THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF

ETHIOPIA

ETHIOPIAN ROADS
AUTHORITY

BONOSHA – ACHAMO ROAD PROJECT

MASTER WORK PROGRAM

CONTRACTOR: YIRGALEM CONSTRUCTION PLC

ENGINEER: BIRHAN CONSTRUCTION DESIGN CONSULTANTS PLC

MAY, 2021
Construction of Bonosh – Achamo Ethiopian Roads Authority
Road Project Master Work Program

PART I: METHOD STATEMENT

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Tables of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1
1.1. Project Information...................................................................................................................1
1.2. Natural Conditions....................................................................................................................1
1.2.1. Project Location.................................................................................................................1
1.2.2. Topography........................................................................................................................1
1.2.3. Climate................................................................................................................................1
1.3. Scope of the Project...................................................................................................................1
1.4. Objectives...................................................................................................................................1
1.5. Arrangement of the Method Statement....................................................................................1
2. PROJECT ORGANIZATION..........................................................................................................1
3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND SITE ESTABLISHMENT.................................................1
3.1. General.......................................................................................................................................1
3.2. Procurement...............................................................................................................................1
3.2.1. Procurement Schedule.......................................................................................................1
3.2.2. Requirements for Procurement........................................................................................1
3.2.3. Performance.......................................................................................................................1
3.3. General and Preliminary Operations.......................................................................................1
3.4. Preparation of Quality Control Plan........................................................................................1
3.5. Contractor’s Site Establishment and Mobilization.................................................................1
3.5.1. Water..................................................................................................................................1
3.5.2. Safety..................................................................................................................................1
3.5.3. Electricity...........................................................................................................................1
3.5.4. Communication..................................................................................................................1
3.5.5. Sewerage system.................................................................................................................1
3.5.6. Mobilization Schedule.......................................................................................................1
3.6. Engineer’s Site Facilities...........................................................................................................1
3.6.1. Provision of Temporary Engineer’s Facilities.................................................................1
3.6.2. Permanent Engineer’s Site Facilities................................................................................1
4. WORK METHOD STATEMENT...................................................................................................1
4.1. Basic Assumptions for the Work Program..............................................................................1

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5. METHOD STATEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES...............................................1

5.1. Traffic Accommodation, Construction and Maintenance of Diversion Road.......................1
5.1.1. Program for Accommodation of Traffic..........................................................................1
5.1.2. Signs and Barriers.............................................................................................................1
5.1.3. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Construction and maintenance of
temporary diversions.........................................................................................................................1
5.1.4. Construction Procedure....................................................................................................1
5.2. Clearing and Grubbing.............................................................................................................1
5.2.1. Construction Procedure........................................................................................................1
5.2.2. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Clearing and Grubbing...........................1
5.3. Roadbed preparation.................................................................................................................1
5.3.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Road bed preparation.............................1
5.4. Removal of Unsuitable Material...............................................................................................1
5.4.1. Construction Procedure........................................................................................................1
5.4.2. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Removal of Unsuitable Material............1
5.5. Roadway and Borrow Excavation............................................................................................1
5.5.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Roadway and Borrow Excavation..........1
5.6. Embankment Construction.......................................................................................................1
5.6.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production....................................................................1
5.7. Improved Sub grade and Capping Layer................................................................................1
5.7.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Capping and Improved Sub grade.........1
5.8. Fill Flattening Using Unsuitable or Expansive Soils...............................................................1
5.8.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Fill Flattening..........................................1
5.9. Constructing Sequence for Cut and Borrow to Fill and Capping Layer...............................1
5.10. Process Control......................................................................................................................1
5.11. Sub Base/ Gravel Wearing Course.......................................................................................1
5.11.1. Spreading, Mixing and Compaction.....................................................................................1
5.11.2. Trial Section...........................................................................................................................1
5.11.3. Constructing Sequence for Gravel Wearing Course/Sub base Laying..............................1
5.11.4. Resource allocation and Expected Production....................................................................1
5.11.5. Process Control......................................................................................................................1
5.12. Crushed Stone Base...............................................................................................................1

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5.12.1. Spreading, Mixing and Compaction.....................................................................................1

5.12.2. Trial Section...........................................................................................................................1
5.12.3. Requirements for Testing and Carrying out a Trial Section..............................................1
5.12.4. Constructing Sequence for Base Course Laying.................................................................1
5.13. Prime Coat Application.........................................................................................................1
5.13.1. Construction sequence for Bituminous Prime coat:............................................................1
5.13.2. Weather and Other limitations.............................................................................................1
5.13.3. Maintenance and Opening to Traffic...................................................................................1
5.13.4. Resource allocation and Expected Production....................................................................1
5.14. Asphalt Concrete...................................................................................................................1
5.14.1. The mixing of Asphalt Wearing Course...............................................................................1
-Main Technical Configurations of Mixing Plant........................................................................................1
5.14.2. The Production Process.........................................................................................................1
5.14.3. The Mix Design......................................................................................................................1
5.14.4. Asphalt Concrete Mixing......................................................................................................1
5.14.5. Regular Production of Asphalt Concrete.............................................................................1
5.14.6. The Mix and Quality Control of Asphalt Concrete.............................................................1
5.14.7. The Asphalt Concrete Transportation.................................................................................1
5.14.8. The Trial Placement and Trial Section................................................................................1
5.14.9. The Method of placement Level Control Asphalt Wearing Coarse...................................1
a) The Placement Operation.................................................................................................................1
b) The Placement Speed Control...........................................................................................................1
c) The Compaction of Asphalt Wearing Course..................................................................................1
d) The Mixing Temperature Control....................................................................................................1
e) The Mixture Quality Control............................................................................................................1
f) The Rolling Temperature Control....................................................................................................1
g) The Construction Joint and Treatment...........................................................................................1
5.14.10. Resource allocation and Expected Production.................................................................1
5.15. Double Bituminous Surface Treatment................................................................................1
5.15.1. First application of binder and chippings............................................................................1
5.15.2. Application of the Second Layer...........................................................................................1

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5.15.3. Resource allocation and Expected Production....................................................................1

5.16. Drainage and Structures.......................................................................................................1
5.16.1. Sub surface investigations works..........................................................................................1
5.16.2. Structural Excavation............................................................................................................1
5.16.3. Class B Stone Masonry..........................................................................................................1
5.16.4. Form work..............................................................................................................................1
5.16.5. Reinforcement Steel...............................................................................................................1
5.16.6. Concrete Mixing and Placing................................................................................................1
5.16.7. Structural Backfilling............................................................................................................1
5.16.8. Concrete Pipe Culverts (Minor Drainage)...........................................................................1
5.16.9. Slab Culverts..........................................................................................................................1
5.16.10. Box Culverts.......................................................................................................................1
5.16.11. Bridge..................................................................................................................................1
5.16.12. Curbing, Channeling and Open Chutes...........................................................................1
5.16.13. Gutter..................................................................................................................................1
5.16.14. Curb....................................................................................................................................1
5.16.15. Furrow Ditch......................................................................................................................1
5.17. Ancillary Works.....................................................................................................................1
5.18. Material Productions.............................................................................................................1
6. SAFEGUARDS..................................................................................................................................1
6.1. Measures to Ensure Environmental Safety..............................................................................1
6.2. Measures To Ensure Construction Safety................................................................................1
6.3. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS Alleviation Program....................................1
6.3.1. Objective of the Alleviation Program...................................................................................1
6.3.2. Scope of the Alleviation Program.........................................................................................1
7. WORK SCHEDULE.........................................................................................................................1

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1. INTRODUCTION

To address development constraints caused by restricted access and, owing to the importance of
the road transport in supporting social and economic growth and in meeting poverty reduction
objectives, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has placed an increased emphasis on
improving the quality and size of the road infrastructure. Thus, the government formulated Road
Sector Development Program (RSDP) to increase the overall efficiency of the road transport
system in general and bringing about an increase in Ethiopia access to port, farm products to
markets and delivery of the necessary service to the Community in particular. To this end, the
government has made a huge amount of investment towards improvement of the road network;
both qualitatively and quantitatively.

In accordance with the above and its overall road sector strategy, the FDRE, represented by the
Ethiopian Roads Authority, ERA, has allocated sufficient budget for construction works of
Bonosha – Achamo Road Project.

Accordingly, our firm, Yirgalem Construction PLC, was found to be the successful bidder for the
same and the contract agreement with the Employer Ethiopian Roads Authority has been signed
on the 18th day of March 2021.

Similarly, the Construction supervision was awarded to Birhan Construction Design Consultants
PLC and the Employer has notified to the Contractor the assignment of same on 22nd Day of
April 2021. Following this, the Supervision Consultant has instructed the Contractor to
commence the construction works as of 7th Day of May 2021.

Pertinent to this, according to the clause 14 of Conditions of Contract of the signed Contract
Document, the Contractor is required to prepare and submit his work program along with his
method Statement. Hence, the Contractor has proposed the following Construction Methodology
and Work Program for proper execution of the assignment. This is based on thorough
understanding of the nature of the required Construction Works and careful examination of the
Contract Requirement and field visit of the project site. The Contractor has identified all the
required tasks from the Contract Document and discussed in detail on each tasks in the following
sections.
1.1. Project Information

Bonosha – Achamo Road Project is DC 5 standard road project which is entirely located in
Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) and connects two
administrative zones of the region, Hadiya Zone and Silte Zone. The project passes through
Shashobo and Analemmo Weredas of Hadiaya Zone and Welbareg Wereda of Silte Zone.

The Contract Price is ETB 682,155,064.23 (ETB Six Hundred Eighty Two Million One Hundred
Fifty Five Sixty Four and 23/100) including 10% Contingency, Specified Provisional Sums and
15% VAT. The Contract period is 730 calendar days including 120 days of mobilization period.

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The project work involves construction of new asphalt concrete (AC) road in accordance with
the project typical sections to a DC5 Geometric Design Standard and with the accompanying
structures and protection works supplemented with a compatible Environmental Mitigation Plan.

Table 1-1: Works Contract Information

Construction Contract Data

Contract Name Construction Works of Bonosha – Achamo Road Porject
Proc. Ref. No. W/137/NCB/OC/GOE/2012EFY
Funding The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Contracting Authority Ethiopian Roads Authority
Original Project Length (km) 22.075+1.27km
Revised Length (km)
Type of Contract Add Measurements Contract
Construction Type Upgrading of the existing all weather gravel road to DC 5
standard Asphalt Concrete road (22+075km) and construction of
1.27km gravel link road.
Contractor Yirgalem Construction PLC
Supervision Consultant Birhan Construction Design Consultants PLC
Dates
Notification of Award 18th of March, 2021
Contract Signing Date 18th of March, 2021
Commencement Date 7th of May, 2021
Original Completion Date 7th of May, 2023
Original Contract Period 730 Calendar Days with 120 Days of mobilization period
Maintenance Period 365 days of defect liability period
Financial Data
Original Contract Amount ETB 682,155,064.23
Minimum amount of IPC ETB 3,000,000.00
Liquidated Damages 10% of the Final Contract Price if there is no completed section
handed over to the Employer or 10% of contract price or 10%
of the value of remaining work if completed section is already
handed over to the Employer.
Advance payment 20% of contract price less contingency, provisional sum and
day work
1.2. Natural Conditions

The project road is generally found Southern Nations Nationalities Peoples Regional State. The
project starts at Bonosha Town which is located Shashobo Wereda and can be accessed along

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Addis Ababa – Butajera – Welbareg -Alabakolito Road around 40km from welbareg Town and
7km from this junction. The Project ends at Achamo which in Analemmo Wereda and located
30km from Welbareg Town along Addis Ababa- Butajera – Hossana – Sodo Road.
1.2.1. Project Location
The Project Location Map along with the control points is shown in the figure below.

Bonosha-Achamo
Road Project

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Figure 1-1: Project Location Map

The towns/control points along the project route are tabulated below

Table 1-2: Project Control Points

No. Town/Village From To Remark

1 Bonosha Town 0+000 2+200 Project Start
2 Dosha Town 12+600 14+920 Control Point
3 Achamo Kebele 21+640 22+075.25 Project end
Point

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1.2.2. Topography

Generally the project traverses through flat and rolling terrain with minor mountainous section.
The majority of the project route is rolling terrain.

Table 1-3: Terrain Classification of the Project Route

No. Length(m) Terrain Type

From (km) To (km)
1 0+000 2+200 2200 Bonosha Town
2 2+200 2+700 700 Kebele
3 2+700 4+035 1335 Rolling
4 4+035 4+535 500 Kebele
5 4+535 10+500 5965 Rolling
6 10+500 11+000 500 Mountainous
7 11+000 12+000 1000 Rolling
8 12+000 12+600 600 Flat
9 12+600 14+920 2320 Dosha Town
10 14+920 15+420 500 Kebele
11 15+420 16+620 1200 Flat
12 16+620 18+980 2360 Rolling
13 18+980 20+340 1360 Flat
14 20+340 21+640 1300 Rolling
15
21+640 22+075.25 435.25 Kebele
1.2.3. Climate

The altitude of the project is between minimum 1913m and maximum 2029 above mean sea
level. According to the National Atlas of Ethiopia (1981), the climatic condition for altitude from
1500m to 2300m M.a.s.l is classified as Weina Dega. Thus, the climatic condition of the project
is Weinadega. The mean annual rainfall is expected to be 1000mm to 1100mm along the project
route and the average annual temperature is around 27ºC.

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1.3. Scope of the Project

Bonosha – Achamo Road Project is generally intended to be constructed complying DC5 ERA
Geometric Design Standard. The project road functional classification is main access. It involves
construction of new asphalt concrete (AC) road with total length of 22.075km in accordance with
the project typical sections to a DC5 Geometric Design Standard and with the accompanying
structures and protection works. In addition to this, and 1.27km gravel link road at km 9+470
RHS will be constructed as part of the project.

The project typical cross sections shows that it will have a width of 7m of carriage way and 1.5m
shoulder both sides for flat and rolling terrains and 0.5m for mountainous terrains. The town
sections will have a total width of 21.5m two way road with 7m carriage way, 2.50m median and

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2.50m pedestrian walkway both sides along with masonry gutter covered side drains. There are
two town sections, Bonosha Town and Dosha Town with total lengths of 2.2km and 2.32km
respectively. The road will have a total width of 12m with 7m carriageway and 2.5m pedestrian
walkway/shoulder at both sides accompanied by masonry gutter side drains. The carriageways
will be finished with Bituminous Asphalt Concrete in all cases and the shoulders will be
constructed with Double Bituminous Surface Treatment in rural and keeble sections. The link
road is gravel surfaced with a width of 6m.

The earthwork generally involves roadway excavation, embankment construction and capping
construction. The design and the Engineering Report show that significant section of the project
road is characterized by expansive/unsuitable sub grade or roadbed material which has to be
removed and replaced with suitable material to the depth prescribed in the typical sections.

The structural pavement layers below the asphalt surfacing shall be constructed with 175mm of
base course, 200mm of sub base and 200mm of capping layer in unsuitable sub grade sections
125mm of capping layer in suitable sub grade sections.

Along the main road, there are 47 pipe culverts with 48’’ diameter of which 10 pipe culverts are
double cell and the remaining are single cell. Five single celled slab culverts and eight single
celled box culverts are proposed to be constructed along the project route. Besides, one 20m
single span girder bridge will constructed at Metenchose River (km 12+427) as replacement of
the existing sub – standard bridge. Five single celled 48” Pipe culverts will be constructed along
the graveled link road. Side drains will be constructed with masonry gutter, concrete lined drains,
grouted stone pitching and earthen ditches as the case may be. Backfilling of existing side drains
and erosion gullies are included as part of the drainage activities. In addition to this, protection
works and ancillary works will also be implemented within the scope of the works contract.
Further to this, it is part of the works contract that the Contractor shall comply with
implementation of General Provisions of the Contract. This involves provision of
Accommodation, services and Attendance for the Engineer's staff as per the Contract
Specification, preparation and implementation of compatible Safeguard Plans and Traffic
Management throughout the execution of the project.
The above stated activities are categorized under each series as major deliverables and further
detailed activities are included under each series in the priced bills of quantities. The percentage
of each series the total bill amount as per the priced bills of quantities of the Contract is tabulated
bellow. Further to this, the major items of work are also shown in the next table.

Table 1-4: Summary of Each Series

BILL %age of Total

DESCRIPTION Amount (ETB)
NO bill Amount
43,791,800.0
1 SERIES 1000: GENERAL 8.12%
0

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2,790,005.0
2 SERIES 2000: SITE CLEARANCE 0.52%
0
135,130,289.0
3 SERIES 3000: DRAINAGE STRUCTURES 25.06%
5
118,416,279.1
4 SERIES 4000: EARTHWORKS 21.96%
5
58,986,122.0
5 SERIES 5000: SUBBASE, ROADBASE 10.94%
0
SERIES 6000: BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS AND 119,404,491.3
6 22.14%
ROADBASES 0
SERIES 8000: STRUCTURES (INCLUDING SLAB 26,025,175.5
8 4.83%
& BOX CULVERTS) 0
32,226,540.7
9 SERIES 9000: ANCILLARY WORKS 5.98%
0
2,482,312.5
11 DAYWORKS 0.46%
0
(A) SUB-TOTAL OF BILLS 539,253,015.20  

Table 1-5: Summary of Major Items

  Description Unit Quantity

1 Clearing and grubbing ha 68.8
2 Excavation for open drains m3 54,428.46
3 Backfill existing side drains, eroded side drains and erosion
gullies,  
3.1 Approved granular material placed and
compacted to 93% of modified AASHTO density m3 50,863.97
3.2 Rock fill m3 21,400.00
4 Backfilling  
4.1 Using imported selected material m3 19,029.48
5 RC Pipe on Class B Bedding Dia 1220mm m 1,081.00
6 Cast in Situ Concrete and Formwork  
6.1 Type A- Cast in-situ Class 25/20 concrete as per drawing with
dimension of 17cmx45cm m 19,984
6.2 Type B-Cast in-situ Class 25/20 concrete as per drawing with
dimension of 20cmx25cm m 10,244
7 U-shaped drains in urban areas as per the drawing  
7.1 U-shaped Cement mortared Stone Masonry Walls drains in
urban areas with opening Dimension of w=0.80m, D=0.6m as m 6,160.00
detail indicated in drawing

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7.2 U-shaped Cement mortared Stone Masonry Walls drains in

urban areas with opening Dimension of w=0.80m, D=0.8m as m 6,890.50
detail indicated in drawing
8 Reinforced Concrete Drain Covers as per detail drawing)
 
8.1 Pedestrian Crossing Reinforced Concrete Cover (1.4x0.5x0.10m)
for open drains, Class C25/20 concrete, no. 19,042.00
8.2 Vehicular Crossing Reinforced Concrete Cover (1.4x1.2x0.22m)
no. 843.00
for open drains, Class C25/20 concrete,
9 Paved ditch in rolling and other terrain as per Drawings  
(structure, type, size and dimensions indicated)
9.1 Concrete (Class 25/20 ) V-shaped Ditch (D=0.7)(As per the
m 1,488.00
detail Drawing)
9.2 Concrete (Class 25/20 ) Trapezoidal-shaped Ditch
m 3,705.00
(D=0.7,W=0.4)(As per the detail Drawing)
9.3 Concrete (Class 25/20 ) Trapezoidal-shaped Ditch
m 1,811.00
(D=1.0,W=0.4) (As per the detail Drawing)
9.4 Concrete (Class 25/20 ) Trapezoidal-shaped Ditch
m 295.00
(D=1.2,W=0.4) (As per the detail Drawing)
9.5 Concrete (Class 25/20 ) Ditch on cut bench as per the detail
m 1,050.00
Drawing.
10 Stone masonry walls m3 2,641.80
11 Removal of unsuitable material m 3
128,250.70
12 Roadbed preparation and compaction m3 110,790.00
13 Cut and Borrow to fill m3 436,277.67
14 Capping Layer m 3
53,805.87
15 Fill Flattening using unsuitable or expansive soils from roadway
excavation and borrow as shown on the drawing and as directed m3 62,018.00
by the Engineer
16 Cut to spoil material obtained from  
16.1 Common (Normal) excavation m3 115,771.72
16.2 Hard (Rock) excavation m 3
36,016.70
17 Sub-base layer constructed from gravel or crushed stone m 3
62,380.10
18 Base layer construction m3 49,646.58
19 MC-30 cut-back bitumen applied at 1.0 liters per sq. m. lit 256,960.20
20 Double surface seal using m2 56,086.24
  Asphalt Road Base and Surfacing  
21 Asphaltic surfacing (50 mm thickness, using 60/70 penetration
grade bitumen) m2 200,873.96

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22 Steel reinforcement for structure  

22.1 Reinforcement for structures, mild steel bars, deformed grade 40 t 72.86
Reinforcement for structures, high yield stress steel bars,
22.2 t 49.87
deformed grade 60
Concrete for Superstructure (Girder, Cross beam, Deck and Deck
23 m3 1,428.70
system) of bridge and RC Box Culverts (Class C30/20)
24 Gabions and Mattresses  
24.1 Galvanized gabion boxes (Length 2000 mm, depth 1000 by 1000
mm wide and nominal diameter of mesh wire 2.5 mm, mesh size m3 3,013.00
80 mm *100 mm)
24.2 Galvanized gabion boxes (Length 1500 mm, depth 1000 by 1000
mm wide and nominal diameter of mesh wire 2.5 mm, mesh size m2 3,018.17
80 mm *100 mm)
  Grassing ha 15.00

1.4. Objectives

The main objective of this method statement is to explain the general description or
arrangements and methods proposed to be adopted for the execution of Bonosha – Achamo
Road Construction Project.
The specific objectives are:
 Describe the project organization;
 Describe the Contractor’s Site Establishment and Mobilization;
 Present detailed Method Statement for the execution of the works;
1.5. Arrangement of the Method Statement

The Method Statement is arranged in the following sections:

Section 1: Introduction: is this introductory part of this report which describes background
information of the project, describes scope of the works and objectives of the method
statement.
Section 2: Project Organization: Describes the proposed project organizational structure to be
implemented for the execution of the project.
Section 3: Site Establishment and Mobilization: under this section the intended site
establishments for the execution of the works are discussed. Besides, mobilization of
resources for the execution of the work are also described;
Section 4: Construction Method Statement: under this section the methods to be adopted in the
execution of each constituent activities of the works are described along with
proposed crew arrangements;

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2. PROJECT ORGANIZATION
The Contractor will organize proper personnel for the project for implementation of the works in
line with the Contract to be completed in stipulated contract period and complying with the
quality requirements. In view of this, the project will be headed and controlled by the Project
Manager assigned by the Head Office. The Project Manager has a direct line of contact with the
head office and will lead all the project activities according to this work program.

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At the site level, the Project Office will have the Construction Department, Engineering
Department and/or Technical Office, Equipment Administration and Maintenance Department,
Supply and Procurement as well as Administration and Finance Department.
The head office shall follow up the day-to-day activity of the project through properly
established reporting system. Permanent weekly meeting shall be conducted between the project
and the head office to discuss accomplishment of the ending week's plan, problems encountered,
solutions to adopt, and the plan for the starting week. This established reporting and
communication system has a great advantage to attain the targeted result of the project.
On site, The Construction Department, headed by the Deputy Project Manager/Construction
Engineer, will be responsible for the day-to-day construction activities of the project by
organizing labor, material and equipment for Earthwork, Pavement and Structures/Drainage
Sections. Each Section shall be directed by experienced Site Engineers i.e. Earthwork, Pavement
and Structural Engineers assisted by superintendents and foremen in the project with the
objective of assuring quality of work and standard and complete the Project within the stipulated
budget and time frame.
The Project Engineering Department/Design and/or Technical Office/ will be responsible for
Planning, surveying works, Design and preparation of shop drawings, Template drawings
Preparation, modifications any design suite to the site condition (if any), quantify the work load
of the project, preparation of Interim Payment Statement, Monthly Report and for other related
technical and engineering works. The Material Section under this division is responsible for
identifying quarry sources within economic limit, testing to the specification, production of
materials and related activities in addition to the routine quality tests carried out on site and in
the Laboratory.
Equipment Administration and Maintenance Department shall be responsible to ensure the
availability of equipment in type and number in good working condition. The maintenance
section will also have an organized maintenance team and with maintaining equipment to reduce
the breakdown of machineries and trucks.
The Supply and Procurement department shall be responsible to ensure availability of Martials
required for the execution of the work and their timely delivery to site as planned.
The Administration and Finance Departments are responsible for every support activity required
for the Construction site, Camps, and related facilities.
Under the Project Manager, there are key staffs/Heads to manage and control their respective
department and work forces for the execution of the project workloads as per the plan. The
following are the major key staffs in the project.
1. Deputy Project Manager/Construction Head
2. Office Engineering Head
3. Equipment Administration and Maintenance Head
4. Supply and Procurement Head
5. Administration and Finance head

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Project Organizational Chart

3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND SITE ESTABLISHMENT

3.1. General

The method statement has been fully based on thorough examination and understanding of the
given contract document for the Construction of Bonosha – Achamo Road Project, and the
information gathered during the site visit of the same. Based on the requirement of the contract
document and site investigation, the proposed methods for the efficient execution of the works
including detailed work method statement of each particular construction activities by their
category or type and the requirements of resources to accomplish the contract works are as
described under this section.
The construction of Bonosha – Achamo Road Project will be performed in several stages and
will include the following main elements and activities:

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- Procurement of Material and Equipment

- Mobilization and Site establishment
- Site Preparation
- Traffic Management
- Earthworks
- Drainage and Structure works
- Sub base and Road base
- Double Bituminous Surfacing
- Ancillary Road Works

3.2. Procurement

The Contractor has good experience in purchasing, transporting and delivering materials, goods,
construction equipment and plants to project sites. The purpose of this method statement for
procurement and logistics is to describe the procedure and the Contractor will follow and control
the procurements activities necessary for the construction of the road project. The project will
require two types of purchase: Local and Foreign
Local Purchases :procuring of local goods, materials and equipment as may be required for
the project in compliance with the requirements of the contract and
advance payment disbursement schedule.
Foreign Purchases : the purchase of equipment and materials for the project in compliance
with the requirements of the contract like Prefabricated House,
construction equipment, Engineer’s vehicles etc. in accordance with the
advance payment disbursement schedule.
Generally, the procurement schedule will comprise of purchase of all temporary and permanent
goods, materials and services required for the project. All procurement will be carried out in
accordance with the specifications and upon approval of the Engineer accordingly.
3.2.1. Procurement Schedule
The Contractor will prepare the procurement schedule in such a way to include detailed timetable
for purchase of goods and services and a contingency plan will be prepared. The procurement
schedule will allow sufficient time for the total procurement process and hence lead times for
transport, clearance, etc wherever necessary will be made. The schedule will be prepared for:
- Materials to be procured locally
- Materials to be procured from abroad
- Equipment and plant to be procured locally or from abroad
3.2.2. Requirements for Procurement
The contractor will take into account the following in the process of procuring project goods,
materials, etc
- Project requirements specified in the contract,

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- Specification requirements,
- Quality assurance systems
- Delivery time
3.2.3. Performance
Separate section at head office level will follow all local and foreign purchases for the project.
The expeditor at head office level will monitor the progress of the purchase against the schedule.
Frequent communication with the project manager will be made. Priority will be given for goods
and materials that are required at the early stage as per the work program.
Procurement schedule for Contractor’s Camp Site Establishment and Engineer’s Site Facilities in
indicated on the next section, “General and Preliminary Operations”. However, detail
construction material quantity and requirement period is indicated on material requirement
schedule.
3.3. General and Preliminary Operations

The main operations included in this phase of the project are, but not limited to, are staffing and
mobilizing to the site of Contractor’s key personnel of the project team, conducting site
possession and a startup meeting with the Supervision Consultant, undertaking quality tests for
the proposed construction material from potential quarry sites, preparation and getting approval
of work program, preparation and requesting approval of camp site plan, arranging temporary
office, arranging of temporary facilities etc.
All survey works will be undertaken between the Contractor and the supervision of the
Engineer’s representative or his delegated site inspector staff, and all the results will be
submitted to the Engineer in computerized format including a digital ground model which can be
used directly as input data for the Engineer’s highway design program installed on the site.
The Contractor will undertake quality tests for construction materials and road bed materials
sources identified during design stage of the project ahead of time so that the Engineer can
facilitate the site possession and revise the road way using the submitted test results.
Using the re-survey data, the Contractor will prepare all the necessary road profile, cross section
and shop drawings of drainage structure and ancillary works and their respective revised
quantities.
The Contractor will also identify all the right of way problems with in the right of way, diversion
roads, campsite location, quarry site locations so that all the obstruction of the works will be
resolved on time.
The Contractor will also invite and arrange all the concerned local administrative officers to
attend at a meeting that introduces its mission and to address the willingness to work in
collaboration with them in the project duration.

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Moreover, investigation and assessment of the availability of the required quantity and quality of
the necessary local labor and local construction materials i.e., sand, water, stones, gravels etc.,
shall be undertaken at the mobilization stage of the project.
The Contractor also studies the duration and intensity of the rainfall by collecting questionnaires
from local villagers, metrological data from the nearby stations so that the work schedule reflects
the prevailing weather condition. To collect the required data of rainfall during the course of
execution of the project, the Contractor will install rain gauge(s) at specific sites selected by the
Engineer.
The aforementioned lists of operations are supposed to be accomplished prior to the
commencement of all other main works so that the Contractor can establish smooth and effective
working backgrounds.
3.4. Preparation of Quality Control Plan

The Contractor, as per the requirements of the technical specification, is required to submit
Quality Control Plan that he will put for the project and the procedures to be used during the
construction process to ensure that the specified standards for quality will be met.
Yirgalem Construction Plc will assign a quality expert at the start of the project works and will
produce a Project Quality Control Plan (QCP) to attain the standards as envisaged in the
technical standards specified in the Contract Specification. All the documentation and forms will
be discussed with the Engineer and its comments of will be incorporated.
The Project Quality Control Plan will outline the procedures for sampling and inspecting
materials used in the construction. The responsibilities of the Resident Engineer and Contractor
will be outlined to ensure that the materials and construction procedures used meet specification
requirements and produce work strictly in accordance with the intent of the contract, plans, and
specifications.
Sampling schedules will be provided which list the minimum frequencies at which samples and
measurements shall be taken by project. Sampling frequency schedules for quality control testing
for borrow, sand, aggregates concrete, etc with sampling frequency and location and type of test
will clearly be defined including physical testing or visual inspection of the materials for
compliance with the specifications.
Documentation that the materials received on the job site will be accompanied by adequate
Evidence of Materials. This documentation will be included as part of the project files. A
manufacturer’s or producer’s certification may be used to accept material. The certification will
be made to indicate compliance with the applicable specification(s).
The contract will prepare project’s laboratory or may use an accredited external laboratory
facility like Private laboratories that perform quality assurance, sampling and testing. All testing
used in the acceptance decision shall be performed by "qualified" laboratories and Personnel.

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Summary of the project quality plan will include: -

- Lines of communication for processing requests, correspondence, etc
- Testing and Inspection procedures
- Sampling procedures
- Frequency of tests
- Minimum acceptance criteria
- Approval (site works, materials) Procedures
- Maintaining record of non-compliance
- Preparation of Non Compliance Report (NCR)
- Issuance of site instruction and confirmations of verbal instruction
- Request for Information
- Etc.
3.5. Contractor’s Site Establishment and Mobilization

This part covers all the works and resources involved in the establishment of the Contractor’s
camp and Equipment mobilization and erection on the site and the demobilization operation after
the completion of the works.
The Contractor will establish construction camp which includes accommodations, offices, health
center, warehouses, work shop (garages), pre cast production yards, crushed material production
sites, equipment and material storing lands, etc., on the land as approved by the Engineer. The
Contractor has selected and surveyed a land at km 9+000 RHS for the construction of the main
camp which shall also accommodate the Engineer's site office, Laboratory and Houses.
The erection of the Contractor's camp site shall consider local regulations, environmental
impacts, and the contractual procedures and obligations set forth in the contract documents and
the same will be done for the erection of the plant sites.
During the mobilization period the Contractor will attend and complete the following activities:-
- Contractor’s Camp Establishment
- Employer’s representative office
- Plant’s installation, like Crushing etc.
- Supply of facilities to the Employer’s representative
Construction activities will begin with site preparation, including the construction of Project site
access entry ways from public roads, rough grading of the roads, leveling of the field
construction site office parking area and the installation of temporary site office.
The Contractor will also execute all the preliminary activates including site clearance,
topographic survey and materials investigation and working drawing preparation. The Contractor
will finalize the entire necessary establishment for early commencement of the works within
reasonable time.

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Contractor has foreseen the following installation:

- The permanent Contractor’s site establishment and Engineer’s office and
accommodation are proposed to be established at km 9+000 RHS. In this area the
Contractor’s main camp site establishment will be erected.
- Crusher for Road Base, Aggregate chips for Asphalt and Aggregate for concrete work
will be erected at approximately km 15+600 and as the works progress all other
possible options will be investigated.
- It is also considered that mobile accommodation and temporary office at locations of
main plants or production areas will be erected.
Until the Contractor’s camp establishment is ready, temporary lodgings will be provided on
rental basis at Bonosha town.
3.5.1. Water
Supply of potable water will be secured from the nearest town water supply services then
elevated water storage tank for potable water will be established and/or deep water well will be
constructed for permanent supply of potable water. The system will be equipped with pumps as
appropriate. For the main construction of the works activities, Bilate River is more benefiting
for the speed up of the project. Ponds if any required, will be constructed at feasible locations to
reserve flood water for construction use.
3.5.2. Safety
In close collaboration with the concerned local government officials, safety and security workers
will be arranged for the camp site, for plants, machines and materials which will be placed at
various work stretches.
3.5.3. Electricity
The Contractor will erect standby generators for the camp and main project facilities and for
mobile camps at production areas electricity will be supplied by diesel generators.
3.5.4. Communication
The Contractor will look for possibilities to obtain telephone services from the concerned
government authority in line with the requirements of the contract document.
3.5.5. Sewerage system
The Contractor will build multi-chamber septic tank to insure sanitation of the camp. Separate
system for the Contractor and Engineer will be provided.
At the completion of the works, the entire Contractors’ establishments and plants will be
dismantled and demobilized to their destination in a proper way and the Contractor will reinstate
the lands and quarries to their original nature to the satisfaction of the Client and the Engineer
representative.

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3.5.6. Mobilization Schedule

A detail Contractor's equipment, personnel, mobilization schedule is attached with the Work Program.

3.6. Engineer’s Site Facilities

3.6.1. Provision of Temporary Engineer’s Facilities
Temporary Engineer’s site facilities will be provided by the Contractor as per the Engineer’s
instruction. These facilities include:
- Office, Laboratory and Houses facilities which shall be arranged in either in Bonosha
town or elsewhere convenient to the Engineer;
- Temporary Type B Vehicles which shall be rented to the Engineer following approval
of type and model’
The above facilities shall be made available to the Engineer at the earliest opportunity once the
Notice to Commence is issued to the Contractor.
3.6.2. Permanent Engineer’s Site Facilities
These Engineer’s site facilities includes the provision and maintenances of offices, laboratory,
houses, transportation, communication, with the corresponding supply of equipment, furniture,
consumables, attendants and services stipulated in the contract document.
The provisions of Engineer’s site facilities are supposed to be completed within the period
specified in the particular condition of contract provided that:
- The camp site is handed over to the Contractor on notice to commence and
- The Engineer’s approval for the camp layout and building material is received in
reasonable time.
- Custom clearance for the prefabricated material is finalized in good time after the
prefabricated material.
Taking the above in to consideration it is envisaged that the Contractor will complete the
Engineer's site facilities and hand over them to the Engineer up to September 24, 2021. The
detailed schedule of the provision of the Engineer’s facility is shown in the Gantt chart forming
part of Mater work Program.
The main activities in connection with this work are the followings:
1. Camp Construction
- Selection of camp site, identifying right of way problems, submittal of request for
possession of campsite, getting approval of camp site and submittal of camp site layout
plan.
- Preparing construction material proposal lists which take in to consideration the
contractual technical specification, local materials availability and the construction
period given on the special provision for these parts of the works

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- Getting approval of the proposed construction materials

- Preparation of detailed construction drawings including architectural drawings,
structural drawings for all buildings to be constructed as per the approved general
layout.
- Getting Engineer’s consent for the lay out, architectural drawings and buildings to be
constructed under the Engineer’s site office facility
- Procuring and delivering of materials, labors, equipment
- Undertaking setting out and getting approval
- Undertaking site clearing and excavation
- Checking and getting approval of foundation materials
- Under taking the construction activities
- Completion of building construction activities
- Installation and provision of all the necessary utility lines
- Undertaking compound leveling , access road construction and peripheral fence
erection
2. Equipment and Furniture Supply and Erection
- Preparing a detail proposal lists of all equipment and furniture as per the contract
agreement
- Submittal of the proposal lists
- Getting approval of the lists
- Collecting suppliers Performa
- Selecting the competitive suppliers
- Presenting the lists of supplier to the Engineer for approval
- Getting approval of supplier lists and undertaking contractual agreement
- Procuring, Supplying, and erecting the equipment, furniture and built in items as per the
Engineer approval
3. Commissioning, Servicing and Maintaining
- Requesting for inspection for provisional acceptance
- Undertaking all corrections ,if any, as per the remarks of the Engineer’s instruction
- Getting Engineer’s approval for provisional acceptance
- Providing all service rendering staffs
- Delivering consumables
- Running day to day services
- Undertaking maintenances during the contract periods
To undertake construction of permanent Engineer's site office facilities the following equipment,
Man Power and Material are considered necessary.
Equipment

Description No.

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Bulldozer of 36 tons 1 unit

Loader,950G, 180HP 1 unit
Concrete mixer with Vibrator 2 units
Dump Trucks of 14 m3 capacity 2 units
Service vehicle 4 seat 1 unit
Total station 1 unit
Level 1 unit
50m steel meter 4 units
Water truck 13,000lit 1 unit
Carrier Truck 150 Qtl 1 unit

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Manpower

Description No.
Structure forman 1
Surveyor 1
Chain men 2
Dozer operator 1
Truck driver 3
Mason foreman 1
Mason 8
Prefab Erection Technicians 2
Sanitary technician 1
Electricity technician 1
Unskilled labors 30
Materials
Cement, Masonry stone, sand, aggregate, reinforcement steel, prefabricated building material etc as
required.

Contractor’s and Engineer’s Site Establishment and Mobilization Schedule

Require
Sr
d Starting Completion
. Description Remark
Duration Time Time
No
(days)
Arranging temporary site
1 20 May 07, 2021 May 27, 2021
office and accommodations
2 Camp Site Possession 5 May 31, 2021 June 4, 2021
Contractor's and Engineer's
September 24,
3 site offices and site 90 June 4, 2021
2021
facilities construction
May 07, 2021 September 7,
4 Equipment Mobilization 120
2021
Procure and supply vehicles September 7,
5 120 May 07, 2021
and equipment 2021
Contractor’s site office and
After
House camp Demolishing After Final
6 - Provisional
and Equipment Acceptance
Acceptance
Demobilization

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4. WORK METHOD STATEMENT

This is to explain the arrangements and methodology proposed to be adopted for the execution of
the project works on the basis of the scope of work outlined in the bill of quantities, contract
drawings and specification thereof. Accordingly the work program consists of a detail work
method statement of each particular construction activities by their category or type and the
requirements of different resources for each of particular activities i.e., manpower, equipment,
machineries, and materials. To achieve completion of construction in accordance with the given
contractual obligation sand to make it compatible with actual changing circumstances delays or
amendments to the work ordered by the Engineer. This method statement is subjected to be
reviewed in due course of time.
Furthermore, it is attempted to incorporate the basic scheduling information including
formulation of work crew, average daily crew production estimation, work break down structures
of each tasks, equipment availability and utilization factors and a general description of proposed
arrangements and methods for the execution of the Works.
4.1. Basic Assumptions for the Work Program

This part of the method statement covers the basic assumptions used in preparing the work
program based on the study of the Engineering Report, understating the works contract and the
actual site conditions. It also deals with the collection and formulation of data /information
which is used to prepare the work programs and schedules.
- The whole contract is broken down in to Two stretches namely
I. from km0+000 to km 22+075 (Bonosha to Achamo)
II. Junction 9+470 RHS (0+000 to 1+027)
- Taking the urgency of the construction of Diversion Road in to consideration it is
planned that the construction of the same is to be taken up in parallel with the first
section i.e. Km0+000 to Km20+000.
- With reference to the rainfall records of the past years it is assumed that the period from
April to October is rainy period. It is assumed that the rainy period during the months
of April, May and October will affect partly major construction activities and in the
long rainy period (June to September) carrying out activities such as cut and borrow to
fill and construction of pavement layers is impossible. As a result, these periods are not
considered as full working days;
- The working hour per day is taken as 8hr. However, depending on the weather and
nature of work it may be varied in consultation with the Engineer. Beside, detail of
working hour and efficiency (availability factor) for all types of works are indicated on
the production rate table and in this document.
- The Public Holidays listed in Sub-Clause 14.7 of CoPA and Sundays are considered
also as non-working days. Moreover, The Contractor also allowed per calendar year for
a further two unspecified public holidays, which may be announced by the Federal

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Democratic Republic of Ethiopia with no prior notification work as depicted in the

caption clause.
- The net working days for each month are calculated by deducting Sundays, holidays
and rainy days during the rainy periods. Besides, two unspecified public holidays are
deducted. The Net Working Days of each month are computed and attached in the
Schedule part.
- In preparation of the schedule, the production rate and the crew formation are have
considered or adopted mainly based on our practical companies past experiences for the
same nature of works; in some cases ERA’S manual of construction management
system (CMS). Thus rate of production output per day for every activities are assumed
to be practical and achievable.
- The crew composition the number of crews planned to be formed and the production
expected daily on which this program is based on is summarized in each of the
subsequent titles dealing with the respective tasks.
4.1.1. Location of Construction Materials & Average Hauling Distances
The availability, location and quantity of potential quarry sites for construction materials are
drawn from the Engineering report produced by the Design Consultant.
The average hauling distance of construction materials is determined based on locations of
material indicated in the engineering report, production yards and work centers The average
hauling distance is used to determine the required number of Trucks and Loaders.
Material Hauling Distance (Avg):
- Borrow material ------------------------5 Km (The Side cuts at shorter haulage and
identified borrow pits in the Engineering Report are considered)
- Gravel Wearing Course/ Sub Base-----11km
- Base Course ----------------------------- 11km
- Crushed Aggregate ---------------------11km
- Stone for masonry-----------------------15 km
- Stone for Aggregate --------------------11 km
- Sand ---------------------------------------3km (The perennial rivers along the routes
could be utilized as main sources)
- Disposal/Spoil area----------------------2km
- Water for construction ----------------3km
- Water for domestic use --------------- Bonosha Town
- Proposed Main camp site Location is at km 9+000

4.1.2. Dump Trucks and Water Trucks Computation Data

- Input Data

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The following data is considered for computation of performance rates for trucks.
Average speed of dump trucks ----------------------------20 km/h
“ “ Water trucks ---------------------------15 km/h
Loading and unloading time of dump trucks -----------8 min
Efficiency (combined) -------------------------------------80%
Hauling distance (Single trip) -----------------------------X km
Dump Trucks capacity (Compacted) ---------------------14m3
Water Truck capacity --------------------------------------15,000, lit
Loading and unloading time of water trucks ------------45min.
- Dump Trucks Production Rate Computation
Time required for a single trip of dump truck, T
T= (2*X) + (8) hr
20 km/h (60)
Volume of material to be hauled in an hour, V
V= 80% x 12
(0.1x + 0.133)
- Water Trucks Production Rate computation
Time required for a single round trip, T
T= ( 2*X) + (45) hr
15 km/h (60)

Volume of water to be hauled in an hour V

V= 80% x13m3
( 0.133x +0.75) hr
- Water Requirement per m3 of soil with the following average physical properties:-
 Average natural moisture content 10%
 Average optimum “ “ 28%
 Average maximum dry density 1600 kg/m3
 Water required for 1 m3 of soil

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= (28% - 10%) * 1600 kg/m3X 1m3

= (18% * 1600) kg
= 288 lit 1m3
= 0.288m3 of water per 1m3 of soil
Considering 20% wastage
= 0.288 * 1.20 m3
= 0.346 m3 of water /m3 of soil
Thickness of material to be ripped and mixed for road bed preparation and sub
grade preparation is 20cm.
4.1.3. Analysis for Production of Major Activities

1. Dozer
Determining average hourly production of a D8R Dozer (with tilt
cylinder) moving
Non cohesive material a distance of 45m using a side by side dozing
technique.
Estimated material weight is 1700 kg/m3
Caterpillar
Operator efficiency is average. 0.90 Handbook
Job efficiency is estimated at 50 min/hr.
Uncorrected Maximum Production 458 m3/hr Caterpillar Handbook
Dozingproduction curve
Correction Factors:
For non cohesive material(common
excavation)
material factor is taken as 0.80
Weight correction . . . . . . . .
…………...(1370/1700) 0.81 ,1370M3/Hr curve data
Therefore, actual production per hour
will be Maximum Production x Correction Factors
=458*0.8*0.75*(50/60)*0.81
=185.49 m3/hr
Swell factor of material =30%
Bank production in m3 =129.84
Taking 80% availability of the
machine =103.87 ~ 105m3/hr
 The actual production of Borrow, capping material per Dozer is taken to be 100m 3/Hr for

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scheduling considering the available float times.

 The actual production of Gravel wearing course material per Dozer is taken to be 80m 3/Hr
for
Scheduling considering the available float times.

2. Excavator
Hourly output of excavators is based on, excavator cycle time, bucket payload, type of excavator
&
Job efficiency.
From Caterpillar Hand Book,
For 322B excavator with bucket
capacity of 1m3,
cycle time is calculated to be = 0.25 minute
From Production Estimating Table,
for cycle time of 25 min and 1m3
bucket capacity loose hourly
production is given to be = 216 m3/hr
Taking swell factor of 30%, hourly
bank production =30%and will be =151.20 m3/hr
min/hr
Job efficiency is estimated at =50 .
Taking 70% availability of the
machine =70 %
Therefore bank production in m3 =88.20 m3/hr
We have taken the actual production of excavators 80m3/Hr for scheduling considering the
available float times.

1. Motor Grader
Output of motor graders is based on operating speed, effective blade length, width of overlap &
job efficiency This considers the area covered by moldboard of the machine
Area covered is calculated as
A= S*(Le-Lo)*1000*E
A: Hourly operating area(m2/hr)
S: Operating speed (Km/Hr)
Le: Effective blade length(m)
Lo: Width of overlap
E: Job efficiency
For 140H grader, with blade length of 3.66m and 45 degree moldboard inclination, effective
blade length will be 2.59m and for heavy blade (earth moving) average operating speed will be
5km/Hr.

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A= 5km/Hr*(2.59-0.6)*1000*0.90
= 8,955.0 m2/Hr
Suppose the thickness of the material to be moved is 20cm for onsite mixing
The total volume to be mixed and laid is = A* Thickness
= 1,791.0 m3
From practical experience 18 pass is sufficient to spreading the material= 99.5 m3/hr

windrow, mix and place the material Taking 80% availability of the machine = 79.6m3/hr
 We have considered the actual production of motor graders 80m 3/Hr for Borrow material
scheduling considering same reason.
 We have considered the actual production of motor graders 64m3/Hr for Gravel wearing
course
material scheduling considering same reason.

2. Wheel Loader
From caterpillar handbook, for cycle time of 50min and 3m3 bucket capacity hourly production
is 360m3
Take bucket fill factor of 0.75 from the manual.
Job efficiency 45min/hr=45/60=0.75
Equipment availability=0.80
Swell factor=30%
Hence actual hourly production will be: = 0.80*0.75*0.75*360
= 162
Therefore bank production in m3 = 113.4
We have considered the actual production of wheel loaders due to waiting time of the Dump
truck and other inefficiency (65%), which is 75m 3/Hr for scheduling considering available float
times.

* Production rates calculated will be supported by actual measurement on site.

Based on the above assumptions and crew compositions for each activities to be undertaken in
the works contract, the work program is prepared. The crew composition and duration
calculations are included in the schedule part.

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5. METHOD STATEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

5.1. Traffic Accommodation, Construction and Maintenance of Diversion Road

During the construction of the works the Contractor will arrange proper traffic management
methods consisting of construction and maintenance of traffic diversions and provision of
barricades, signs, traffic lights, flag men, communication device, and other safety measures. For
this the Contractor shall prepare Traffic Management Plan (TMP) and submit to the Engineer for
approval prior to commencement of the permanent works.
The methods of the traffic management will be formulated and practiced by incorporation of the
following operations:-
- Identifying the parts of the road which requires diversion and in which parts diversion
is impractical
- Survey the diversion route
- Identifying right-of-way problems
- Applying for possession of site
- Construction of diversion roads in accordance with the permissible length, width, and
other construction requirements
- Selecting and training of traffic controlling staffs
- Installation and erection of barricades, traffic signs, warning boards, warning lights, and
assigning of flag men with supervisory staffs
- Where it is impractical to construct temporary diversions, we will construct the road in
half way, allowing traffic to use that half of the road not under construction
- All the diversion roads will be watered to maintain proper visibility and to reduce
environmental pollution
- Traffic diversions no longer required will be removed and the land will be reinstated to
its natural condition
5.1.1. Program for Accommodation of Traffic

- Parts of the road to be under construction where diversion road is impractical will be
limited to 3 km;
- Length of the road under construction where provision of diversion road is possible will
be the shortest practical length and parallel to the existing road without affecting the
stability and limited to 22km.
- The schedule of construction for one lane traffic accommodation will be as shown in
the following figure.

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5.1.2. Signs and Barriers

The Contractor will provide, erect, maintain and remove all temporary signs, including
construction signs shown on the drawings or ordered by the Engineer, and all traffic lights and
barriers necessary for safety and convenience to pass traffic.
Where steel drums are to be used as barriers these drums shall be painted white, ballasted with
soil or sand and provided with retro-reflective tape strips, red on the side facing oncoming traffic
and white on the other side. The drums shall be maintained in a clean and effective condition.
In addition, any hazard such as a narrow bridge, drift, level crossing, steep hill, sharp bend, etc.
occurring on the diversion shall be marked with the appropriate sign. All sharp bends and all
places where the shoulder is higher than 2.0m above the natural ground shall be marked with
painted posts. The road signs will include:
- SLOW signs
- ROAD CONSTRUCTION AHEAD signs
- DETOUR signs
- ROAD CLOSED signs
- STOP signs
- MAXIMUM SPEED signs
5.1.3. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Construction and maintenance of
temporary diversions

Construction and maintenance of temporary diversions

Description No.
Equipmen
t
Dozer D8R, 305HP 1 unit
Motor Grader 140H, 185Hp 1 unit
Vibrator Roller, 10ton 1 unit
3
Wheel Loader, 2.80m bucket 1 unit
capacity
Dump Truck, 14m3 Capacity As required
Water Truck, 15000L As required
Water Pump, 1000lit/min 1 unit
Service Vehicle, 6 seat 1 unit
Total Station 1 unit
Manpower
Earthwork Forman 1
Surveyor 1
Chainman 2
Equipment Operators 3

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Driver As required
Flagmen As required
Safety Personnel 1
Unskilled labors 5
Production per Day per Crew
1000.00m3

5.1.4. Construction Procedure

The approved route for the purpose of temporary diversion shall be cleaned and grubbed any
vegetation and other objectionable material by bulldozer. The cleaned and grubbed route shall
then be shaped to a permissible grade and curves using motor grader and bulldozer and shall then
be compacted to the required density. On the shaped temporary diversion, a surfacing material
from an approved source shall be dumped with dump trucks.
The dumped material shall then be watered properly mixing with motor grader to ensure uniform
dispersion of moisture in the material. After the material is moisturizes properly and uniformly, it
shall then be spread with motor grader. Finally, the spread material shall be compacted to the
specified density using Vibratory Rollers.

Traffic Accommodation will also include the following:

- Preparing Traffic Control Authorization form;
- Conducting preconstruction meeting to determine the positioning of signs and flagmen;
- Keeping all vehicles and/or no operating equipment parked away from the moving
traffic stream;
- Equipping flagmen with vests and approved warning signs;
- Inspecting the barricades, lights, signing, etc. at least once every four hours during all
hours that the Contractor is not working;
- Periodically driving through the job to check the effectiveness of the traffic control
devices;
- Filling Traffic Control Surveillance and Inspection report form and reviewing traffic
control inspection and reporting frequencies.
5.2. Clearing and Grubbing

This piece of the major construction works consists of clearing and grubbing of the road prism
within the given slope stake limits plus reasonable working space for machinery, maintenances
the existing road and construction of diversion roads demolishing and disposing of different
types of obstructions within the right of way limits and structures which are identified as no more
functioning and to be repaired, modified or replaced.
The clearing of the site and grubbing necessary for the construction of the works consist of the
removal of all trees, brushes other vegetation, rubbish fences, all stumps and roots and all other

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objectionable materials including disposal of all materials resulting from the clearing and
grubbing.

5.2.1. Construction Procedure

Before the commencement of clearing and grubbing of the site, the following operations will be
undertaken under the supervision of the engineer:-
- Identification of right of way problems
- Preparations and approval of cross section drawings (templates) and quantities
- Getting consent as to the limits of clearing and grubbing limits
- Setting out the road reserve that fall within the limits of the road prism
- Arranging dumping area for disposal of excess or unsuitable cleared and grubbed
materials
All clearing and grubbing works will be done immediately before the commencement of the
subsequent construction activities so as to avoid re-clearing operation. Therefore, clearing and
grubbing shall remain an intermittent activity for the duration of the project with the following
resources being assigned to it:

5.2.2. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Clearing and Grubbing

Clearing and Grubbing

Description No.
Equipmen
t
Bulldozer, 36 tons 1 unit
Total Station 1 unit
Manpower
Earthwork Forman 1
Surveyor 1
Chainman/ Grade Checker 2
Equipment Operators 1
Mechanic 1
Service vehicle Driver 1
Unskilled Labors 4
Expected Production per crew per day
1.0 ha

5.3. Roadbed preparation

After completion of setting out, clearing and grubbing and deviation works the road bed shall be
prepared as specified. The existing ground that is to be covered by fill or the bottom of cuttings
shall be scarified to a minimum depth of 150mm, watered and re-compacted.

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Any material, occurring below the existing ground surface in fill areas or roadbed material in cut
areas, which is considered by the engineer to be of a quality that would be detrimental to the
performance of the completed road, shall be removed to such width and depths as ordered by the
engineer.
Where the existing ground in fill sections, or the roadbed in cut sections, by reasons of its
inadequate in situ density is specified or prescribed by the engineer to be given three roller pass
compaction, it shall be shaped appropriately and shall be compacted using a suitable type of
roller.
Any part of the existing ground in fill sections or roadbed material in cut sections classified as
suitable for use in place except that it fails to meet the requirements for density, shall be
scarified, watered and compacted to the specified degree of compaction.
Any drainable waterlogged existing ground and road bed, such as saturated material overlying
less pervious start shall first be drained by installation of all permanent surface and subsoil
drainages recommended for the area, before any construction is started on these sections.
Whenever shown on the drawings or directed by the Engineer, the road bed in cuts shall be
treated in situ by breaking up undesirable formations of hard or rocky materials in order to
achieve a uniform standard of compaction or to improve drainage. The insitu treatment shall be
either by ripping or blasting whichever is appropriate.

5.3.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Road bed preparation

Roadbed Preparation
Description No.
Equipmen
t
Motor Grader, 4.6m 1 unit
Vibrator Roller, 10ton 1 unit
Water Truck, 15000L 1 unit
Manpower
Foreman 1
Equipment Operator 3
Helper 2
Unskilled labors 10
Production per Day per Crew 4,000 m2
5.4. Removal of Unsuitable Material

Unsuitable Material Excavation shall consist of the excavation and disposal of trash, rubble,
Wood, debris, non- regulated industrial wastes and other miscellaneous materials including Soil
or rock cover and intermingled soil or rock materials, which is unsuitable. Materials unsuitable
for use in the Works shall include: Peat, materials from swaps, marshes and bogs that contain
excessive amounts of black cotton soil, logs, tree stumps and other perishable materials;

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Certain precautions should be observed in the excavation and replacement process especially for
the expansive soil type so that moisture fluctuations are brought to the absolute minimum. This
can be done by excavating and replacing the excavated section with suitable material within
short time, such as a day. In addition, the compaction must be done properly and the material to
be used for replacement shall have required properties according to values of CBR, PI, swell.

5.4.1. Construction Procedure

- Identifying unsuitable material as per technical specification

- Revising of shop drawing according to the excavation depth of unsuitable material.
- Removal of unsuitable material to the needed level.
- The excavated material will be stored at the roadside in the case of fill sections or other
stock area for further use for the construction of slope flattening
- Measurements will be taken, recorded and submitted for verification/documentation
- Replacement backfill within 24 hours and will be constructed with the maximum layer
thickness
5.4.2. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Removal of Unsuitable
Material

Roadbed Preparation
Description No.
Equipmen
t
Excavator, 1.0m3 1 unit
Dump trucks, 14m3 3 unit
Total Station 1 unit
Level 1 unit
Manpower
Foreman 1
Equipment Operator 1
Dump truck Driver 3
Surveyor 1
Chain Man/Grade Checker 1
Unskilled labors 5
Production per Day per Crew 800.00m3
5.5. Roadway and Borrow Excavation

Equipment suitable for the type of material to be excavated shall be carefully selected. Proper
care so as not to disturb and loosen any material outside the specified cutting line shall be made
at all times. Care shall also be exercised not to undercut any slopes and proper control shall at all
times be exercised by regular survey checking.

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It is anticipated that a certain amount of over-break might be inevitable in hard excavations or in

the presence of boulders. Hence all cuttings excavated below the specified levels shall be back-
filled with suitable material and compacted to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
All materials excavated from the road prism shall, insofar as practicable, be used for the
construction of embankments, pavement layers or for such other purpose that may be agreed
with the Engineer.
Whenever excavated material is proved to be unsuitable for use in part of the Works, or surplus
to requirements, shall be disposed of at points approved by the Engineer and in a manner
satisfactory to him. Excavated material shall not be disposed without the approval of the
Engineer.

5.5.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Roadway and Borrow

Excavation

Excavation in Soft Material (80% using Dozer & 20% Using

Excavator)
Description No.
Equipmen
t
Bull Dozer, 36 ton 1 unit
Wheel Loader, 2.9m3 1 unit
Excavator, 1.0m3 1 unit
Dump truck, 14 m3 3 unit
Manpower
Foreman 1
Equipment Operator 6
Helper 2
Load Counter 1
Unskilled labors 3
Production per Day per Crew 1000.00m3

Excavation in Hard material by Blasting

Description No.
Equipmen
t
Crawler Drill 1 unit
Air Compressor, 750CFM 1 unit
Excavator, 1.0m3 4 unit
Dozer,1.0 m3 1 unit
Jack hammer 1 unit
Dump truck, 14 m3 3 unit
Manpower
Blast Foreman 1
Foreman 1

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Equipment Operator 11
Helper 5
Unskilled labors 3
Production per Day per Crew 500.00m3
5.6. Embankment Construction

Construction of embankments shall be made in layers not exceeding 200mm compacted

thickness except in case of rock fill in which case horizontal layers shall not exceed 750mm. Fill
material shall be placed in successive layers approximately parallel to the final road surface.
Fill material shall be deposited on the compacted underlying surface, and evenly spread over the
whole of the designated area for the layer concerned in such quantity that the thickness of any
one layer, when measured, after compaction, shall not exceed the specified maximum thickness.
Any new layer of less than 100mm in compacted thickness shall be mixed into the previous layer
by scarifying to such depth that the total compacted thickness of the new layer plus the scarified
portion of the previous layer will not be less than 100mm.
Rock fill shall be deposited and spread in horizontal layers not exceeding 750mm loose depth
and shall extend over the full width of the embankment except for specified external to slopes.
Each layer shall be blinded with granular material before the next layer is placed.
Over size particles which are not broken down to comply with the requirements prior to
compaction, shall be removed from the layer and disposed to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
The dumped material shall then be watered while properly mixing with motor graders. After the
material get properly moistened, it shall then be spread with the help of motor graders with due
care so as not to exceed the specified layer thickness. Finally, the spread material shall be
compacted to the specified density using Vibrator Rollers.

5.6.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production

Cut and Borrow to Fill: Borrow material

Description No.
Equipmen
t
Motor Grader, 4.6m 1 unit
Vibrator Roller, 10ton 1 unit
Water Truck, 15000L 2 unit
Manpower
Foreman 1
Equipment Operator 6
Helper 2
Unskilled labors 10
Production per Day per Crew 640.00m3

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Cut and Borrow to fill: Rock fill

Description No.
Equipmen
t
Bull Dozer, 36ton 1 unit
Vibrator Roller, 10ton 1 unit
Manpower
Foreman 1
Equipment Operator 2
Helper 1
Unskilled labors 5
Production per Day per Crew 400.00m3
5.7. Improved Sub grade and Capping Layer

This section covers the construction of selected material from an approved source. It includes the
use of Improved Sub grade and Capping layer that satisfy the requirement of the specifications
and in conformity with lines, grade, thickness, and typical sections shown on the drawings and/or
as directed by the Engineer. This task mainly includes production, hauling and placing of the
same. Before preparing the roadbed or sub-grade for placement of the pavement, the entire
roadway should be carefully checked to see that the earthwork conforms to the required cross
section and grade within the accuracy of the tolerances established by the Specifications.
The sequences of Improved Sub grade and Capping Layer construction include:
- Quality tests and approval as per the specifications,
- Material production upon close inspection and supervision,
- Hauling and dumping the material on an approved surface,
- Spreading, watering, mixing, placing and compaction,
- Level check, compaction test, correction work and approval.
This section will be performed in multiple passes starting with the rough grading and leveling of
the roadway areas. Once rough grade is achieved, base rock will be trucked in, spread and
compacted to create a road base. A capping layer will then be spread over the road base and roll-
compacted to finished grade.
Excavated soil and rock that arises through grading will be spread across the site to the natural
grade and will be reseeded as appropriate with native grasses to control erosion by water and
wind. Larger excavated rocks will be disposed of off-site or crushed and re-used on-site as
backfill or roadway material. Project road construction will involve the use of several pieces of
heavy machinery including bulldozers, excavators, loaders, dump trucks, motor graders, water
trucks and rollers for compaction.

5.7.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Capping and Improved

Sub grade

Capping and Improved Sub grade

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Description No.
Equipment
Vibrator Roller, 10ton 1 unit
Motor Grader, 140H,185HP 1 unit
Water Truck As required
Manpower
Earthwork Forman 1
Surveyor 1
Chainman/ Grade Checker 2
Equipment Operators 2
Truck Drivers As required
Service vehicle Driver 1
Helper 1
Unskilled Labors 10
Expected placing per crew per day 480 m3
5.8. Fill Flattening Using Unsuitable or Expansive Soils

Construction of fill-flattening shall be carried out after completion of the fill for the road prism
using unsuitable or expansive soil/material as indicated on the Drawing. In order to minimize the
permeability of side fill and loose flattening of the slope, the Contractor shall remove any
boulders, logs, tree stumps and other perishable materials. The road prism side slope shall be
trimmed before placing of the side fill or fill-flattening material.
The fill flattening will be done using excavator and grader for leveling the slope were ever
practicable. Compaction are not required for expansive/unsuitable soil. However, the fill
flattening will be compacted using the spreading equipment so as to prevent loose fill flattening
which could result ingress of water into the road prism or erosion of the flattening fill.

5.8.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Fill Flattening

Fill Flattening
Description No.
Equipment
Excavator, 1.0m3 1 unit
Motor Grader, 140H,185HP 1 unit
Dump Trucks of, 14m3 As required
Manpower
Earthwork Forman 1
Surveyor 1
Chainman/ Grade Checker 2
Equipment Operators 2
Truck Drivers As required
Helper 1
Unskilled Labors 10
Grade checker 1
Data collector 1

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Expected Fill flattening per crew per day 480.00 m3

5.9. Constructing Sequence for Cut and Borrow to Fill and Capping Layer

Reference Point Establishment

Existing Ground Survey

Template and Shop Drawing preparation

Engineer's Approval

Slope Steak

Clearing and Grubbing

Top Soiling as Per Engineer's instruction

Treatment of Roadbed

Borrow and Roadbed Preparation

Material Test and Approval

Embankment construction

Compaction Test and Approval

Selected layer Preparation

Level check, compaction tests and

Approval

5.10. Process Control

The minimum required tests and test frequency will be carried out in accordance with the
provision of the contract jointly with the Engineer.
The Contractor will carry out ground investigation to determine the quantity and quality of
material available from within the site for use in the capping layer. Results from the investigation
will be submitted to the Engineer’s approval prior to placing any selected material.
The checking, routine inspection and control of quality of work will be closely monitored,
supervised and counter checked by the responsible Engineer’s staff.

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5.11. Sub Base/ Gravel Wearing Course

Pavement layers of the subject contract of Gravel Wearing Course/ Sub base. This section covers
the construction of Gravel Wearing Course layer/ Sub Base from approved material source. It
includes the use of Gravel Wearing Course/Sub base in accordance with required Specifications
and in conformity with lines grade, thickness and typical cross sections shown on the drawings
and/or as directed by the Engineer.

5.11.1. Spreading, Mixing and Compaction

The Gravel Wearing Course/Sub Base shall only be constructed provided that the underlying
sub-Capping layer conforms to the specified requirements. Immediately before placing the
material, the underlying Capping shall be checked for any damage or deficiencies, which shall
then be made good to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The surface of each completed layer shall
be moistened prior to the construction of the succeeding layer.
Gravel Wearing Course/Sub base material shall be spread and shaped on the prepared surface by
means of Motor Grader. In so doing every effort shall be made in order to avoid segregation of
the material. The material shall then be loosely spread in layers to give a compacted thickness
not exceeding 200mm and not less than 100mm.
The spread and shaped material then be compacted using vibratory Rollers progressing gradually
from the outside towards the centre of the layer, except on super elevated curves, where the
rolling shall begin at the low side and progress towards the high side. Each succeeding pass shall
overlap the previous pass by at least on third of the roller width. Rolling shall continue until the
entire layer is thoroughly and uniformly compacted to the specified thickness.
Gravel Wearing Course/ Sub base material will be placed to the required height by grader which
will be compacted immediately to attain the specified in situ density. Mixing and watering of the
gravel material will be carried out at the stockpile if necessary. Compaction shall be completed
as soon as possible after the material has been spread and in accordance with the requirements
for the individual materials. Special care will be taken to obtain full compaction in the vicinity of
both longitudinal and transverse joints.

5.11.2. Trial Section

Prior to commencement of normal working, the Contractor will carry out a trial area of not less
than 1000 square meters using the material and equipment proposed for the works to demonstrate
the compliance with the requirements of the specification.

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5.11.3. Constructing Sequence for Gravel Wearing Course/Sub base Laying

Material Investigation

Quality Test and

Approval

Material Production

Hauling and Dumping on Approved Surface

Mixing, Spreading and leveling to the

grades and lines

Compaction to required density

Level Check, Compaction test and

Approval of the Engineer

5.11.4. Resource allocation and Expected Production

Sub Base/ Gravel Wearing Course Laying and Compaction:

Description No.
Equipment
Motor Grader, 4.2m 1 unit
Vibrator Roller, >10 ton 1 unit
Water Truck, 15000L 2 unit
Manpower
Earthwork Forman 1
Surveyor 1
Chainman/ Grade Checker 2
Equipment Operators 2
Truck Drivers As required
Helper 1
Unskilled Labors 10
Grade checker 1
Data collector 1
Production per Day per Crew 400.00m3
5.11.5. Process Control

The minimum required tests and test frequency will be carried out in accordance with the
provision of the contract jointly with the Engineer.
The checking, routine inspection and control of quality of work will be closely monitored,
supervised and counter checked by the responsible Engineer’s staff.

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5.12. Crushed Stone Base

This section covers the furnishing and placing of approved crushed stone base on the top of
completed and approved Sub-base layer in accordance with the specification requirements.
The aggregate used for crushed stone base shall be derived from a parent rock that is hard,
sound, durable and un-weathered. Proposed source of rock quarry are described in the
Engineering Report. The use of any specific quarry shall depend up on quality and cost.
One crusher plant with a capacity of 100ton/hr will be provided for crushing the required amount
of aggregate for structure, base course, surfacing aggregates and asphalt concrete.

5.12.1. Spreading, Mixing and Compaction

The surface on which the crushed road base is to be laid shall be free from loose and deleterious
material and the sub base layer must be approved.
In the case of placing by self-propelled paving machine the crushed material shall be thoroughly
mixed with water until a homogeneous mixture with moisture content with in -1% to 2% of the
optimum moisture content is obtained. Then the wet material shall be transported to the location
where it is to be placed. Proper care shall be exercised to avoided segregation during loading and
dumping. In the case of placing by Motor Grader watering and mixing of the base course
material may also be done after the dry material is damped on the location where it is to be
placed.
The wetted mixed and transported material shall then be laid by either a self-propelled paving
machine or Motor Grader adhering to the specified thickness.
The spread and shaped material then be compacted using 10 ton vibratory rollers progressing
gradually from the outside towards the centre of the layer, except on super elevated curves,
where the rolling shall begin at the low side and progress towards the high side. Each succeeding
pass shall overlap the previous pass by at least on third of the roller width. Rolling shall continue
until the entire layer is thoroughly and uniformly compacted to the specified thickness.

To ensure that the completed layer surface is firm, stable and free from defects such as
corrugation and lamination, and for attaining the required surface condition the following
procedure will be implemented: -
- We shall blade, broom and otherwise maintain the base and keep it free from raveling and
other defects until such time as the bituminous prime coat applied.
- Base course damaged by traffic or for any other reason shall be rectified as required in
the specification.
- Traffic shall not be allowed directly on any unprimed crushed stone layer unless directed
by the Engineer.

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5.12.2. Trial Section

Before commencing with the construction of any permanent crushed stone layer, the Contractor
will demonstrate by laying a trial section of not less than the specified area. The permanent work
will be commenced when such trial section has been satisfactorily laid, finished and complies
with the specified requirements. The quality, compatibility of the material and target grading that
will be used for quality assessment shall be derived from the trial section results. Construction
equipment, material and procedure will be the same as the trial section.

5.12.3. Requirements for Testing and Carrying out a Trial Section

- The trial section shall be constructed on a layer of approved crushed gravel Sub-base
- The trial section shall have: Area not less than 1000m2 and Thickness as per the contract
requirement of base thickness
- Sampling and Testing: -Samples shall be obtained in a stratified random sampling
procedure after compaction on the roadway. The selection of the target grading shall not
necessarily be based on the mean grading of the approved trial section. Instead, the
variability actually obtained for particular fractions will dictate the setting of the target
grading.
The construction methodology that will be implemented during carrying out the trial section and
constructing any crushed stone layer is detailed hereunder:-

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5.12.4. Constructing Sequence for Base Course Laying

Base Course Laying and Compaction: Using Paving Machine

Description No.
Equipment
Paving Machine, 3.6m or Motor 1 unit
Grader
Vibrator Roller, 10ton 1 unit
Water Truck, 15000L 1 unit
Dump Truck, 14m3 6 unit
Manpower
Earth Work Forman 1
Grader Opr 1
Roller Opr 1
Helper 2
Labourer 10
W/T Driver 2
Grade checker 1
Data collector 1
Production per Day per Crew 340.00m3

Material Investigation

Quality Test and

Approval

Material Production

Hauling and Dumping on Approved Surface

Mixing, Spreading and leveling to the

grades and lines

Compaction to required density

Level Check, Compaction test and

Approval of the Engineer

5.13. Prime Coat Application

The prime material shall be as specified in the contract. The surface shall be broomed and
cleaned by means of compressor and hand brooms. Care shall be exercised not to cause any
damage to the layer. The layer to be primed shall be checked for compliance with the surface.
All superficial laitance or “biscuits” of fine material and animal droppings will be removed.

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Before the application of the prime coat, a light spray of water shall be applied to sufficiently
dampen the surface, if required with a water sprinkler. When the spraying of water is over
applied, the surface shall be allowed to dry until damp surface is obtained.
Before commencing any permanent works of any prime coat, we shall demonstrate by priming a
trial section of length on short test section, to show that the proposed equipment and processes
will enable us to construct the prime coat in accordance with the specification requirements.
The trial section will be carried out up on the instruction of the Engineer. The Contractor will
commence the prime coat application of the permanent work, when such trial section has been
satisfactorily finished and complies with the specified requirements.
Trial application shall be carried out to determine the rate of application prior to commencing the
application work on the main road.
Based on the trial section, the rate of application will be decided by the Engineer and the
spraying of prime coat shall be carried out on the broomed, cleaned and approved surface.

Excess asphalt prime which is not absorbed after 24 hours shall be blotted up by fine
aggregate and excess fine shall be swept before the application of the seal coat.

5.13.1. Construction sequence for Bituminous Prime coat:

Quality test Submittal

Engineer's Approval

Material Delivery

Cleaning and Preparation for

prime Coat

Surface Approval

Application of Prime Coat

Test and Approval of the Engineer

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5.13.2. Weather and Other limitations

No prime shall be applied under the following adverse conditions: During foggy or wet
condition, when rain is imminent, when wind is blowing sufficiently hard to cause uneven
spraying, when the surface of the layer is visibly wet, after sundown.

5.13.3. Maintenance and Opening to Traffic

Wherever feasible, no traffic is allowed on the primed surface. Traffic only be allowed with the
approval of the Engineer and the primed surface has dried sufficiently to allow the traffic to pass
over the road without picking up or damaging the surface.
Where it is not feasible for traffic to use by pass, the prime shall be allowed to penetrate for as
long as is practicable and blinding layer of mineral aggregate shall be applied with the
requirement of the specification.
At the sections where traffic is allowed on the primed surface, the area shall be maintained and
all damaged caused by traffic shall be repaired as directed by the Engineer. The following
resources are required for this specific activity:

5.13.4. Resource allocation and Expected Production

Prime Application
Description No.
Equipment
Asphalt Distributor 1 unit
Power Broom 1 unit
Hand Tools
Manpower
Foreman 1
Equipment Operator 5
Helper 2
Unskilled Labor 10
Production per Day per Crew 8,000Lit

5.14. Asphalt Concrete

Asphalt Wearing Course shall be produced by batch plant with a capacity of 240t/h and the
mixture shall be paved by a set of DYNAPAC paver, and shall be rolled by a double steel wheel
and double-drive roller + a rubber-wheel roller.

5.14.1. The mixing of Asphalt Wearing Course

-Main Technical Configurations of Mixing Plant

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The mixing plant consists of groups of cold material bins, groups of hot aggregate bins, bitumen
tank, and sets of mineral powder feeder, storage silo of 150t for asphalt concrete, secondary dust
removal installation, and central control cabin.

5.14.2. The Production Process

The production process of hot asphalt concrete mixing: cold aggregate batching → belt
conveying →drying and heating the aggregate →hot aggregate sieving and stored by groups
→hot aggregate and mineral powder automatically feeding→ hot aggregate premixing →heating
and mixing the hot asphalt concrete →hot asphalt concrete stored.

5.14.3. The Mix Design

The mix design of asphalt concrete shall be divided into three stages: target mix design,
production mix design and the verification of the production mix design.
As per the regulation and requirement of the technical specification, the bitumen, aggregate, sand
and mineral powder to be used shall be tested, and the performance and index of the materials
shall conform to the requirement. In case of un-sufficient adhesion property, the anti-stripping
agent such as slack lime and cement shall be applied, and the optimum bitumen usage shall be
usually increased 0.2~0.4% percent and the mix shall be redesigned.
As per the grading curve and the grain composition of mineral aggregate of the designed asphalt
concrete type, the formulation variables of mineral materials shall be confirmed by method of
trial and error and diagram method, which shall conform to requirement of the grading curve, the
optimum bitumen usage confirmed by means of Marshall test.

5.14.4. Asphalt Concrete Mixing

Trial mix shall be performed prior to regular production; the samples shall be taken out for
extraction test and Marshall test in order to check the performance index of the mixture.

5.14.5. Regular Production of Asphalt Concrete

The asphalt concrete shall be volume produced only after the success of trial mix, with the
sufficient storage of all kinds of materials, the smooth operation of material supply and all
equipment in good operation conditions.

5.14.6. The Mix and Quality Control of Asphalt Concrete

- The suitable openings of vibrating sieves shall be chosen to control the over sized
materials which shall be removed, and the powder leakage in the mixing plant shall be
solved and all sensors shall be calibrated from time to time.

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- The quantity of aggregate and bitumen for each batching shall be printed out, the
temperature of aggregate, bitumen and mixture recorded. And if the difference between
the design and actual mixture is over fluctuated, the mixing shall be stopped immediately.
- The batching of aggregate, mineral powder and bitumen shall be controlled by means of
electronic measurement and flow meter.
- The monitoring, batching adjustment and temperature adjustment may be controlled by
the central control cabin through the program.
- The ordinary asphalt concrete shall be mixed no less than 45 seconds.

5.14.7. The Asphalt Concrete Transportation

The Organization of Dump Trucks: Required number of dump trucks with asphalt wearing
coarse will be ready to feed the paver.
The Measures for Temperature Protection: The dump trucks transporting the asphalt wearing
coarse shall be covered with double tarpaulin of thermal insulation during transportation, which
shall be controlled within half hours, to prevent the fast heat radiation in case of low temperature.
The Measures to Prevent Segregation and Dumping: The speed shall be moderate during
transportation, and sudden baking prohibited. Loading from the Silo to the dump trucks shall be
carried out in three steps: the front part loaded first and then the rear part and last the middle part
to prevent the segregation.
Keep the Dump Trucks Clean: The dump truck shall be thoroughly cleaned each time before
and after the transportation, and bottom and sides shall be applied with a film of separating agent
or adhesion preventives, which shall not amass on the bottom of the dump truck.

5.14.8. The Trial Placement and Trial Section

Seven days prior to the execution of asphalt wearing coarse placement, the trial placement shall
be performed in the trial section approved by the Engineer. And the operation guidebook, which
shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval, shall be worked out after the completion of trial
section and become the basis of the workmanship control of the normal production of asphalt
concrete placement.
The trial placement shall be divided into two steps of trial mixing and trial paving and the
contents to be determined are the followings:

a) The suitable construction equipment and machinery shall be determined based on the
principle of matched execution capacity of various construction equipment and machinery,
and the number and combined mode decided as per the production capability.
b) The following shall be determined through the trial mixing:
- The operation mode such as feeding speed, mixing quantity, time and temperature etc.

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- The verification of mix design and technicality of the asphalt concrete, and the
determination of the mineral materials mix proportion and bitumen aggregate ratio for the
normal mass production
c) The following shall be decided through the trial paving:
- The operation mode of paver such as paving temperature, paving speed, the intensity and
execution method of preliminary vibration, and self-leveling etc.
- The choice, combination of compaction equipment and the sequence of rolling and
rolling temperature, rolling speed and passes
- The treatment of construction joint
- The coefficient of loose laying of asphalt concrete by means of survey the altitude at
fixed points(no less than 30points) by level
d) To decide the construction production output and the length of operation section and review
the construction organization plan.
e) To check completely if the materials and construction quality conform to the requirement.
f) To determine the construction organization system, quality control system, the manpower,
equipment and machinery, testing devices and equipment, communication and command
mode.

The frequency of quality checking on trial placement shall exceed that on normal construction,
and the application for commencement of normal placement shall be submitted only after the
success of trial placement.
5.14.9. The Method of placement Level Control Asphalt Wearing Coarse

Untouched automatic balance beam equipment shall be used for the paving of asphalt pavement.

a) The Placement Operation

The iron plate shall be preheated to over 100℃ 0.5～1.0h prior to the commencement of paving
operation, and the previous joint of asphalt concrete surface heat treated.

The thickness parameter shall be set, the iron plate adjusted to the required height and angle, and
the suitable vibrating frequency and amplitude chosen to increase the density of preliminary
compaction.

The hopper feed port shall be fully opened, and the screw agitator started and kept operating in
even rate, waiting to take in the asphalt concrete.

b) The Placement Speed Control

The paver shall travel in even speed; the quantity of placement shall match up with the quantity
of asphalt concrete transported to the site to ensure that the mixture is placed continuously and
evenly.

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The placement speed shall be controlled 2.0～2.5m/min. And the speed shall not be changed at
discretion during placement operation, and the halt shall be minimized to prevent the influence
on the construction quality. And the temperature of paving shall conform to the specification.

c) The Compaction of Asphalt Wearing Course

Once the placement is finished, the width, thickness, flatness, grade and temperature shall be
checked and rectified in case of unqualified. Compaction is divided into preliminary compaction,
re-compaction and final compaction; the rolling speed shall conform to the specification.

The preliminary compaction will be performed by a double steel wheel roller on the asphalt
concrete immediately after the spreading machine (paver) two passes without vibrating from
both sides to the center, from the lower portion to the higher in the super-elevated section, and
from lower to the higher in the grade section with driving wheel.
One heavy rubber-wheel roller shall be used in combination with one double steel wheel roller
for re-compaction; the rolling shall be performed 3～5 passes. The overlap of pneumatic roller
shall be 1/3～1/2 of the width of the rolling wheel, and that of vibrating roller shall be 100 ～
200mm. And the vibrating shall be stopped when turning back.

The double steel wheel roller shall be adopted for the final compaction of 2 ～3 passes till the
smooth surface without obvious track of wheel.

The compaction shall be performed slowly and evenly, the direction of rolling shall not be
changed suddenly, which may cause the mass of asphalt mixture. The length of every rolling
operation section shall be approximately same and usually not exceed 80m, and the turning
points of both ends shall advance with the advancing of the paver, and the transverse ends shall
not be at the same section. The stop points of lockstep, during compaction, shall have the
distance at least 10m, and 3m beyond the starting line.

The batching of aggregate, mineral powder and bitumen will be control by advanced electronic
scales and flow meter.

d) The Mixing Temperature Control

The infrared temperature sensor is the major method to monitor and control the temperature of
the mixing plant.

e) The Mixture Quality Control

The mixing time for ordinary asphalt concrete shall not be less than 45s, and the dry mixing time
and wet mixing time shall be extended properly during mixing, both shall be 5s more than that of
ordinary asphalt concrete mixing.

The mixture shall be uniform without white materials or serious conglomeration or segregation.

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The special person shall be assigned for checking the quality, temperature and outlook of the
asphalt concrete in the mixing plant, and the mixture that does not conform to the requirement
shall not be allowed to deliver to the site.

f) The Rolling Temperature Control

The major temperature control point of the mixing plant is the infrared temperature sensor,
which is monitoring and controlling the temperature of mixture.

The mixture site temperature will be controlled by means of checking the asphalt Wearing coarse
in the dump trucks with the inserted type thermometer prior to being placed, and checking the
surface temperature of the paved and compacted mixture with infrared temperature gun.

g) The Construction Joint and Treatment

The Longitudinal Seam: The cold joint for the longitudinal seam will be adopted when placing
by lane, steel formwork erected at the edge of the paved asphalt concrete, and the top of
formwork have the same level of the compacted asphalt concrete surface. And the joint shall be
cleaned prior to paving the other half, and overlap rolling on the joint performed.

Transverse Joint: Due to the halt of work, the end of the asphalt concrete mixture paved will be
cold, which will form the transverse construction joint when the work is started the next day. The
joint cutter will be employed to cut the mixture in the same day of placement to form the plain
butt joint having right angle to the lower layer prior to the hardening of mixture, but the
operation shall not damage the lower layer. Some hot mixture shall be placed on the compacted
section to soften the joint by heating when constructing the joint.
Treatment between Layers: The tack coat shall be applied between the asphalt concrete
pavement and base course. The contaminated lower course shall be cleaned prior to placement of
asphalt concrete and washed in case of cluster of clay, and the atomized tact coat of bitumen
spread after the surface is dry.
5.14.10.Resource allocation and Expected Production

Double Surface Treatment for Shoulders

Description No.
Equipment
Asphalt Batching Plant 1 unit
Loader 2 unit
Dump Trucks, 14m3 As Required
Paver 1 unit
Pneumatic Tire Roller, 21ton 2 unit
Double Drum Steel Roller , 10ton 1 unit
Water Truck 1 unit
Power Broom 1 unit
Manpower
Asphalt Plant Operator 1

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Asphalt Forman 1
Surveyor 1
Equipment Operator 6
Dump Truck Drivers As Required
Sensor man 2
Joint Man 2
Unskilled labors 12
Production per Day per Crew 8,000 m2
5.15. Double Bituminous Surface Treatment

Double bituminous surface treatments will be used for shoulders. The task consists of the
construction of double surface treatments using 19.50mm and 9.50mmchipping with 60/70
penetration grade bitumen.
5.15.1. First application of binder and chippings

A first application of the specified binder shall be sprayed on the properly cleaned and prepared
primed road base over the full of the shoulder by means of a binder distributor. To prevent
surging and spluttering, the tank of the bitumen distributor shall not be completely emptied
during the spraying operation.

Immediately after the binder has been sprayed, it shall be covered with chippings of the size
specified by means of chip spreaders. Chip spreaders shall commence spreading the chippings as
closely as possible behind the distributor. The chip spreader shall be operated in such a manner
that the binder shall be covered with chippings and the wheels of the chip spreader or truck do
not pass over the uncovered binder.

The actual rates of application of binder and chippings to be used in construction will be
determined by the Engineer.

As soon as the chippings have been applied, rolling shall commence with 21ton tire roller until
the whole surface of the shoulder has been covered at least three times.

After the bituminous binder has set-up sufficiently to prevent any chipping from being dislodged,
the surface shall be slowly dragged with a broom drag in order to ensure even distribution of the
chippings. If there are areas that are deficient in stone chips, additional material shall be added
by hand.

If there are areas having an excess of stone chips, such excess shall be removed by hand so as to
leave the carpet with one layer of stone shoulder to shoulder. Every care shall be taken to avoid
an over-application of stone.

When the spreading of stone chips is complete, the surface shall be rolled with a 21tone tier
roller until the whole surface has been covered at least four (4) times with the wheels of the
roller. Final rolling shall be done with a 10-ton tandem roller of until every portion of the area

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concerned has been covered by two (2) passes of the roller, provided only a minor amount of
crushing of the chippings takes place. If crushing occurs under the rollers, such rolling shall be
stopped regardless of the number of passes completed by the roller.
5.15.2. Application of the Second Layer

Binders and chippings, of the type and grade specified shall be applied in the same way as in
above section.

Initial rolling of the second layer of aggregate shall be carried out in the same way as in above
section.

Dragging and final rolling of the second layer of aggregate shall be carried in the same way as in
above section.
5.15.3. Resource allocation and Expected Production

Double Surface Treatment for Shoulders

Description No.
Equipment
Asphalt Distributor, 1 unit
Chip Spreader 1 unit
Tire Roller, 21ton 1 unit
Tandem Roller , 10ton 1 unit
Dump truck, 14m3 3 units
Manpower
Asphalt Foreman 1
Equipment Operator 4
Dump truck Driver 3
Unskilled labors 7
Production per Day per Crew 8,000.00m2
5.16. Drainage and Structures

This section covers excavation and construction of open drains, subsoil drainage, banks, dykes,
minor and major drainage structures at the locations and sizes as shown in the drawings or as
directed by the Engineer.

Before commencement of the construction of any drainage works, intensive and detailed survey
will be conducted jointly by the Contractor and the Engineer's representative as the extent of
work required for proper functioning of the structure in question. Based on the outcome of the
condition survey, working drawing will be prepared for the proper construction of the drainage
structures. Such drawings are subject to the Engineer’s approval.

Appropriate detour shall be provided for the accommodation of public traffic before
commencing structural excavation works. The Contractor envisages pipe installation to be
carried out well ahead of the earthwork operations.

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It is assumed that in the rainy season structure and drainage works shall be taken up at 50% of
the efficiency in the dry seasons.
5.16.1. Sub surface investigations works

The contractor will carry out detailed foundation investigation at bridge site in order to determine
bearing capacity of material and depth of foundation. The result of this investigation will be
submitted to the engineer for approval of any work resulting from the investigation. The work to
be executed comprises of drilling/boring in dry areas or under water for bridge sub – soil
investigation, sampling, laboratory testing on retrieved samples, and interpretation of results and
submission of report.
5.16.2. Structural Excavation

- The sides of the excavation for foundations for structures shall either be vertically or
sloped at safe angle for the material to be excavated
- Whenever sloping of excavations at safe angle is not possible for different reasons such
as space limitations, excavation walls shall be adequately supported
- Over excavation (over break) in hard material shall be backfilled with the same class of
concrete as that in the base or with mass concrete fill as directed by the Engineer
- Where the excavation necessitate blasting it shall be completed before any construction
for the permanent works commences
- When hard material suitable for foundation is encountered at the foundation level, it shall
be cut and trimmed to a firm surface
- Where the material at the foundation level is soft or hard material that deteriorates rapidly
on exposure, excavation to final grade and elevation shall not be made until just before
the blinding layer is placed
- Where in the opinion of the Engineer, unsuitable material is encountered at foundation
level, such material shall be removed and replaced with an approved foundation fill
- No concrete shall be placed before the excavation has been properly cleaned and
inspected and approved by the Engineer
- Suitable material obtained from the excavation shall be stoked so that it shall be used for
backfill; whereas boulders, logs or any other unsuitable material excavated shall be
spoiled to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
5.16.2.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Structural Excavation

Structural Excavation on Soft Material

Description No.
Equipmen
t
Wheel Excavator of 1.0 m3 1 unit

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Dump Trucks 2 unit

Manpower
Forman 1
Surveyor 1
Unskilled labors 2
Production per Day per Crew 80m3
5.16.3. Class B Stone Masonry

- The foundation bed on which the masonry work is to be placed shall be prepared to be
firm and normal to the wall
- When it is placed on foundation masonry, the bearing surface of this masonry surface
shall be cleaned thoroughly and wetted immediately before the mortar bed is spread.
- All masonry shall be constructed by experienced workmen
- Large stones shall be used for the bottom courses and large, selected stones shall be used
in the corners. In general, the stones shall decrease in size from bottom to top
- Stones shall be cleaned thoroughly and wetted immediately before being set and the bed
which is to receive them shall be clean and moistened before the mortar is spread.
- Stones shall be laid with their longest faces horizontal
- “Bond Stones” shall be provided at the rate of not less than one to every square meter of
exposed face
- Stones shall be handled as not to jar or displace the stones already set
5.16.3.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Class B Stone Masonry

Class B Stone Masonry

Description No.
Equipment
Concrete Mixer, 500 lit 1 unit
Water track 1 unit
Hand tools As required

Manpower
Mason F/Man 1
Gang chief 1
Mason 5
Laboure 15
Mixer Opr 1
W/t Driver 1
Production per Day per Crew 7.5 m3
5.16.4. Form work

Form work will be provided to produce hardened concrete to the lines, levels and shapes shown
on the drawings or specified elsewhere and designed and will be made in such a way that:

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- It will have adequate strength to carry all applied loads such as the dead load of the
concrete, weight of equipment and workmen, vibration loads and pressure of the fresh
concrete as purred on it without deforming the shape from the intended position and
levels.
- It should be mortar tight so that segregation loss of strength will not be created.
- Should permit easy removal of the form work without causing any damage to the
completed structure.
- Ttemporary fittings supporting the form work should be arranged to allow removal
without causing damage to the concrete.
- The joints in the form work will be perpendicular to the main axis of the shape of the
concrete.
- The materials intended to be used for the form work should be sound, suitable and
smooth.
- Locations and firm support of fittings, bolts anchorages, former of holes should be
provided accurately.
- False work shall support adequately the forces imposed during construction of concrete.
5.16.5. Reinforcement Steel

Reinforcement bars for concrete structure will be mild or high tensile steel to the acceptable
standard as specified in the contract. Deformed steel bars will be used for concrete reinforcement
as specified on the drawing. A certified copy of the mill certificate will be furnished to the
Employer’s Representative showing chemical and physical analysis of the reinforcement used in
the structural work. The test for reinforcement steel as specified will be performed to confirm the
acceptable standard.

After the conformity test, bar bending schedule will be prepared as per drawing and specification
to be followed by cutting, bending and fixing of steel where shown on the drawing. The steel
will be kept and covered properly to avoid exposure to sunlight and moisture so that it could be
prevented from rust and distortion.

The reinforcement will be cut and bent to the dimensions shown on the bending schedule. It will
be positioned as shown on the drawings and accurately secured in the position within tolerance
limit with the help of tie wires, support chairs, spacers and the like. Spacer block will be used to
provide cover as per requirement of specifications. Immediately before the concrete is placed,
the reinforcement will be cleaned, free of mud, oil, grease, paint and rust etc, If splices are
required it will be staggered where practicable and lap length would be equal to as shown on
drawings. Welding will not be permitted unless approved by the supervision consultant. Starter
bars and the like left projecting from the cast concrete for future additions, otherwise unprotected
and expected to be exposed to the weather for more than one month, will be coated with a
cement wash.

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Steel reinforcement will be cut from straight bars free from kinks and bends or damage and cold
bent by experienced competent workmen or in a bending machine as specified and approved by
the Employer’s Representative.

It will be placed and fixed accurately in the positions shown on the drawings and will be ensured
to remain rigid in that position during the placing of concrete. Laps of reinforcement steel will be
kept to a practical minimum or as specified or as shown on the drawings or as directed by the
Employer’s Representative. Competent bar benders, bar setters & their helpers will perform the
job.
5.16.6. Concrete Mixing and Placing

- Mixing of concrete for minor concrete works shall be done with the help of 1.0 m3
stationary mixers and/or 10m3 with Truck Mixer.
- Concrete shall only be placed after the forms, all the materials to be embedded and for
foundations, the adequacy to the foundation material have been inspected and approved
by the Engineer
- Once concreting has begun it shall be carried out in a continuous process between
construction or expansion joints
- Incase concreting of an element shall not be finished during daylight it shall be continued
in the night shift provided that proper lightning arrangement is made
- Where concreting is to continue in the nightshift arrangement shall be so that the
workmen that were working during the daylight hours are replaced with fresh workmen.
- The placing and compaction of concrete shall at all times be under the direct supervision
of the concerned supervisor
- The delivery rate, placing sequence, and methods shall be such that fresh concrete is
always placed and consolidated against previously placed concrete before initial set has
occurred in the previously placed concrete
- All the necessary arrangement shall be made so that concrete shall be placed within 15
minutes from completion of mixing and within one hour from the start of mixing
- All excavations and other contact surfaces of an absorbent nature shall be damped
without leaving free water on the surfaces
- Whenever possible, concrete shall be deposited vertically into its final position
- Whenever vertical deposition is not practicable chutes with the length and slope as not to
cause segregation and with suitable spouts or baffle shall be used
5.16.6.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Concrete Mixing and Placing

Concrete Mixing and Placing: Using Stationary Mixer

Description No.
Equipmen
t
Stationary Mixer 1 unit

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Vibrator 1 unit
Water Tank 1 unit
Water Truck 1 unit
Manpower
Mason Forman 1
Mason 2
Helper 2
Labourer 30
Mixer Opr 1
W/T Driver 1
Production per Day per Crew 15.00m3

5.16.7. Structural Backfilling

- Backfilling shall be made with an approved material in horizontal layers, not exceeding
200mm in depth after compaction, to the level of the original ground surfaces
- Each layer shall be moistened or dried to optimum moisture content for the material and
compacted to a density of not less than 93% of Modified AASHTO density
- Backfilling shall be made simultaneously, in so far as is possible, to approximately the
same elevation on both sides of the structure
- Structures shall only be backfilled after the concrete is cured
5.16.7.1. Resource allocation and Expected Production: Structural Backfill

Structural Backfill
Description No.
Equipmen
t
Mini Roller, 3ton 1 unit
Rammer, 80Kg 2 unit
Water Truck, 15000 liter 1 unit
Manpower
Skilled labors 1
Unskilled labors 20
Production per Day per Crew 40.00m3
5.16.8. Concrete Pipe Culverts (Minor Drainage)

- Pre-cast concrete pipes shall be produced at the pre-cast yard after preparation and
approval of concrete mix design, molds and forms to the requirements of the
specification. Then, they shall be cured and transported to the construction sites.
- Structural excavations are going to be executed as discussed in preceding section.
- Concrete for pipe encasing shall mixed and casted as discussed in the preceding section
- Masonry works for pipe head wall and other inlet/outlet structures shall be constructed as
discussed in preceding section.

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- After sufficient time is allowed for curing of the encasing concrete, backfilling of
finished pipes and shall be carried out as discussed in the above section.
- From the contract drawings it is envisaged that 52 pipe culverts are to be constructed. In
view of this it is planned to form 2 independent crews responsible for the construction of
those culverts.
- The detailed schedules for the construction of pipe culverts are indicated in the Gantt
chart forming part of Master Work program.
5.16.9. Slab Culverts

Slab culvert works will be executed starting from foundation excavation, foundation bedding and
then stone masonry abutments proceeded. After the completion of masonry works false work,
form works and bar placing works are made successively. Then the slab concrete and railing
works will be made. Finally back fill works will be executed to finalize the structure work. The
concrete for the slab culverts will be cast twice. The first time only cast the slab, and then the
second time cast for walk way and concrete railings.

There are 05(five) new slab culverts to be constructed along the project route. The slab Culverts
will be constructed as per the methods stated above for each pertinent activities. One crew is
envisaged to carry the activity.
5.16.10.Box Culverts

In accordance with the design, there are 8 box culverts in this contract. For execution of the
above mentioned structures first we will set out the center line of culvert according to the
workshop drawings that has been approved then followed by excavation of the trench and check
the elevation and foundation condition. Where the condition cannot provide a suitably firm
foundation for the culvert, the unsuitable material will be replaced with gravel or other approved
material and properly compacted to provide a firm earth to a depth below the bottom of the
culvert as indicated by the Engineer. The level control will be carried out as per the workshop
drawing. Cast the bedding concrete on the prepared foundation under the control of survey and
laboratory. Furnishing, placing and fixing of the reinforcement for the invert slab as approved
working drawing, placing the formwork and cast the invert slab concrete as per contract
specification requirements. Placing and fixing of the reinforcement for the side walls and top
deck slab, formwork and casting concrete for the side walls and top slab in one continuous
operation. Setting out Trench excavation Foundation Preparation Casting deck slab casting wall
concrete back filling Casting invert slab Inspecting Casting Bedding concrete Furnishing
formwork work Placing and fixing reinforcement Construction Works.

Formwork for all of the box culverts shall use the steel formwork and some place that the steel
formwork cannot sufficed the space requirement, wooden formwork will be used. Material used
for formwork shall be sound and suitable for the purpose intended and surface finish specified. In
general, the base slab or footings of the box culverts shall be placed and allowed to set before the

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remainder of the culverts is constructed. For culverts whose wall height is 1.5 m or less, the side
walls and top slab may be placed in one continuous operation. The method of curing adopted
shall be subject to the engineer’s approval and shall not cause staining, contamination, or
marring of the surface of the concrete. In generally covered by thaulm and sprinkling with water
is an acceptability method for curing concrete. Back fill the culvert with the suitable backfill
material as per the specification requirement.
5.16.11.Bridge

There is one Girder Bridge with concrete abutment at km 12+427 as per the Contract Design
Drawings. For the execution of the bridge construction, first foundation investigation shall be
done as discussed above. Based on the findings of the investigation, the foundation may be
changed and the bridge design will be subjected to revision. Following this, shop drawings will
be prepared and get the Engineer’s prior approval.
The Construction work will be started by setting out the bridge location as per revised and
approved drawings. The activities to be carried out in construction of the bridge will be as
follows:
a) Substructure and Structural Excavation Works

The commencement of excavation on site will be carried through prior approval of the Engineer.
Survey and setting out of the work will be consummated prior to the commencement of
excavation. Once the survey and setting out of the work is checked, verified, and approved by
the Engineer, the commencement of excavation of the said work would be performed with all
preventive and precautionary measures necessary for the execution of work. Excavation will be
carried out with the help of excavator. The levels of the undisturbed ground surface/OGL will be
taken jointly with the supervision consultant prior to commencing with any excavation for
measurement of structural excavation works.

The contractor will take samples from the materials to be excavated for laboratory tests and if the
material to be excavated is suitable for backfill, the contractor will properly stockpile the
material for later use for structural backfilling work. The excavation work will be undertaken
within the dimensions indicated in working drawing allowing the proper working space.

Proper precautions will be taken during the structural excavation for the safety and stability of
the work. Necessary arrangements of supports/form work will be textured to prevent slips and
falls of material from the sides of the excavation

If the ground water table is found to be above the footing or the lowest level of the structural
excavation, proper watertight cofferdams will be used and the excavation will be kept free from
water so that the works will be constructed in dry conditions. The cofferdams shall be properly
braced and have sufficient internal space for the work and the workmen and shall allow pumping

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of water from the form. The cofferdam both the bracing and the sheet will be removed after
completion of the sub-structure work.

If the sub-structure work is within a river with water, the water will be diverted away from
excavation area using dikes or other methods as agreed with Engineers and the structural
excavation and substructure work will be undertaken within cofferdam as discussed above or if
possible will be drained by channelizing.

Any objectionable material encountered in excavation will be removed and disposed of to the
spoil areas as shown on the drawings or will be as agreed with the Supervision Consultant.
b) Back filling

Excavated areas around structures shall be back filled with approved materials in horizontal
layers, not exceeding the thickness specified in the specification in depth after compaction, to the
level of the original ground surfaces. Each layer shall be moistened or dried to optimum
moisture content for the material and compacted to a density of not less than the specified % of
modified AASHTO density. To prevent wedge action against the structure and bounding slopes,
the slopes shall be benched or serrated. In no case shall the toe of the bounding fill be closer to
the concrete face than the height of the exposed face of the abutment or wall. Select granular
backfill shall be sound, durable, granular material free from organic matter or other deleterious
material (such as shale or other soft particles with poor durability). Backfill material will be
obtained from other approved sites such as roadway cut/borrow or the material excavated for
structure itself if it conforms to the quality requirements specified in the specification or other
relevant standards.

For purpose of erection supporting structure under the bridge, the backfilling works around the
abutment shall be completed as earlier as possible after concreting works below the ground level,
the area under the bridge deck shall be leveled by bulldozer and compacted by roller.
c) Superstructure

R.C. slab and girder will be cast in-situ after erection of girders and linking the reinforcement of
both as appropriate. Construction of all mentioned superstructure members in addition to other
cast in-situ members which include wing walls, retaining walls and transition slabs be in
accordance with the procedures of concerting and reinforcement provided above.
5.16.12.Curbing, Channeling and Open Chutes

This task includes the construction of concrete curbs, class C concrete for town or village gutters,
different size and class concrete cover for vehicle and pedestrian crossings, grouted stone
pitching and stone masonry walls.

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The basic length of curbs produced will be proposed by the contractor. Curbs produced will be
uniform in accordance with the basic length proposed with a permitted tolerance of 50mm with
the exception of curbs cut to match with existing or new structures.

Precast concrete drain covers will be of the type and construction shown on the drawings. These
will be used to cover masonry drains in urban areas or as directed by the Engineer. Concrete
drain covers will be manufactured using class as per the drawing concrete and grade 40
reinforcement. These units will be manufactured in accordance with the materials and other
requirements.

Due consideration will be given for gabion boxes construction ahead of earth works for road
sections where gabion boxes have been recommended. The construction of grouted rubble paved
waterway will be handled together with pipe culvert construction to the required grade,
dimension and compaction.

Grouted rubble masonry paved water way will be placed in the outlet and inlet of the culverts.
Cage is required in the outlet and inlet where the water quantity is huge or the water flow is rapid
to prevent the water rush.
5.16.13.Gutter

During the construction of town sections, we will construct gutters on the left and right side of
the road. The gutter work is commenced after the earth work and if any structure work is
finalized in the town sections. The approved drawings will be set out and worked.

Trapezoidal ditch will be used for out of town sections where for soils in deep cuts to increase
the ditch capacity to accommodate flows of fully cut natural streams. The slopes, the masonry
type and the shapes of the ditch will be as specified in the approved drawings.
5.16.14.Curb

Concrete precast curbs will be used for the town section of the road. The activity will be
commenced after the gutter and the sub base activities are finalized. The shape, the strength and
the quality of the precast used will full fill the requirements specified in the working drawings.

5.16.15.Furrow Ditch

Furrow ditch will be made using grader at a distance of 50 meters from the slope stakes as
specified in the statement or ordered by the engineer. It will be made after the consent of the
engineer where ground cross fall exceeds 25% and road passes parallel to large catchment.

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5.17. Ancillary Works

5.18. Material Productions

- Borrow material
- Capping material
- Sub Base material
- Masonry Stone Production
- Stone Production for Aggregates
- Aggregates Production
- Precast Units Production (Pipes, Drain Covers, Guide posts, ROW markers etc)

6. SAFEGUARDS

6.1. Measures to Ensure Environmental Safety

The Contractor is aware of the fact that the major negative impact of the new route road projects
arises at the time of detour construction, borrow pit and quarry exploitation, and spoiling of
unsuitable material and mainly consist of soil erosion, nose and dust pollution, water pollution
etc. The Contractor, therefore, is going to propose the below summarized alleviation measures to
the Engineer and will act according his instructions. However, a separate Environmental
Protection Plan will be submitted.
- Borrow pits shall be excavated in such a manner that no water will be collected and
stagnate in them and slopes will be flattened so as to check rapid flow of water.

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- On completion of our operation at borrow pits we shall reinstate the entire area as per the
specification requirements.
- Quarries will also be filled and land escaped (if practical), to their original state after
exploitation of the construction material. However, if the client wishes otherwise, such
quarries and borrow pits shall be reinstated in such a way it becomes of positive value for
future maintenance as well as other new constructions.
- To minimize noise pollution and community interference, every rock blasting operation
shall be done in collaboration with the concerned local authorities and officials. Alternate
rock removal mechanisms such as using hydraulic hammer shall also be employed
provided that the same is found time and cost feasible.
- Trafficked deviations, haul roads and main roads near settlements shall be watered
regularly so as to keep down noise vibration and dust emission.
- All construction activity will be performed in a manner to prevent entrance/spillage of
pollutants such as fuel & oil waste, petroleum products, sanitary waste and other
pollutant materials in to streams or on the ground
- To alleviate the impact of soil erosion Steep grades and invert slopes shall be avoided,
appropriate protective measures shall be taken where land slid is likely to happen, grass
shall be planted on finished embankments, paved ditches shall be constructed at steep
slopes etc.
6.2. Measures To Ensure Construction Safety

The Contractor is responsible for safety of the project workers and has to execute the project
activities safely to avoid any damages to the workers and the community as well. For this
However, a separate Health and Safety Plan will be prepared and submitted in line with the
Contract.
- All moving machineries shall be in a safe working condition and provided with warning
sound apparatus.
- Explosives are stored in a tightly locked secure metal container well away from either the
working face or manned areas. It also has a perimeter fence with a locked gate.
Appropriate inventory of the explosives are maintained at all times and explosions are
made with due observance to procedures applicable in Ethiopia and in collaboration with
the local police. In the future also handling and use of explosives shall continue in like
manner.
- The Contractor will arrange favorable living facilities for his workers with acceptable
sanitation system.
- Workers shall be supplied with safety equipment suitable for the working condition they
are engaged in.
- Nursing will be in the Contractors camp to provide our workers with first-aid services
and to deliver injured employee to the proper health center if there is any.

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6.3. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS Alleviation Program

Throughout the construction period, it is expected that there will be a massive mobilization of
personnel from different areas of the country as a result of substantial job opportunities. This
situation will make the local people to interact with the new comers. This in turn might make
both sides vulnerable to the widely spreading HIV/AIDS.

Therefore, the Client cognizant of this scenario made it obligation of the Contractor to exercise
education campaign concerning sexually transmitted diseases especially HIV/AIDS throughout
the construction period to both its workforce and the local people living along the road corridor.

Considering this obligation, the Contractor would hire a local consultant having the relevant
experience in alleviation of sexually transmitted diseases in general and HIV/AIDS in particular
throughout the construction period.
6.3.1. Objective of the Alleviation Program

The objective of the alleviation program shall be to create awareness on the project area in order
to alleviate the spreading of sexually transmitted diseases specially HIV/AIDS.
6.3.2. Scope of the Alleviation Program

The primary responsibilities of the consultant/clinic shall include, but not limited to:

- Provision, maintenance and operation of one sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and
HIV/ADIDS clinic. The clinic shall be suitably staffed and equipped for professional
screening, diagnosis and counseling of STD and HIV/AIDS cases within the site staff and
labor. The Clinic shall also provide professional treatment of the general STD cases while
the HIV/AIDS cases shall be put in touch with/referred to the National HIV/AIDS
Program coordinated by the Ministry of Health.
- Advising all site staff and labour (both the Contractor, subcontractors and the Engineer)
and local people of the dangers and impacts of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in
general and HIV/AIDS in particular.
- Making readily available condoms for member of the Contractor and Engineer staff.
- Throughout the construction period and defects liability period, liaise with the Ministry
of Health and their designated local body in drawing up the sexually transmitted diseases
(STD) and HIV/AIDS alleviation program.
- Coordinate the sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV/AIDS program consistently
with the national program.
- As part of its obligation under the Contract, the Contractor shall make sure that the
alleviation program is consistently held in accordance with the pre-scheduled manner.
Moreover, the Contractor will report to the Engineer all activities carried out every month
in connection with the HIV/AIDS alleviation measure.

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7. WORK SCHEDULE

In accordance with the workloads, time frame, the allocated contract budget and resources, the
master work program is prepared considering the detail on the contract documents.

The methodology of scheduling, performance rates of machineries, method of resource

scheduling etc. are presented in detail. Using these inputs; the master work schedule has been
presented in bar charts to get the physical work load distribution, financial cash flow, Equipment
requirement, Fuel, Lubricant, and grease requirement and material requirement for the whole
contract period.

This master work program is developed using Microsoft project, word and excel. It is assumed
that there would be a total of 8 effective working hours per day from Monday to Saturday.

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The program considered all the recognized public holidays that are stipulated in the contract
document are not working days of the year. The rainy seasons are also considered as indicated in
the Engineering Report.

The following are included in the work program:-

- Net working days
- Gant Chart
- Activity Crew Composition
- Work Load Distribution
- Time – Space Diagram
- Cash Flow Distribution
- Monthly Equipment Requirement
- Maximum Manpower Requirement
- Major Construction Material Demand

PART II: WORK PROGRAM/SCHDULE

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