Physics: Googol-Xiii

PHYSICS
GOOGOL-XIII
ELASTICITY, THERMAL EXPANSION,

CALORIMETRY
&
HEAT TRANSFER
CONTENTS
KEY CONCEPT - 2-4
EXERCISE-I - 5 - 13
EXERCISE-II - 14 - 18
EXERCISE-III - 19 - 21
ANSWER KEY - 22
PHYSICS NEEL KAMAL SETHIA (NKS SIR)
THERMAL EXPANSION
Definition of Heat :
Heat is a form of energy which is transferred between a system and its surrounding as a result of temperature
difference only.
Thermal Expansion : Expansion due to increase in temperature.
1. Type of thermal expansion
Coefficient of expansion For temperature change t change in
1 l
(i) Linear   Lim length l = l0 t
t 0 l0 Δt
1 A
(ii) Superficial   Lim Area A = A0t
t 0 A0 Δt
1 V
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(iii) Volume   Lim volume V = V0t
t 0 V0 Δt
(a) For isotropic solids 1 = 2 = 3 =  (let)
so =2 and  = 3
(b) For anisotropic solids =1 + 2 and  = 1 + 2 + 3
Here 1 , 2 and 3 are coefficient of linear expansion in X , Y and Z directions.
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2. Variation in density : With increase of temperature volume increases so density decreases and vice-versa.
d0
d
(1  t )
For solids values of  are generally small so we can write d = d0 (1–t) (using bimomial expansion)
Note :
(i)  for liquids are in order of 10–3
(ii) For water density increases from 0 to 4°C so  is –ve (0 to 4° C) and for 4° C to higher temperature  is +ve.
At 4° C density is maximum.
3. Thermal Stress : A rod of length l0 is clamped between two fixed walls with distance l0. If temperature is

changed by amount t then
F
stress = (area assumed to be constant)
A
l
strain = 
l0
FA Fl0 F
so, Y = = =
l l0 Al At
or F = Y A t
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4. If  is not constant
(i) ( varies with distance) Let  = ax+b
1
Total expansion = expansion of length dx = (ax  b)dx t

 
0
(ii) ( varies with tempearture)
Let  = f (T)
T2
l =   l0 dT
T1
Caution : If is in °C then put T1 and T2 in °C.
similarly if is in K then put T1 and T2 in K.
CALORIMETRY
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Quantity of heat transfered and specific heat
The amount of heat needed to incerase the temperature of 1 gm of water from 14.5° C to 15.5°C at STP is 1
calorie
dQ = mcdT
T2
Q = m C dT (be careful about unit of temperature, use units according to the given units of C)

T1
Heat transfer in phase change
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Q = mL, L = latent heat of substance in cal/ gm/ °C or in Kcal/ kg/ °C
Lice = 80 cal/ gm for ice
L steam = 540 cal/ gm
HEAT-TRANSFER
(A) Conduction : Due to vibration and collision of medium particles.
(i) Steady State : In this state heat absorption stops and temperature gradient throughout a uniform rod

dT
becomes constant i.e. = constant.
dx
(ii) Before steady state : Temp of rod at any point changes
Note : If specific heat of any substance is zero, it can be considered always in steady state.
1. Ohm’s law for Thermal Conduction in Steady State :

Let the two ends of rod of length l is maintained at temp T1 and T2( T1 > T2)
dQ T1  T2
Rate of heat flow = Thermal current =
dt RTh

Where thermal resistance RTh = k A
2. Differential form of Ohm’s Law
dQ dT dT
= KA = temperature gradient
dT dx dx
(B) Convection : Heat transfer due to movement of medium particles.
(C) Radiation: Every body radiates electromagnetic radiation of all possible wavelength at all temp>0 K.
1. Stefan’s Law : Rate of heat emitted by a body at temp T K from per unit area E =T4 J/sec/m2

dQ
Radiation power T4 watt
= P = AT
dT
If a body is placed in a surrounding of temperature TS
dQ
= A (T4 – T
Ts4)
dT
valid only for black body
radiation power from general body
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Emissivity or emmisive power e = radiation power from black body
If temp of body falls by dT in time dt
dT eA 4
 (T  Ts4 ) (dT/dt = rate of cooling)
dt mS
2. Newton’s law of cooling
dT
 (T  Ts )
3.
dt
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Average form of Newtons law of cooling
If a body cools from T1 to T2 in time  t
T1  T2 K  T1  T2 
   Ts  (used generally in objective questions)
t mS  2 
dT K
 (T  Ts ) (for better results use this generally in subjective)
dt mS
4. Wein’s black body radiation

At every temperature (>0K) a body radiates energy radiations of all wavelengths.
According to Wein’s displacement law if the wavelength corresponding to maximum
energy is m.
then mT = b where b = is a constant (Wein’s constant)
T = temperature of body
EXERCISE-I
1. A steel rope of length L, area of cross-section A, Young’s modulus Y, is hanging from a celling in equilibrium.
The elastic potential energy per unit volume at a point L/3 from ceiling is [Density = d]
(A) 2(dgL)2/9Y (B) (dgL)2/9Y (C) 2(dgL)/9AY (D) 2(dgL)2/3Y
2. In the previous problem, the steel rope is vertical and moving with the force acting vertically up at the upper
end. The strain at a point L/3 from lower end is
(A) 2(dgL)/9Y (B) (dgL)/6Y (C) (dgL)/9Y (D) 2(dgL)/3Y
3. The steel rope of previous problem is pulled on a horizontal frictionless floor with a constant horizontal force
F = [dALg]/2 applied at one end. The strain at the midpoint is :
(A) (dgL)/9Y (B) (dgL)/4Y (C) (dgL)/4AY (D) (dgL)/3Y
4. If the ratio of lengths, radii and Young’s moduli of steel and brass wires in the figure are a,b and c respectively,
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then the corresponding ratio of increase in their lengths is
steel
m
brass
2m
(A) 2a2c/b (B) 3a/2b2c (C) 2ac/b2 (D) 3c/2ab2
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If the maximum tension the ring can withstand is Fmax and its linear mass density is d. The maximum
permissible linear velocity of a rotating thin lead ring (axis of rotation is the axis of the ring) is
FMax 2FMax FMax FMax

(A) (B) (C) d (D)
2d d 3d
6. A rod of length 2m rests on smooth horizontal floor. If the rod is heated from 0°C to 20°C. Find the longitudinal
strain developed? ( = 5 × 10–5/°C)
(A) 10–3 (B) 2 × 10–3 (C) Zero (D) None
7. The load versus strain graph for four wires of the same material is shown in the figure. The thickest wire is
represented by the line
(A) OB (B) OA (C) OD (D) OC
8. Select the correct statement on the basis of the given graph :
(A) Young's modulus of A is greater but it is less ductile
(B) Young's modulus of A is greater and it is more ductile
(C) Young's modulus of A is less and it is less ductile
(D) Young's modulus of A is less but it is more ductile
9. Two bodies of masses 2kg and 3kg are connected by a metal wire of cross section 0.04 mm2. Breaking
stress of metal wire is 2.5 GPa. The maximum force F that can be applied to 3kg block so that wire does
not break is : (Neglect friction)
3kg
2kg 2
0.04mm F
(A) 100 N (B) 150 N (C) 200 N (D) 250 N
10. If a metal wire is stretched a little beyond its elastic limit (or yield point) and released, it will
(A) not contract
(B) lose its elastic property completely.
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(C) contract only up to its length at the elastic limit.
(D) contract but its final length will be greater than its initial length.
11. A metal wire of length L area of cross-section A and Young modulus Y behaves as a spring of spring
constant k, where k is equal to
YL YA 2YA YA
(A) (B) (C) (D)
A L L 2L
12. Two wires have the same diameter and length. One is made of copper, the other brass. The wires are
(A) Stress
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connected together end to end. When the free ends are pulled in opposite directions, the two wires must
have the same
(B) Strain (C) Ultimate strength (D) Elongation
 1
13. A metal cube with temperature coefficient of cubical expansion 'm' has   th of its volume submerged
n
while floating in a liquid with temperature coefficient of cubical expansion 'l'. If the temperature of both , the
liquid as well as the cube increases by , the fraction of volume of cube submerged while floating would be
[1  (  l   m ) ] (1   l ) [2  (  l   m ) ] 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n n n n
14. A uniform circular disc with the hole lies over a smooth horizontal surface, C is centre of the disc and A is
a point on the rim of the disc as shown. As the temperature is increased.
(A) C remains at rest& A to right
(B) Both A & C move to right
(C) Both remain at rest
(D) C moves to left & A to right
15. A vessel containing a liquid is heated with its contents. The pressure at the bottom of vessel due to the
liquid should. (no evaporation take place)
(A) increase (B) decrease
(C) increases if liq > 3 vessel (D) decreases if liq > 3 vessel
16. Arrangement of three metallic rods riveted to each other is as shown in figure. Al is the coefficient of linear
expansion for aluminium and S (when Al > S ) for steel. The arrangement is heated, then
(A) Tensile stress is developed in the aluminium rod.
(B) Compressive stress is developed in the aluminium rod
(C) No stress is developed in the aluminium rod
(D) Data is incomplete
17. A crystal has a coefficient of expansion 13 × 109 in one direction and 231 × 109 in every direction at right
angles to it. Then the cubical coefficient of expansion is :
(A) 4.62 × 107 (B) 2.44 × 107 (C) 4.75 × 107 (D) 2.57 × 107 s
18. Statement-1 : When a glass container containing water at room temperature is kept over a flame, the level

of water first decreases slightly, then increases.
Statement-2 : On heating at room temperature (27°C) water first contracts and then expands.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
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19.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
A metal ball immersed in Alcohol weights W 1 at 0°C and W 2 at 50°C. The coefficient of cubical expansion

of the metal ()m is less than that of alcohol ()Al. Assuming that density of metal is large compared to that
of alcohol, it can be shown that
(A) W 1 > W 2 (B) W 1 = W 2 (C) W 1 < W 2 (D) any of (A) , (B) or (C)
20. A copper rod and a steel rod are heated. At 0°C, the copper rod has a length LC and the steel one has a
length LS. When the rods are being heated or cooled, a difference of 5.00 cm is maintained between their
21.
(A) 3.33 cm
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lengths. Determine the values of LC. Cu = 5 × 10–5/°C, S = 2 × 10–5/°C.
(B) 5 cm (C) 8.33 cm (D) 15 cm
Which of the following steps would make the pipe more capable of withstanding the increased pressure?
(A) Increase the radius of pipe and decrease thickness of it's walls.
(B) Increase the radius of pipe and thickness of it's walls.
(C) decrease the radius of pipe and thickness of it's walls.
(D) decrease the radius of the pipe and increase the thickness of its walls.
22. A storage type geyser contains 10 kg of water at 10°C. The geyser has a power rating = 1000 W and
efficiency of conversion of electric power to heat = 75%. If the geyser remains on for 20 minutes, what will
be the final temperature of water in the geyser?
(A) 37°C (B) 31.4°C (C) 28.2°C (D) 18.6°C
23. The specific heat of the same substance is expressed in two units; C1 cal/gm°C & C2 cal/gm°F. Then which
of the following relation is true?
(A) C1 > C2 (B) C1 = C2 (C) C1 < C2 (D) C1 & C2 cannot be compared
24. A & B are two identical thermometers but bulb of A is spherical & that of B is cylindrical. Which of the
thermometers will show the temperature quickly?
(A) A (B) B
(C) both (D) depends on the temperature to be measured
25. Two solid objects of the same mass are supplied with heat at the same rate Q/t. The temperature of the
first object with latent heat L1 and specific heat capacity c1 changes according to graph 1 on the diagram.
The temperature of the second object with latent heat L2 and specific heat capacity c2 changes according
to graph 2 on the diagram.
Based on what is shown on the graph, the latent heats L1 and L2 and the specific heat capacities c1 and c2
in solid state obey which of the following relationships:
(A) L1 < L2 ; c1 < c2 (B) L1 < L2 ; c1 > c2 (C) L2 < L1 ; c1 > c2 (D) L2 < L1 ; c2 > c1
26. A mass of material exists in its solid form at its melting temperature 10°C. The following processes then
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occur to the material:
Process 1 : An amount of thermal energy Q is added to the material and 3/4 of the material melts
Process 2 : An identical additional amount of thermal energy Q is added to the material and the material is
now a liquid at 50°C.
What is the ratio of the latent heat of fusion to the specific heat of the liquid for this material?
(A) 80°C (B) 60°C (C) 40°C (D) 20°C
27. A thermally insulated vessel contains two liquids A & B with initial temperatures T1 & T2 and specific heats
s1 & s2 respectively. They are separated by a non-conducting piston. When the partition is removed the final
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equilibrium temperature is average of the initial temperatures of the liquids. The ratio of masses of two
liquids m1/m 2 is :
s2 s1 s1 s2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
s1 s2 s2 s1
28. Three liquids A, B and C are at temperatures of 60 °C, 55 °C and 50 °C respectively. 4 g of A mixed with
3 g of C gives 55 °C and 2 g of A mixed with 3 g of B gives 57 °C. The temperature of the mixture when equal
masses of B and C are mixed is
(A) 52.1°C (B) 55°C (C) 52.5°C (D) 53°C
29. The specific heat of alcohol is about half that of water. Suppose you have identical masses of alcohol and
water. The alcohol is initially at temperature TA. The water is initially at a different temperature TW. Now the
two fluids are mixed in the same container and allowed to come into thermal equilibrium, with no loss of
heat to the surroundings. The final temperature of the mixture will be
(A) closer to TA than TW. (B) closer to TW than TA.
(C) exactly halfway between TA and TW. (D) dependent on the volume of alcohol used.
30. Solid A, with mass M, is at its melting point TA. It is placed in thermal contact with solid B, with heat
capacity CB and initially at temperature TB (TB > TA). The combination is thermally isolated. A has latent
heat of fusion L and when it has melted has heat capacity CA. If A completely melts the final temperature of
both A and B is:
(A) (CATA + CBTB – ML)/(CA + CB) (B) (CATA – CBTB +ML)/(CA + CB)
(C) (CATA – CBTB – ML)/(CA + CB) (D) (CATA + CBTB +ML)/(CA – CB)
31. A 5 liter glass vessel is filled to its brim with water. The coefficient of cubical expansion of water is
1.3 × 10–4/°C and coefficient of volume expansion of glass is 80 × 10–6 /°C. The temperature is increased by
20°C. How much water would overflow ?
(A) 5 cc (B) 8 cc (C) 10 cc (D) 13 cc
32. Calculate the slopes for the A,C, and E portions of the figure below. Rank the slopes from least to greatest?
T(°C)
120 D E
90
60 C
Steam
30 Water + steam
B
A 0 Ice+ water
–30 water
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Ice
815 Energy added (J)
62.7 396 3070 3110
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33.
(A) A, C, E (B) A, E, C (C) C, E, A (D) C, A, E
A calorimeter (of water equivalent 50 g) contains 250 g of water and 50g of ice at 0°C, 30g of water at 80°C
is added to it. The final condition of the system will be [swater = 1 cal/g-°C, Lf = 80 cal/g]
(A) temperature of the system will be 4.2°C.
(B) temperature of the system will still be 0°C and the entire ice will melt
(C) the temperature will be 0°C and half of ice will melt
(D) the temperature will be 0°C and 20 g of ice will be left.
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Paragraph for Question Nos. 34 to 35
In a small pan of heat capacity 300J/°C, we pour 0.5 litre water and we put this pan on a stove ; heating it
at a constant rate. The temperature of the water is plotted in figure (a) against time. There were no heat
losses. Then we removed the water from pan and cooled the pan back to 0°C. We poured 0.7 kg alcohol and
heat it at the same constant rate. The temperature time graph is plotted in figure (b). Density of water = 1
kg/lit., specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/Kg°C,
T T
80°C
50°C
0°C 10 min t 0°C 15 min t

(a) (b)
34. The specific heat capacity of alcohol is :
(A) 7200 J/kg°C (B) 7800 J/kg°C (C) 7500 J/kg°C (D) None of these
35. Half of the alcohol evaporates in 22 min from t = 0. What is the specific latent heat of vaporisation of
alcohol?
(A) 4.24 × 105 J/kg (B) 3.6 × 105 J/kg (C) 3.84 × 105 J/kg (D) None of these
36. Two identical vessels are filled with equal amounts of ice. The vessels are made of different materials. If the
ice melts in the two vessels in time t1 and t2 respectively, then their thermal conductivities are in the ratio :
(A) t2 : t1 (B) t 22 : t12 (C) t1 : t2 (D) t 2 : t 2
1 2
37. The ends of two rods of different materials with their thermal conductivities, radii of cross sections and
lengths all are in the ratio 1 : 2 are maintained at the same temperature difference. If the rate of flow of heat
in the larger rod is 4 cal/sec, that in the shorter rod in cal/sec. will be
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 8 (D) 16
38. A slab of material X, 2 mm thick, and a slab of material Y, 20 mm thick and of the same area as X, are
placed together in thermal contact. The outside face of X is maintained at 100°C, the outside face of Y at
0°C. If Y has 40 times the thermal conductivity of X, their common junction temperature is
(A) 50°C (B) 40°C (C) 20°C (D) 10°C
39. The temperature at the bottom of a pond of depth L is 4oC. The temperature of the air, just above the layer
of ice frozen at the pond’s surface is –2oC for the past many days. The thermal conductivity of ice is three
times that of water. The thickness of the frozen layer of ice must be
(A) 2L/3 (B) L/2 (C) L/3 (D) 3L/5
40. The container A is constantly maintained at 100°C and insulated container B of the figure initially contains
ice at 0°C. Different rods are used to connect them. For a rod made of copper, it takes 30 minutes for the ice
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to melt and for a rod of steel of same cross-section taken in different experiment it takes 60 minutes for ice
to melt. When these rods are simultaneously connected in parallel, the ice melts in
(A) 15 minutes (B) 20 minutes (C) 45 minutes (D) 90 minutes
41. 4 similar rods which are thermally insulated are joined at point A. If heat flows in from point B at rate of 1W
and from point C at 3W inside, flows out from D at 5W, which relation is correct for temperature of these
points?
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(A) TA = TE (B) TB = TC (C) TC = TD (D) TB = TE
42. A steel rod is joined by a copper rod as shown in figure. Both the rods have same cross sectional area. The
thermal conductivity of steel and copper are 5 watt/m-K and 10 watt/m-K. If thermal resistance of steel rod
is 60 k/watt then for copper rod it will be
(A) 45 K/watt (B) 25 K/watt (C) 35 K/watt (D) None
43. Block A is a 50-g aluminum block originally at 90°C. Block B is a 100-g aluminum block originally at 45°C.
The blocks are placed in two separate 1.0 liter containers of water that were originally at 20°C. When the
systems reach thermal equilibrium, which aluminum block will have the higher final temperature?
(A) Block A
(B) Block B
(C) The blocks will have the same final temperature.
(D) The answer depends on the specific heat of water.
44. The diagram shows four slabs of different materials with equal thickness, placed side by side. Heat flows
from left to right and the steady-state temperatures of the interfaces are given. Rank the materials according
to their thermal conductivities, smallest to largest.
d d d d
1 2 3 4
35°C 30°C 20°C 0°C –15°C
(A) 3, 4, 2, 1 (B) 2, 1, 3, 4 (C) 3, 4, 1, 2 (D) 4, 3, 2, 1
45. Two sheets of thickness d and 2 d and same area are touching each other on their face. Temperature TA, TB,
TC shown are in geometric progression with common ratio r = 2. Then ratio of thermal conductivity of thinner
and thicker sheet are
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(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
46. Six identical conducting rods having uniform cross-section area are fixed to make a regular hexagon as
shown. The ends A and C are maintained at constant temperature 2T0 and 6T0. After the steady state is
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reached, pick up the correct relation between temperatures TB, TD, TE and TF of ends B, D, E and F
respectively : (Neglect convection and radiation losses)
2T0
A B
F C 6T0
E D
(A) TD > TE = TB > TF (B) TD = TB > TE > TF
(C) TD > TE > TF = TB (D) TB > TF = TE > TD
47. You have two rods of the same length and diameter but they are formed for different materials. The rods will
be used to connect two regions of different temperature such that energy will transfer through the rods by
heat. They can be connected in series, as in part (a) of the figure below, or in parallel, as in part (b) In which
case is the rate of energy transfer by heat larger?
Rod1
Th Tc Th Rod2 Tc
Rod1 Rod2
(a) (b)
(A) when the rods are in series (B) when the rods are in parallel
(C) the rate is the same in both cases (D) cannot be determined
48. The power emitted per unit area of a black body is R watt/m2. At what wavelength will the power radiated by
the black body be maximum. If the Stefan's constant is  and Wien's constant is b, then
1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
 b  b  bR  
(A)  =   (B)  =   (C)  =   (D)  = b  
R  R    R
49. Certain spherical astronomical objects radiate as black bodies and have surface temperature inversely
proportional to their radii. Object X has twice the radius of object Y. The power radiated by X divided by that
radiated by Y is
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.125 (D) 8
50. A black body, initially at temperature T, cools to temperature (T/2) in time t in surrounding which is near
absolute zero. It will cool further to a temperature (T/4) in additional time
(A) 8t (B) 7t (C) 9t (D) None
51. The solar constant of earth is 2 cal/min-cm2. If distance of mercury planet from sun is 0.4 times the
distance of earth from the sun, then solar constant of mercury planet will be:
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(A) 12.5 cal/min–cm2 (B) 25 cal/min–cm2
(C) 0.32 cal/min–cm2 (D) 2 cal/min–cm2
52. A black body radiates radiation at temperature 727°C the maximum density of energy radiation Em. Another
identical body radiates at temperature 1727°C & the maximum density of energy radiation is E2m then
Em/E2m is
(A) 1/8 (B) 1/16 (C) 1/32 (D) 1/64
53. The chlorophyll in most plants is largely responsible for promoting photosynthesis and is also responsible
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for the green color we observe in most plants. Which of the following colors of light would be the least useful
for photosynthesis in plants?
(A) magenta (B) red (C) green (D) blue
54. A black body radiates maximum energy around the wavelength 0. If the temperature of the black body is
changed so that it radiates maximum energy around the wavelength 20, the ratio of final to initial power
radiated by it will be
(A) 1/2 (B) 2 (C) 1/16 (D) 16
55. The spectra of radiation emitted by two distant stars are shown below.
The ratio of the surface temperature of star A to that of star B, TA : TB, is approximately:
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 4 : 1 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 1 : 1
56. You are a consultant for a cookware manufacturer who wishes to make a pan that will have two features : (1)
absorb thermal energy from a flame as quickly as possible, and (2) have an inner surface that remains as
hot as possible when cooking. Consider only radiation. You should recommend a pan with the
(A) outer and inner surfaces black.
(B) outer and inner surfaces shiny.
(C) outer surface shiny and inner surface black.
(D) outer surface black and inner surface shiny.
57. Two spherical black bodies of radii r1 and r2 and with surface temperatures T1 and T2 respectively radiate the
same power, r1/r2 must be equal to
2 2 4 4
 T2   T1   T1   T2 
(A)  
 (B)  
 (C)  
 (D)  

T
 1 T
 2 T
 2 T
 1
58. A body cools from 50°C to 40°C in 5 minutes. The surrounding temperature is 20°C. In what further time (in
VIBRANT ACADEMY
minutes) will it cool to 30°C
(A) 5 (B) 25/3 (C) 15/2 (D) 10
59. A polished metal with rough black spot on it is heated to about 1400 K and quickly taken to a dark room,
which one of the following statements will be true?
(A) the spot will appear brighter than the plate
(B) The spot will appear darker than the plate
(C) The spot and plate will be equally bright
(D) The spot and plate will not be visible in dark
60.
unacademy
A solid sphere of copper of radius R and a hollow sphere of the same material of inner radius r and outer
radius R are heated to the same temperature and allowed to cool in the same environment. Hollow sphere
(A) will cool faster than solid sphere
(B) will cool slower than solid sphere
(C) will cool at the same rate as the solid sphere
(D) data is not sufficient to decide
EXERCISE-II
1. A wire of cross-section A is stretched horizontally between two clamps located 2l meters apart. A weight
W kg is suspended from the mid point of the wire. If the mid point sags vertically through a distance x << l
the strain produced is
2x 2 x2 x2
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) none of these
l l 2l
2. Water freezes inside a pipe, normally it expands by about 9% due to freezing. What would be the pressure
increase inside the pipe? The bulk modulus of ice is 2.00 × 109 N/m 2.
(A) 1.80 × 108 N/m 2 (B) 3.60 × 108 N/m 2 (C) 9 × 107 N/m 2 (D) 7.2 × 108 N/m 2
3. A rod of length 1000 mm and coefficient of linear expansion  = 10–4 per degree is placed symmetrically
between fixed walls separated by 1001 mm. The Young’s modulus of the rod is 1011 N/m2. If the temperature
is increased by 20°C, then the stress developed in the rod is (in N/m2) :
VIBRANT ACADEMY
(A) 10 (B) 108 (C) 2 × 108 (D) cannot be calculated
4. Two rods of different materials having coefficient of thermal expansion 1 and 2 and Young's moduli Y1 and
Y2 respectively are fixed between two rigid massive walls. The rods are heated such that they undergo the
same increase in temperature. There is no bending of the rods. If 1 and 2 are in the ratio2 : 3, the thermal
5.
(A) 2 : 3
unacademy
stresses in the rods would be same for ratio Y1/Y2 =
(B) 1 : 1 (C) 3 : 2 (D) 4 : 9
Two light wires of the same material (Young's modulus Y) and same length L but different radii R and 2R, as
shown in the figure, are joined end to end and supported from a fixed support. A weight W is suspended from
the combination. The elastic potential energy in the system is
3W 2 L 3W 2 L
(A) (B)
4R 2 Y 8R 2 Y
5W 2 L W 2L
(C) (D)
8R 2 Y R 2 Y
6. A rubber cord has a cross sectional area 1 mm2 and relaxed length 10.0 cm. It is stretched to 12.0 cm and
then released to project a missile of mass 5.0 g. If Young's modulus of elasticity for rubber is Y = 5.0 × 108
N/m2, find the velocity of projection.
(A) 2 m/s (B) 20 m/s (C) 200 m/s (D) 2000 m/s
7. A thin rod of negligible mass and area of cross-section 2 × 10–6 m2, suspended vertically from one end, has
a length of 0.5 m at 200°C. The rod is cooled to 0°C, but length is kept same by attaching a mass at the
lower end. The value of this mass is : (Young's modulus = 1011 N/m 2, Coefficient of linear expansion
10–5 K–1).
(A) 20 kg (B) 30 kg (C) 40 kg (D) 50 kg
8. A U-tube filled with a liquid of volumetric expansion coefficient 10–5/°C lies in a vertical plane. The height of
liquid column in the left vertical limb is 100 cm. The liquid in the left vertical limb is maintained at a
temperature = 0°C while the liquid in the right limb is maintained at a temperature = 100°C. The difference
in levels in the two limbs is
(A) 0.1 cm (B) 0.2 cm (C) 0.2 mm (D) zero
9. A thin steel ring of inner diameter 40 cm and cross-sectional area 1mm2, is heated until is easily slides on
a rigid cylinder of diameter 40.05 cm. [for steel,  = 10–5 /°C, Y = 200 GPa] when the ring cools down, the
tension in the ring will be
(A) 1000 N (B) 500 N (C) 250 N (D) 100 N
10. A wire having cross-sectional area S is attached to wall on one side and a block of mass M on the other side
which placed on a horizontal surface having coefficient of friction as shown. Material of wire has coefficient
of thermal expansion  and Young's modulus Y. At initial temperature there is no stress in the wire. Now the
wire is cooled. At what decrease in temperature the block will begin to move.
Mg 2Mg
(A) (B)
VIBRANT ACADEMY
YS YS
Mg
(C) (D) none
2YS
11. Thin strips of iron and zinc are riveted together to form a bimetallic strip that bends when heated. The iron
is on the inside of the bend because :
(A) it has a higher coefficient of linear expansion (B) it has a lower coefficient of linear expansion
(C) it has a higher specific heat (D) it has a lower specific heat
12. unacademy
What is reduced when a mercury thermometer is made using a larger bulb, but with a capillary tube of the
same diameter and length?
(A) accuracy (B) sensitivity (C) range (D) None of these
13. A brass and a steel bar are each 0.800 m long at a temperature of 20°C. Each bar is placed at that
temperature between rigid walls 0.800 m apart. The cross-sectional areas for the brass and steel bars are
0.005 m2 and 0.003 m2, respectively. Thermal and elastic constants of the two materials are given in the
table. The temperature is raised until the combined force exerted by the two bars is 1.8 × 106 N. The
temperature at which this occurs, in °C, is closest to :
Coefficient of
Linear Expansion Young's Modulus
–5 –1 11
Brass 2.0 × 10 K 0.9 × 10 Pa
–5 –1 11
Steel 1.2 × 10 K 2.0 × 10 Pa
(A) 100 (B) 110 (C) 120 (D) 130
14. Pure water super cooled to 15°C is contained in a thermally insulated flask. Small amount of ice is thrown
into the flask. The fraction of water frozen into ice is (assume all water condenses as ice initially) :
(A) 3/35 (B) 6/35 (C) 6/29 (D) 2/35
15. In two experiments with a continuous flow calorimeter to determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid, an
input power of 60 W produced a rise of 10 K in the liquid. When the power was doubled, the same temperature
rise was achieved by making the rate of flow of liquid three times faster. The power lost to the surroundings
in each case was
(A) 20 W (B) 30 W (C) 40 W (D) 120 W
16. Window A is a pane of glass 4 millimeters thick, as shown. Window B is a sandwich consisting of two
extremely thin layers of glass separated by an air gap 2 millimeters thick, as shown. If the thermal conductivities
of glass and air are 0.8 watt/meter°C and 0.025 watt/meter°C, respectively, then the ratio of the heat
flow through window A to the heat flow hrough window B is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
VIBRANT ACADEMY
17. The temperature of end A of a rod is maintained at 0°C. The temperature of end B is changing slowly such
that the rod may be considered in steady state at all time and is given by TB = t; where  is positive
constant and t is time. Temperature of point C, at a distance x from end A, at any time is
xt xt 2
(A) (B)
L 2L
x 2 t (L  x )
(C) (D) t
2L L
18. unacademy
Six identical conducting rods are joined as shown in figure. Points A and D are maintained at temperature
of 200°C and 20°C respectively. The temperature of junction B will be:
(A) 120°C (B) 100°C (C) 140°C (D) 80°C
19. Three conducting rods of same material and cross-section are shown in figure. Temperatures of A, D and C
are maintained at 20°C, 90°C and 0°C. The ratio of lengths of BD and BC if there is no heat flow in AB is :
2 7
(A) (B)
7 2
9 2
(C) (D)
2 9
20. A cylindrical rod with one end in a steam chamber and the outer end in ice results in melting of 0.1 gm of ice
per second. If the rod is replaced by another with half the length and double the radius of the first and if the
thermal conductivity of material of second rod is 1/4 that of first, the rate at which ice melts is gm/sec will
be
(A) 3.2 (B) 1.6 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.1
21. A rod of length L with sides fully insulated is of a material whose thermal conductivity varies with temperature

as K = , where  is a constant. The ends of the rod are kept at temperature T1 and T2. The temperature
T
T at x, where x is the distance from the end whose temperature is T1 is
x
x T2 T2 x
 T L T2  T1
(A) T1  2  (B) ln (C) T e T1L (D) T1  x
 T1  L T1 1 L
22. A hollow sphere of inner radius R and outer radius 2R is made of a material of thermal conductivity K. It is
surrounded by another hollow sphere of inner radius 2R and outer radius 3R made of same material of
thermal conductivity K. The inside of smaller sphere is maintained at 0°C and the outside of bigger sphere
at 100°C. The system is in steady state. The temperature of the interface will be :
(A) 50°C (B) 70°C (C) 75°C (D) 45°C
23. What is the temperature T' at the interface if heat conductivity of first slab of length ‘’ is K0 and is uniform
every where but the conductivity of second slab of length ‘2’ varies with the distance ‘x’ measured from the
VIBRANT ACADEMY
 x
interface according to the law K = K0  1   . The temperature at the boundries of the composite slab are
 
2T0 and T0
 2 n 2  1   2 n 3  1  2 T0 T' T0
(A) T =   T0 (B) T =  T
 n 2  1   n 3  1  0
K0 K=K0 1+ x
1
 n 3  1   4 n 3  1 
(C) T =   T0 (D) T =  T 
 2n 3  1   n 3  1  0 2
24.
unacademy
A 100-watt electric heating element is placed in a pan containing one litre of water. Although the heating
element is on for a long time, the water, though close to boiling, does not boil. When the heating element is
removed, approximately how long will it take the water to cool by 1°C? (Assume that the specific heat for
water is 4.2 kilojoules/kilogram °C)
(A) 20 s (B) 42 s (C) 60 s (D) 130 s
25. If the surface temperature of the sun and its mass were to remain constant and its radius were to increase
by a factor of 2, the equilibrium temperature of a planet (Tp) would
(A) decreases by a factor of 2 (B) increases by a factor of 2
(C) increase by a factor of 23/2 (D) increase by a factor of 4
26. An object is being heated by a heater supplying 60W heat. Temperature of surrounding is 20°C and the
temperature of object becomes constant at 50°C. Now the heater is switched off. What is the rate at which
the object will loose heat when its temperature has dropped to 30°C.
(A) 20W (B) 30W (C) 40W (D) 60W
27. The room heater can provide only 16ºC in the room when the temperature outside is -20ºC. It is not warm
and comfortable, that is why the electric stove with power of 1 kW is also plugged in. Together these two
devices maintain the room temperature of 22ºC. Determine the thermal power of the heater.
(A) 3 kW (B) 4 kW (C) 5 kW (D) 6kW
28. Two identical heaters are coated with paint. In 1st case e1 = 1.0 and in 2nd case e2 = 0.5. Both are kept in
identical chambers which are in similar surroundings. If the heaters are switched on, in steady state 1st
heater has temperature T1 on surface and 1 of its chamber. 2nd heater has temperature T2 on surface and
2 of its chamber.
(A) 1 = 2; T1 < T2 (B) 1 > 2; T1 = T2 (C) 1 = 2; T1 > T2 (D) 1 < 2; T1 = T2
29. A planet is at an average distance 'd' from the sun and its average surface temperature is T. Assume that the
planet receives energy only from sun and loses energy only through radiation, from surface. Neglect
atmospheric effects. Temperature T is propotional to
(A) d2 (B) d–1/2 (C) d1/2 (D) d1/4
30. Spheres P & Q are constructed from same material and the radius of Q is twice the radius of P. The rate of
fall of temperature of P is x times that of Q when both are at the same temperature. The value of x is
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 4
4 2
VIBRANT ACADEMY
38. A slab of material X, 2 mm thick, and a slab of material Y, 20 mm thick and of the same area as X, are
placed together in thermal contact. The outside face of X is maintained at 100°C, the outside face of Y at
0°C. If Y has 40 times the thermal conductivity of X, their common junction temperature is
(A) 50°C (B) 40°C (C) 20°C (D) 10°C
42. A steel rod is joined by a copper rod as shown in figure. Both the rods have same cross sectional area. The
thermal conductivity of steel and copper are 5 watt/m-K and 10 watt/m-K. If thermal resistance of steel rod
is 60 k/watt then for copper rod it will be
(A) 45 K/watt unacademy
(B) 25 K/watt (C) 35 K/watt (D) None
49. Certain spherical astronomical objects radiate as black bodies and have surface temperature inversely
proportional to their radii. Object X has twice the radius of object Y. The power radiated by X divided by that
radiated by Y is
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.125 (D) 8
51. The solar constant of earth is 2 cal/min-cm2. If distance of mercury planet from sun is 0.4 times the
distance of earth from the sun, then solar constant of mercury planet will be:
(A) 12.5 cal/min–cm2 (B) 25 cal/min–cm2
(C) 0.32 cal/min–cm2 (D) 2 cal/min–cm2
19. Three conducting rods of same material and cross-section are shown in figure. Temperatures of A, D and C
are maintained at 20°C, 90°C and 0°C. The ratio of lengths of BD and BC if there is no heat flow in AB is :
2 7
(A) (B)
7 2
9 2
(C) (D)
2 9
EXERCISE-III
1. A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of its ends to the other end under steady-state. The variation
of temperature q along the length x of the bar from its hot end is best described by which of the following
figures? [AIEEE-2009]
   
(A) (B) (C) (D)

x x x x
2. 100 g of water is heated from 30°C to 50°C. Ignoring the slight expansion of the water, the change in its
internal energy is (specific heat of water is 4184 J/kg/K) : [AIEEE-2011]
(A) 4.2 kJ (B) 8.4 kJ (C) 84 kJ (D) 2.1 kJ
3. A liquid in a beaker has temperature (t) at time t and 0 is temperature of surroundings, then according to
Newton's law of cooling the correct graph between loge ( – 0) and t is : [AIEEE-2012]
VIBRANT ACADEMY
loge(–0)
loge(–0)
loge(–0)
loge(–0)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
t
t t t
4. A wooden wheel of radius R is made of two semicircular parts (see figure). The two parts are held together
unacademy
by a ring made of a metal strip of cross sectional area S and length L. L is slightly less than 2R. To fit the
ring on the wheel, it is heated so that its temperature rises by T and it just steps over the wheel. As it
cools down to surrounding temperature, it presses the semicircular parts together. If the coefficient of linear
expansion of the metal is , and its Youngs' modulus is Y, the force that one part of the wheel applies on the
other part is : [AIEEE-2012]
(A) SYT
(B) SYT R
(C) 2SYT
(D) 2 SYT
5. If a piece of metal is heated to temperature  and then allowed to cool in a room which is at temperature 0,
the graph between the temperature T of the metal and time t will be closest to : [JEE (Mains)-2013]
T T T T
(A) 0 (B) 0 (C) 0 (D) 0

O t O t O t O t
6. The pressure that has to be applied to the ends of a steel wire of length 10 cm to keep its length constant
when its temperature is raised by 100ºC is : [JEE (Mains)-2014]
(For steel Young’s modulus is 2 × 1011 N m –2 and coefficient of thermal expansion is 1.1 × 10–5 K–1)
(A) 2.2 × 109 Pa (B) 2.2 × 107 Pa (C) 2.2 × 106 Pa (D) 2.2 × 108 Pa
7. Three rods of Copper, Brass & Steel are welded together to form a Y-shaped structure. Area of cross-
section of each rod = 4 cm2. End of copper rod is maintained at 100ºC where as ends of brass and steel are
kept at 0ºC. Lengths of the copper, brass and steel rods are 46, 13 and 12 cms respectively. The rods are
thermally insulated from surroundings except at ends. Thermal conductivities of copper, brass and steel
are 0.92, 0.26 and 0.12 CGS units respectively. Rate of heat flow through copper rod is [JEE (Mains)-2014]
(A) 2.4 cal/s (B) 4.8 cal/s (C) 6.0 cal/s (D) 1.2 cal/s
8. A pendulum clock loses 12s a day if the temperature is 40ºC and gains 4s a day if the temperature is 20ºC.
The temperature at which the clock will show correct time, and the co-efficient of linear expansion () of the
metal of the pendulum shaft are respectively : [JEE (Mains)-2016]
(A) 25ºC ;  = 1.85 × 10–5 / ºC (B) 60ºC ;  = 1.85 × 10–4 / ºC
(C) 30ºC ;  = 1.85 × 10–3 / ºC (D) 55ºC ;  = 1.85 × 10–2 / ºC
9. A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a temperature T. It is dropped in a copper calorimeter of mass 100 gm,
filled with 170 gm of water at room temperature. Subsequently, the temperature of the system is found to be
75ºC. T is given by (Given : Room temperature = 30ºC, specific heat of copper = 0.1 cal/gmºC)
[JEE (Main)-2017]
(A) 885ºC (B) 1250ºC (C) 825ºC (D) 800ºC
10.
VIBRANT ACADEMY
An external pressure P is applied on a cube at 0ºC so that it is equally compressed from all sides. K is the
bulk modulus of the material of the cube and  is its coefficient of linear expansion. Suppose we want to
bring the cube to its original size by heating. The temperature should be raised by [JEE (Main)-2017]
P 3 P
(A) (B) (C) 3PK (D)
K PK 3 K
11. A man grows into a giant such that his linear dimensions increase by a factor of 9. Assuming that his
density remains same, the stress in the leg will change by a factor of : [JEE (Main)-2017]
13.
(A)
1
9 unacademy
(B) 81 (C)
1
81
(D) 9
Three very large plates of same area are kept parallel and close to each other. They are considered as ideal
black surfaces and have very high thermal conductivity. The first and third plates are maintained at temperatures
2T and 3T respectively. The temperature of the middle (i.e. second) plate under steady state condition is
1 1 1
 65  4  97  4  97  4
(A)   T (B)   T (C)   T (D) (97)1/4 T [JEE - 2012]
 2   4   2 
14. Two rectangular blocks, having identical dimensions, can be arranged either in configuration I or in configuration
II as shown in the figure. One of the blocks has thermal conductivity k and the other 2k. The temperature
difference between the ends along the x-axis is the same in both the configurations. It takes 9 s to transport
a certain amount of the heat from the hot end to the cold end in the configuration I. The time to transport the
same amount of heat in the configuration II is [JEE-2013]
Configuration II
Configuration I
2k
k 2k k
x
(A) 2.0 s (B) 3.0 s (C) 4.5 s (D) 6.0 s
15. Parallel rays of light of intensity l = 912 Wm–2 are incident on a spherical black body kept in surroundings
of temperature 300 K. Take Stefan-Boltzmann constant  = 5.7 × 10–5 Wm–2 K–4 and assume that the
energy exchange with the surroundings is only through radiation. The final steady state temperature of the
black body is close to [JEE(Adv)-2014]
(A) 330 K (B) 660 K (C) 990 K (D) 1550 K
16. A water cooler of storage capacity 120 liters can cool water at a constant rate of P watts. In a closed
circulation system (as shown schematically in the figure), the water from the cooler is used to cool an
external device that generates constantly 3 kW of heat (thermal load). The temperature of water fed into the
device cannot exceed 30ºC and the entire stored 120 liters of water is initially cooled to 10ºC. The entire
system is thermally insulated. The minimum value of (in watts) for which the device can be operated for
3 hours is
(Specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ kg–1 K–1 and the density of water is 1000 kg m–3) [JEE Advance-2016]
(A) 1600 Cooler Device
(B) 2067 Hot
(C) 2533
(D) 3933
VIBRANT ACADEMY
17.
Cold
The ends Q and R of two thin wires, PQ and RS, are solderd (joined) together. Initially each of the wires has
a length of 1 m at 10ºC. Now the end P is maintained at 10ºC, while the end S is heated and maintained at
400ºC. The system is thermally insulated from its surroundings. If the thermal conductivity of wire PQ is
twice that of the wire RS and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of PQ is 1.2 × 10–5K–1, the change
in length of the wire PQ is [JEE Advance-2016]
(A) 0.78 mm (B) 0.90 mm (C) 1.56 mm (D) 2.34 mm
18. The filament of a light bulb has surface area 64 mm2. The filament can be considered as a black body at
unacademy
temperature 2500 K emitting radiation like a point source when viewed from far. At night the light bulb is
observed from a distance of 100 m. Assume the pupil of the eyes of the observer to be circular with radius
3 mm. Then [JEE Advance-2020]
(Take Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 × 10–8 W m-2 K–4, Wien’s displacement constant = 2.90 × 10–3 m-K,
Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10–34 Js, speed of light in vacuum = 3.00 × 108 ms–1)
(A) power radiated by the filament is in the range 642 W to 645 W
(B) radiated power entering into one eye of the observer is in the range 3.15 × 10–8 W to 3.25 × 10–8 W
(C) the wavelength corresponding to the maximum intensity of light is 1160 nm
(D) taking the average wavelength of emitted radiation to be 1740 nm, the total number of photons entering
per second into one eye of the observer is in the range 2.75 × 1011 to 2.85 × 1011
dP
19. A cubical solid aluminium (bulk modulus =  V  70 GPa ) block has an edge length of 1 m on the
dV
surface of the earth. It is kept on the floor of a 5 km deep ocean. Taking the average density of water and the
acceleration due to gravity to be 103 kg m–3 and 10 ms–2, respectively, the change in the edge length of the
block in mm is _______. [JEE Advance-2020]
20. A container with 1 kg of water in it is kept in sunlight, which causes the water to get warmer than the
surroundings. The average energy per unit time per unit area received due to the sunlight is 700 Wm–2 and
it is absorbed by the water over an effective area of 0.05 m2. Assuming that the heat loss from the water to
the surroundings is governed by Newton’s law of cooling, the difference (in °C) in the temperature of water
and the surroundings after a long time will be __________ . (Ignore effect of the container, and take constant
for Newton’s law of cooling = 0.001 s–1, Heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1) [JEE Advance-2020]
Answer Key
EXERCISE-I
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. C
8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. A 13. A 14. D
15. B 16. B 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. A 21. D
22. B 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. A 28. A
29. B 30. A 31. A 32. D 33. D 34. B 35. C
36. A 37. A 38. C 39. D 40. B 41. D 42. A
43. A 44. A 45. A 46. A 47. B 48. D 49. A
50. A 51. A 52. C 53. C 54. C 55. A 56. D
57. A 58. B 59. A 60. A
EXERCISE-II
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. C
VIBRANT ACADEMY
8. A 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. B
15. B 16. D 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. C 21. A
22. C 23. B 24. B 25. B 26. A 27. D 28. A
29. B 30. C
EXERCISE-III
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. B
8. A 9. A 10. D 11. D 13. C 14. A
15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B,C,D 19. 0.23 to 0.25
20. 8.32 to 8.34
unacademy

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PHYSICS

ELASTICITY, THERMAL EXPANSION,

KEY CONCEPT - 2-4

Thermal Expansion : Expansion due to increase in temperature.

1. Type of thermal expansion

Coefficient of expansion For temperature change t change in

3. Thermal Stress : A rod of length l0 is clamped between two fixed walls with distance l0. If temperature is

Total expansion = expansion of length dx = (ax  b)dx t

Heat transfer in phase change

(i) Steady State : In this state heat absorption stops and temperature gradient throughout a uniform rod

1. Ohm’s law for Thermal Conduction in Steady State :

(C) Radiation: Every body radiates electromagnetic radiation of all possible wavelength at all temp>0 K.

1. Stefan’s Law : Rate of heat emitted by a body at temp T K from per unit area E =T4 J/sec/m2

radiation power from general body

2. Newton’s law of cooling

4. Wein’s black body radiation

(A) 2a2c/b (B) 3a/2b2c (C) 2ac/b2 (D) 3c/2ab2

FMax 2FMax FMax FMax

(A) OB (B) OA (C) OD (D) OC

(A) 100 N (B) 150 N (C) 200 N (D) 250 N

18. Statement-1 : When a glass container containing water at room temperature is kept over a flame, the level

A metal ball immersed in Alcohol weights W 1 at 0°C and W 2 at 50°C. The coefficient of cubical expansion

0°C 10 min t 0°C 15 min t

(A) 15 minutes (B) 20 minutes (C) 45 minutes (D) 90 minutes

(A) 45 K/watt (B) 25 K/watt (C) 35 K/watt (D) None

35°C 30°C 20°C 0°C –15°C

(A) 3, 4, 2, 1 (B) 2, 1, 3, 4 (C) 3, 4, 1, 2 (D) 4, 3, 2, 1

(A) 100 (B) 110 (C) 120 (D) 130

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16

(A) 120°C (B) 100°C (C) 140°C (D) 80°C

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) 0 (B) 0 (C) 0 (D) 0

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