Floor Vibrations
Floor Vibrations
Floor Vibrations
CE 539- -Advanced
AdvancedSteel
SteelStructures
Structures
(Reference:Negin
Professor T.A. Sabol)
A. Tauberg
CE 539
Advanced Steel Structures
Lecture 3
Floor Vibrations
CE539
CE 539- -Advanced
AdvancedSteel
SteelStructures
Structures
(Reference:Negin
Professor T.A. Sabol)
A. Tauberg
Week 3 Schedule
Ø HW1 is graded & solutions are posted
Ø HW2 due Friday 2/5: submit one compiled pdf
§ Make use of discussion board on D2L (under My Tools)
§ Questions? ….
Ø Today’s lecture:
§ Floor Vibrations
§ RAM Tutorial
Ø Week 3 participation Quiz due Monday 2/8
Ø HW3 due Friday 2/12
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CE539
CE 539- -Advanced
AdvancedSteel
SteelStructures
Structures
(Reference:Negin
Professor T.A. Sabol)
A. Tauberg
Assignment 2 Questions
Ø Composite Beam Design
o Stud arrangement for beam
o Stud arrangement for girder
o fully vs. partially composite
o Construction LL only for pre-comp
o Heavy live loads not reducible (§4.7.3)
o Partition LL not required here (§4.3.2)
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CE539
CE 539- -Advanced
AdvancedSteel
SteelStructures
Structures
(Reference:Negin
Professor T.A. Sabol)
A. Tauberg
Floor Vibrations
(due to human activity)
Reference: Murray, Allen, and Ungar, AISC Design Guide 11:
Floor Vibrations Due to Human Activity, Chicago: American
Institute of Steel Construction, 2016
CE539
CE 539- -Advanced
AdvancedSteel
SteelStructures
Structures
(Reference:Negin
Professor T.A. Sabol)
A. Tauberg
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Background
Modern steel floor systems may be susceptible to
vibration problems due to:
§ Increasingly lighter floor systems
§ More frequent use of partitions that do not connect
to the floor above
Primary criteria for evaluating vibration problems
include
§ Flexibility
§ Mass and Note that
§ Damping “strength” is
not a criterion
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Background
Damping is not easily controlled by the designer
in most floor systems, so selection of
appropriate floor mass and stiffness is key
Other contributors to the amount of floor vibration
§ Resonance -- Soldiers “break step” when marching
across bridges to avoid potentially dangerous
resonant vibration
§ Type of activity (walking, rhythmic activities,
machinery, etc.)
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Theoretically
Background
unlimited
response
tempered by
damping
Background
Human perception to vibration is a psychological
response
Many studies have been conducted to establish
acceptable thresholds
First known stiffness criterion appeared in 1828:
§ Girders over long spans should be “made deep to
avoid the inconvenience of being able to move on
the floor without shaking everything in the room”
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Background
Other stiffness criteria:
§ Live load deflection < “Span”/360
§ Member span-to-depth ratio < 24
In the past, resonance largely ignored in design of
floor systems because of complexity in:
§ Accurately predicting floor response
§ Accurately gauging human acceptability for various
levels of vibratory excitement
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Acceptance Criteria
What determines if a floor system is acceptable?
§ Past studies have looked at human response to floor
vibration
§ The body registers “acceleration” not velocity or
displacement
§ Thus, most modern acceptance criteria are geared
toward estimating the amount a floor accelerates due
to activity (e.g. footfall due to walking).
§ Older criteria often used displacement as a proxy for
acceleration
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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Acceptance Criteria
Empirical Experience
Floors in this range will
be considered
unacceptable
Modified
Reiher-Meister
Criteria 12
CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Acceptance Criteria
Most commonly used acceptance criterion in the
past was the Modified Reiher-Meister (MRM)
Scale
Displacement If it was desired to limit the
used rather amount of vibration to the
than velocity “slightly perceptible” range, for a
floor frequency of 10 Hz, the
floor displacement must be less
than 0.004 in. when subjected to
0.004” a standardized point load
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Acceptance Criteria
Improved Criteria
§ Improved criteria should consider
§ Use of the floor
§ Source of the vibration
§ Recognize that floors behave as two-way
systems
§ Recalibration to reflect modern construction
methods and standards
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Acceptance Criteria
Murray Criteria for Walking Excitation
§ Applies to steel beam or joist-supported floor
systems
§ Acceleration limits for floors have been adjusted for
the intended occupancy
§ Considers dynamic characteristics of the floor
system
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Acceptance Criteria
Murray Criteria for Walking Excitation
§ Limits are presented in terms of multiples of a
baseline curve plotting RMS acceleration
§ Limits are adjusted for different occupancies as a
“multiple” of a standard curve
§ Multipliers are:
§ 10 for offices
Decreasing
sensitivity
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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Acceptance Criteria
Acceptance Criteria
Walking Excitation – Forcing Function
§ Time dependent harmonic force component which
matches fundamental frequency of the floor
Fi = Pa i cos ( 2p fstept )
where
P = person’s weight (157 lbs)
αi = dynamic coefficient for ith harmonic force
component
i = harmonic multiple of the step frequency
fstep= step frequency 18
CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Acceptance Criteria
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Acceptance Criteria
Walking Excitation – Response of Floor Systems
§ Resonance response function
a Ra i P
= cos ( 2p fstept )
g bW
where
R = reduction factor
β = modal damping ratio
W = effective weight of the floor
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Acceptance Criteria
Walking Excitation - Response of Floor Systems
§ Reduction factor (R) takes into account full steady-
state resonant motion is not achieved for walking
and “walking” person and “receiving” person are
not simultaneously at the location of maximum
modal displacement
§ R can be conservatively taken as 0.5 for floor
structures with two-way mode shape configurations
(roughly square framing bays)
§ R can be 0.7 for one-way modal shape
configurations, such as pedestrian bridges
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Acceptance Criteria
Walking Excitation - Response of Floor Systems
§ Peak acceleration due to walking can be estimated
by selecting the lowest harmonic, i, for which the
forcing function frequency, f = i fstep, can match a
natural frequency of the floor
§ Simplifying the general harmonic equation
assuming α = 0.83exp(-0.35f )
ap Po exp ( -0.35fn ) ao
= £
g bW g
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Effective
Acceptance Criteria harmonic force
due to walking
ap Po exp ( -0.35fn ) ao resulting in
= £ resonance
g bW g
where
ap/g = estimated peak acceleration
ao/g = acceleration limit from Figure 2-1
fn = natural frequency of floor structure
Po = constant force equal to 65 lb for floors
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Acceptance Criteria
Walking Excitation
§ Motion due to quasi-static deflection and footstep
impulse vibration can become more critical than
resonance when floor fundamental frequency >
about 8 Hz
§ Thus, acceleration limit ao/g in Figure 2-1 is not
increased with frequency above 8 Hz.
§ Also, to account for motion due to varying static
deflection, a minimum static stiffness under
concentrated load must be satisfied if floor natural
frequency > 9 to 10 Hz
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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Three Spans
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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Damping is
cumulative
2
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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Bb
where
Lg/Bb
is taken not less than 0.5 nor greater than 1.0 for
calculation purposes
§ If beam span is less than one-half girder span, beam mode
and combined mode should be checked separately
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
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CE539
CE 539- -Advanced
AdvancedSteel
SteelStructures
Structures
(Reference:Negin
Professor T.A. Sabol)
A. Tauberg
Remediation
Ø Reduction of effects
o Eliminating vibration cues, altering
furniture/non-structural components
Ø Relocation of the vibration source
o Different floor level, near a column (vs. mid-
bay)
Ø Reducing mass if it would increase fn sufficiently
to avoid resonance
Ø Stiffening the structural system (increasing floor
fn ) or addition of damping elements
Ø … (AISC Design Guide 11, Section 7.2)
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CE539
CE 539- -Advanced
AdvancedSteel
SteelStructures
Structures
(Reference:Negin
Professor T.A. Sabol)
A. Tauberg
References / Examples
Ø Figure 4-3 Floor
evaluation calculation
procedure
Ø Section 4.4 Design
Examples
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
Break
Resume 8:00 pm
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
W18x35
W18x35
do
3 @ 10’ = 30’-0”
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
= 1833 in4
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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( ) B
2
Ig = I x + As ddeck / 2 + d g / 2 - y + n + t avg .conc ç y + ÷
12 n è 2 ø
= 984 + 14.70 ( 1 + 20.83 / 2 - 0.349 ) + (144 / 9.31) 4.25 3 / 12
+ ( 144 / 9.31) 4.25 ( 0.349 + 4.25 / 2 )
2
= 3 , 285 in4
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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Bg = Cg ç ÷÷ Lg = 1.8 ç ÷ 30 = 63.8 ft
ç Dg è 93.9 ø
è ø
which must be less than 2/3 the floor width.
This is a typical interior bay, the actual floor width is at
least 3 x beam span (3 x 35 = 105 ft).
Since 0.67(105) = 70, Bg = 63.8 ft. is reasonable
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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0.384 0.387
= 102 + 119
0.384 + 0.387 0.384 + 0.387
= 111 kips
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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0.48%/g
4.03 Hz
CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
(Reference: T.A. Sabol)
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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Break
Resume 8:45 pm
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CE 539 - Advanced Steel Structures
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Tutorial
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