Week 2: Textbook topics

We will cover these sections this week

• Dot and cross product

• 2.1 Uniform motion
• 2.2 Instantaneous velocity
• 2.3 Finding Position from Velocity
• 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration
• 2.5 Free Fall
• 2.6 Motion on an Inclined Plane

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 Chapter 2

Kinematics in One
Dimension

2.1 Uniform Motion

Uniform motion is any motion with

constant velocity:

– i.e., constant speed and direction.

– So the acceleration would be?

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 Mathematics of Uniform Motion

There are three axes: x, y & z.

But we want one form of every

equation, not different x, y & z
forms.

So define a generic “s” axis.

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Mathematics of Uniform Motion

“s” can represent any of x, y or z.

Or any arbitrary direction:

z

y s

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 Uniform Motion
motion with constant velocity.
So the points in a motion diagram
are equally-spaced.

s
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Uniform Motion
s component
of the
The velocity!!
position
vs. time
graph is
a
straight
line

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 Uniform Motion

The equation for this line is

s = si + vs t
How do we get this
equation?
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Example
Banff is 110 km west of Calgary.

Jake leaves Banff at 8:00 a.m. and

drives toward Calgary at a steady 90
km/h.

Nora leaves Calgary at 8:00 a.m. and

drives toward Banff at a steady 70 km/h.

When do they meet? Where do they

meet? 16

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 Example (cont.)
One equation: s = si + vs t
But apply it to two people: Jake & Nora.

This gives us two simultaneous

equations in two unknowns (position &
time).

Linear Algebra!!
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2.2 Instantaneous Velocity

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 Review: Average Velocity
A car moves at constant speed in a
straight line:

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Review: Average Velocity

s

The position vs. time 4

graph:
s
The car moves 3
through equal s
displacements in 2
equal time intervals.
s
1
The graph is a
straight line. s
t
t t t t 20

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 Review: Average Velocity
s
The slope of the
position vs. time
graph equals the
s-component of
the velocity: s

s
vs =
t
t
t 21

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Review: Average Velocity

A car starts from rest and accelerates
in a straight line:

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 Review: Average Velocity
s
5
The position vs. time
graph:
s5
Equal time intervals, 4
but the displacements
increase. s4
3
The graph is curved: s
a parabola!
3 2
s2 1
s1 t t t t t
t
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Review: Average Velocity

s
The slope increases
with time because
the velocity increases
with time.

t
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 Review: Average Velocity
s
What is the average
2
velocity of the car
between any two
times t1 and t2?

1
t
t1 t2 25

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Review: Average Velocity

s
Measure s and t.
2
Then

s
vs =
t s

This is the slope of the

1
straight line from 1 to 2.
t
t
t1 t2 26

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 Instantaneous Velocity
An object’s instantaneous velocity is
its velocity at a single instant of time.
E.g., at this position the speedometer
might read 32 km/h

Car’s instantaneous velocity = reading

on speedometer.
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Instantaneous Velocity

Most objects don’t have speedometers

(e.g., golf balls).

We need some other way to find

instantaneous velocity.

Use the position vs. time graph.

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 Instantaneous Velocity
s
Velocity changes a
2
lot between 1 and
2, so the average
velocity between 1
and 2 is not a good
estimate of the
instantaneous
velocity at 1. 1
t
t
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Instantaneous Velocity
s
Take 2 closer to 1; i.e.,
use a smaller t.

Velocity changes less,

so the average velocity
between 1 and 2 is a
better estimate of the 2
instantaneous velocity 1
at 1. t
t
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 Instantaneous Velocity

If we allow t to approach zero (2 almost

coincides with 1) then the velocity will
hardly change at all during the time t.

Then the average velocity between 1

and 2 will be (almost) exactly equal to
the instantaneous velocity at point 1.

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Instantaneous Velocity
So we are saying: In the limit as t
approaches zero, the average velocity
equals the instantaneous velocity:

s ds
vs = lim  instantaneous
 t → 0 t dt velocity

Try
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/calc/limsec/limsec.
html 32

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 Instantaneous Velocity
s ds
vs = lim  instantaneous
 t → 0 t dt velocity

s and t are finite changes in position

and time (i.e., non-zero size).

ds and dt are infinitesimal changes in

position and time; i.e., they have almost
zero size.
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Instantaneous Velocity
If 1 and 2 are s
infinitesimally close
together, then the
line through them
does not cross the
graph line.

A line that only

touches and doesn’t
cross is called a 1
tangent line. t
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 Instantaneous Velocity
The instantaneous s
velocity equals the
3
slope of the tangent
line.
2
Slope increases from
1 to 2 to 3, so velocity
increases with time. 1
t
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Hey, Waitaminute!!
Isn’t this calculus???

s ds
vs = lim  instantaneous
 t → 0 t dt velocity

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 Demystifying Calculus
We will not be doing
much calculus in this
course.

But we do need some

here and there.

So here’s a quick
intro to using calculus
in Science.
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The Slope of the Tangent

The slope of the tangent line is the derivative.

Now we see that we can use the derivative to

find the instantaneous velocity:
s ds
vs = lim 
 t → 0 t dt

dx dy dz
vx = vy = vz =
dt dt dt 38

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 Quick Summary of Derivatives

d n
Derivative of a t = nt n −1
power: dt

The derivative of a constant is zero:

dc
=0 c = constant
dt
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Quick Summary of Derivatives

A constant can be taken out of a

derivative:
d dx
(cx) = c c = constant
dt dt

And:
d
(u + w) = du + dw
dt dt dt
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 Find the velocity if:
x= xo

x= xo + vit

x= (4t-2t2)

x= (5t3 + t2-3t + 15.2)

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Significance of the Derivative

If a function is increasing,
then the derivative is ….

If a function is decreasing,
then the derivative is ….

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 So we can look at a graph and say

If the function is increasing

then the velocity is …

If the function is decreasing

then the velocity is …

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Looking at graphs
Where is the maximum
velocity, vx? s
Is there any
acceleration there?
Where is the maximum
speed?

Is the object ever at

rest? t
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 2.3 Finding Position from
Velocity

In Section 2.2 we found

velocity from position.

How do we find
position from velocity?
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First, let’s think about

area.
Here is a rectangle:
w

What is its area?

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 w

Area = height x width = hw

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So when we multiply one quantity

(height) by another quantity (width) we
get an area.

The units of this area are the units of the

first quantity (metres) multiplied by the
units of the second quantity (metres).

The units of area are m2.

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 A car moves at constant velocity, vs.
What is its displacement between
times ti and tf?
ti tf
vs vs
s

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A car moves at constant velocity, vs.

What is its displacement between
times ti and tf?
ti tf
vs vs
s

First find the time t = t f − ti

interval:
Then find the s = vs t
displacement: 50

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 But look: the displacement is
one quantity (vs) multiplied by
another quantity (t)!

s = vs t

Could displacement be an
area???
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Try plotting velocity vs. time.

vs is constant so its graph is a

horizontal line:
vs
vs vs = constant

t
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 Mark the start and end times.

We can now see an area.

vs
vs vs = constant

t
ti tf 53

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The height of the area is vs.

The width is t.

vs
vs vs = constant

vs

t
t
ti tf 54

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 Area = height x width vs t = s
= m
s = m
Units of this area = s
vs
vs vs = constant

vs

t
t
ti tf 55

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Displacement = area under the graph of

velocity vs. time.

s = vs t
vs
vs vs = constant

vs

t
t
ti tf 56

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 What if velocity varies with
time?
s

vs

t
ti tf 57

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How do we find the area now?

Divide it into many thin
rectangles.
Makevs them all the same width,
t.

t
ti t tf 58

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 Area of kth rectangle issk = (vs ) k t
Add them up to find total
area:
s = s1 + s2 + + sk + + sN
vs

(vs)k

t
ti t tf 59

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Area of kth rectangle issk = (vs ) k t

Add them up to find total
area: N N
s =  sk =  (vs ) k t
k =1 k =1
vs

(vs)k

t
ti t tf 60

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 This is only approximate!!!
But it becomes exact if we use an
infinite number of infinitely-thin
rectangles of width dt:
vs
Area ds = vsdt
vs

t
ti dt tf 61

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