation of component sizes from general dimensioning
criteria
• System simulation – calculation of operating conditions in a system with known
Components
• Evaluation of operation – evaluation of system efficiency and suggestions for
reducing the energy consumption
• Component calculations – calculation of component efficiencies
• Transient simulation of cooling of an object – e.g. for evaluation of cooling down
periods
The programs in Cool Pack divide in to three main groups Refrigeration Utilities,
EESCoolTools and Dynamic.
The group Refrigeration Utilities consist of 3 refrigerant oriented programs,
primarily used for calculating the properties of primary and secondary refrigerants,
creating property plots for primary refrigerants (like p-h, T-s and h-s diagrams) and for
calculating the pressure drop for flow of secondary refrigerants in pipes. Furthermore,
it is possible to create property plots for humid air (psychrometric charts).
The group EESCoolTools contains a large collection of programs for both
refrigeration systems and components.
The group named Dynamic contains the dynamic programs in Cool Pack. So far
only a single program is available. With this program it is possible to simulate the
cooling down of an object/room under various conditions and with on/off-capacity
control of the compressor.

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EXCERCISES
1. A vapour compression system using NH 3 works between -15℃ and 40℃ as
evaporator and condenser temperature respectively. The vapour is superheated by 5℃
before entering the compressor and the liquid is subcooled by 5℃. Determine
i) C.O.P
ii) Mass flow of refrigerant per TR
iii) Piston displacement per TR using volumetric efficiency = 80%
iv) Heat rejected in the condenser per TR
v) Ideal C.O.P.

2. A food storage locker requires a refrigeration capacity of 12 TR and works between

the evaporating temperature of - 8°C and condensing temperature of 30°C. The
refrigerant R-12 is subcooled by 5°C before entry to expansion valve and the vapour is
superheated to - 2°C before leaving the evaporator coils. Assuming a two-cylinder,
single acting compressor operating at 1000 r.p.m. with stroke equal to 1.5 times the
bore, determine:
1. coefficient of performance;
2. theoretical power per tonne of refrigeration, and
3. bore and stroke of compressor when (a) there is no clearance, and

3. A vapour compression refrigeration machine, with Freon-12 as refrigerant, has a

capacity of 12 tonne of refrigeration operating between - 28°C and 26°C. The refrigerant
is subcooled by 4°C before entering the expansion valve and the vapour is superheated
by 5°C before Leaving the evaporator. The machine has a six-cylinder single-acting
compressor with stroke equal to 1.25 times the bore. It has a clearance of 3% of the
stroke volume. Determine:
l. Theoretical power required;
2. C.O.P.,
3. Volumetric efficiency ,· and
4. Bore and stroke of cylinder. The speed of compressor is 1000 r.p.m.

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