CYL HEAD PLATFORM . MECC oil tank . Hotwell . MDO sett/serv tank MFO sett/serv . Cyl oil storage tank FW Expansion tank . FW hydrofore Pp . Boiler b . Incinerator 10.Sewage plant 11.ER crane 12.Steam condenser WHONANEWNE ‘Scanned with CamScanner,you lick to ada notes Pena Berepace = 1h Seat All leakage oil and sludge along with engine room wash water get collected in the spaces known as bilge wells, There are normally 4 bilge wells in the engine room on bottom platform as follows — Aft bilge well Flywheel bilge well Port side bilge well Starboard bilge well Sets Monmens I 32 wT =a ‘Scanned with CamScanner* Reciprocating diesel engines * Most modern ships use a reciprocating diesel engine their prime mover, due to their operating simplicity, robustness and fuel economy compared to most othe prime mover mechanisms. The rotating crankshaft can be directly coupled to the propeller with slow speed engines, via a reduction gearbox for medium and high speed engines, or via an alternator and electric motor in diesel-electric vessels. The rotation of the crankshaft is connected to the camshaft or a hydraulic pump on an intelligent diesel.ig) « As modern ships' propellers are at their most efficient at the operating speed of most slow speed diesel engines, ships with these engines do not generally need gearboxes Usually such propulsion systems consist of either one or two propeller shafts each with its own direct drive engine: Ships propelled by medium or high speed diesel engines may have one or two (sometimes more) propellers, commonly with one or more engines driving each propeller shaft through a gearbox. Where more than one engine is geared to a single shaft, each engine will most likely drive through a clutch, allowing engines not being used to be disconnected from the gearbox while others keep running. This arrangement lets maintenance be carried out while under way, even far from port. b 7 ‘Scanned with CamScanner* Camshaft ¢ Liner * Piston Scanned with CamScanner* Cranksha’ * Camshaft Scanned with CamScannerCROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF A TYPICAL 2 STROKE SLOW SPEED DIESEL ENGI The major components are: * The bed plate * The A-Frame + Entablature * Cylinder Cover * Crankshaft * Camshaft * Liner * Piston * Piston Rod * Crosshead * Connecting Rod Scanned with CamScannerCROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF A TYPICAL 4 STROKE MEDIUM SPEED DIESEL ENGINE The major componen‘ are: * The bed plate + Entablature * Cylinder Cover * Crankshaft * Camshaft Liner * Piston * Connecting Rod Scanned with CamScannerseein ie | ¢ Entablat * Cylinder * Crankshi ¢ Camshaf ‘Scanned with CamScanner¢ Liner ¢ Piston ¢ Connect ‘Scanned with CamScannerMilind is presentingEngine Cycles 0 The basic requirements for the operation of a die engine are as follows: * Supply of charge air + Compression of air supplied to raise its temperature sufficiently high to ignite the fuel + Injection of fuel oil + Expansion of hot and high pressure gases which force out the piston against the load on the crankshaft « Expulsion of products of combustionFour Stroke Cycle t f . | Oo When the basic operations of| Dif dle diesel engine described earlier me es performed within four strokes o: ' p “@ | piston which are completed in { revolutions of a crankshaft it said to be working on a four stroke ' cycle. The four strokes of this | cycle are called as Suction stroke (Induction stroke) Compression stroke Power stroke (Expansion stroke) Exhaust stroke —T- IIE — eo ee 4 ‘Scanned with CamScannerFour Stroke Cycle O Suction stroke — During this stroke piston is movil downwards and pressure inside cylinder drops bel atmospheric pressure, Atmospheric air is sucked inside cylinder through an open air inlet valve. The air admission is stopped when the inlet valve closes. O Compression stroke — During this stroke the piston is moving upwards from BDC to TDC and with air inlet valve and exhaust valve both being closed air is compressed inside the cylinder. The air is compressed to 32 — 45 bar pressure and its temperature rises to 600 to 700°C. The fuel is injected at the end of the compression stroke as a finely atomised spray. 5 ‘Scanned with CamScannera Four Stroke Cycle } GO This atomised fuel spray mixes with compressed air having high temperature and is ignited. The pressure inside cylinder rises to 60 — 80 bar. The temperatures near, the flame front are 1600 — 2000°C. O Power (Expansion) stroke — During this stroke piston is pushed down from TDC to BDC by expansion of gases and linear motion of piston is converted into rotary motion of crankshaft by connecting rod. At the end of expansion stroke the pressure inside the cylinder is about 3.5 to 5 bar and_ the temperature is in the range of 750 to 900° C.Two Stroke Cycle O Two Stroke Cycle — When the basic operations of a diesel engine described earlier are performed within two strokes of a piston, ie, in one revolution of a crankshaft it said to be working on a two stroke cycle. The two strokes of this cycle are called as + Compression stroke + Power stroke 9 ‘Scanned with CamScannera Two Stroke Cycle OG Compression Stroke — When piston is at BDC and moving up the scavenge and exhaust ports in the liner are uncovered and charge air under pressure is fed into the cylinder. This charge of fresh air entering the cylinder carries out the scavenge process i.e. it expels the exhaust gases from the previous cycle out of the cylinder. As piston travels upwards it first covers the scavenge ports and then as it moves up further it covers exhaust ports and compression of scavenge air begins. At the end of the compression stroke the air pressure inside the cylinder builds up to 32 — 45 bar and correspondingly it’s temperature rises to 650 to 800° C.sss sesseesssesencesem Two Stroke Cycle OC Power Stroke - The fuel is injected by fuel injector into this hot and compressed air. The temperature“of air being sufficiently high fuel ignites. The combustion of fuel causes expansion of gases, which pushes piston downwards towards BDC. The piston being pushed downward by combustion gases performs the work in doing so and hence this stroke is called as Power stroke. As piston moves downwards the exhaust ports are uncovered first, just before BDC. This allows exhaust gases to escape to exhaust manifold. The pressure inside the cylinder at this point is about 2 - 4 bar and temperature is about 250 — 450° C.4 Stroke Output twice that of 4-| Output % that of 2 stroke Stroke engine for same geometrical dimensions One power stroke in one revolution One power stroke in two revolutions Period available for expelling the combustion products is lower Higher than 2 stroke Simple in construction Complex in construction2 Stroke 4 Stroke 05 No inlet valve in cyl head , | No ports, only valves ports present in liner 06 Torque produced is more & | Torque produced is less & regular irregular 07 Used for low — speed| Used for high speed propulsion applications like generation of electricity.Starting Air System Non Return Valve Air Distributor Air Start Manifold Air Starting Valve em | Flame Trap Cylinder ‘Scanned with CamScannerCooling Water System a ~e | i_——: Conde ie: tn |__| © RART marinediesels.co.uk 2005 . ‘Scanned with CamScannerCooling Water System (CW Header Tank J— a +——| tteer_| : |Lube Oil SystemSS Fuel Oil System Purifier/Clarifier Fue! Oil Treatment System ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerFuel Oil System Pressure controt From DO Tank 9 ‘Scanned with CamScannerFrom 00 Tank ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerSTOP VALVES ON AIR RECEIVERS TO BE OF SLOW OPENING TYPE how/water SEPARATOR AIR FROM COMPRESSORS EMERGENCY COMPRESSOR AUX. AIR RECEIVER b ALL AIR COMPRESSORS AND eee eee BE FITTED WITH UITABLE TY VALVES AND MEnt ENGINE ORAIN VALVES 2 Starting air system for main diesels ‘Scanned with CamScannerReversing & Manoeuvring. ‘Scanned with CamScannerO Control is from Bridge, ECR or local manoeuvring stand. O Safety interlock and pressure conditions are met. O Only in emergency condition, safety devices can be overridden. 1Telegraph lever is put to “Ahd” or “Ast” Reversing of cam takes place. Camshaft at its respective end position. Fuel lever is set to minimum setting. Stating lever put to start position. £Manoeuvrings Flow Chart O Engine turns on air. G Running direction interlock senses that correct reversal is completed. O Minimum fuel is injected and cylinders fire. O Stating air is shut off. 0 Engine speed is gradually increased.Engine turns on air. Running direction interlock senses that correct reversal is completed. Minimum fuel is injected and cylinders fire. Stating air is shut off. Engine speed is gradually increased.SAFETY DEVICES AND TRIPS * Basically there are four main types of protection systems used to safeguard propulsion engine: ‘Scanned with CamScannerSAFETY DEVICES AND TRIPS ¢ 1. Alarm: In case of deviation of engine parameters from a set value, an audible and visual alarm will sound which will give an early warning of the problem. hk ‘Scanned with CamScannerSAFETY DEVICES AND TRIPS * 2. Slow down: It is the next stage of protection when actions taken are not sufficient to control the ongoing problem; hence engine slow down is done to courtiter the disturbed parameter. 3. Shut down: When there is a higher fluctuation in the engine parameters which can harm other systems of the engine, the shut down protective devices cut off the fuel supply and the engine stops. Scanned with CamScannerSAFETY DEVICES AND TRIPS * 4. Starting Interlock: This will not allow the engine to start from the stand-still condition if some important system within the engine has not been operated or arranged properly. ‘Scanned with CamScanner,SAFETY DEVICES AND TRIPS * Different Engine Slow Down Situations In this situation the main engine will come to dead slow RPM i.e. below 30 RPM as the slow down protection gets activated. Following are different slow down situation for main engine: ‘Scanned with CamScannerSAFETY DEVICES AND TRIPS * Different Engine Slow Down Situations In this situation the main engine will come to dead slow RPM i.e. below 30 RPM as the slow down protection gets activated. Following are different slow down situation for main engine: ‘Scanned with CamScannerDifferent Engine Slow Down Situations Lube oil pressure falls to 1.5 bar Cam shaft lube oil pressure falls below 2 bar There is no flow of piston cooling media (water or oil) Oil mist detector or Main bearing sensors has been activated. Lube oil temperature at the inlet of engine is high > 60C Piston Cooling temperature is high > 75 deg C Jacket water Temperature is high > 88 deg ¢ Engine cylinder exhaust temperature is high > 450 deg C Scavenge air temperature is high > 65 deg C Low flow of Cylinder lube oil Control air pressure is low < 5.5 bar ‘Scanned with CamScannerDifferent Interlocks are:- * Turning gear engage interlock * Running direction interlock Scanned with CamScannerSAFETY DEVICES AND TRIPS © Crank case relief door Scavenge space relief door Cylinder head relief valve Starting air relief valve Starting airline flame trap Oil mist detector Rotation direction interlock Turning gear interlock Alarms ‘Slow down Shut down am, ‘Scanned with CamScannerAux. Engines ‘Scanned with CamScannera Aux. Engines “Scanned with camscannerTurbo generators A turbo generator is a turbine directly connected to electric generator for the generation of electricity. 8 ‘Scanned with CamScanner—__;___;_;_;_;_;_;_;_;_;_ Turbo generators eae nai a eis rie Mt Turbine blades a Magnetic ital Steam outlet Wy, 1 ‘Scanned with CamScanner_ | Shaft generator Operation Principles: Shaft generator systems with frequency converters supply a three- phase current of constant voltage and frequency to the mains at variable main engine speeds. ... All shaft generator systems have one thing in common: The active power required for the mains is generated by the main engine. 7 Scanned with CamScannerShaft generatorShaft generator ‘Scanned with CamScanner———————— Emergency generatorsee Emergency generators ‘Scanned with CamScannerEmergency generators «Itis a small separate generator which supplies the electric power for emergency load in the event of main power supply failure. *lt is located outside the main and auxiliary machinery space and not forward of the collision bulkhead. *lthas own switchboard near vicinity. sitis provided with two independent means of automatically starting (by air or battery) to ensure immediate run up following a main power failure and repeated starts of at least 3 times, and further attempt can be made within the 30 minutes. *Adequate and independent supply of fuel with a flash point of not less than 43 °C Must be able to be started in cold condition up to zero (0°C) *For cold weather, JCW system must be treated with antifreeze agent, and heating arrangement provided. 2 ‘Scanned with CamScannerTT Emergency generators Emergency generator shall be automatically started and connected within 45 sec Emergency power source, Emergency generator must be sufficient to operate certain essential services at least for the period of 18 hours . 4) Emergency lightening (at alley way, stairways and exits, muster and embarkation stations, machinery space, control room, main and emergency switchboard, firemen's outfits storage positions, steering gear room) 2) Fire detecting and alarming system 3) Internal communication equipment 4) Daylight signaling lamp and ship's whistle 5) Navigation equipment 6) Navigation lights 7) Radio installations, (VHF, MF, MF/HF) 8) One of the fire pumps, emergency bilge pump 3 ‘Scanned with CamScannerTT Emergency generators What are the emergency generator maintenance ? 4.Every Saturday, emergency generator must test run 2.Air bottle pressed up or starter battery fully charged, at alltime 3.Changeover the selector switch to local position before starting 4.Make sure breaker switch at ‘off’ position before starting (an interlock between E/R Main switchboard breaké and emergency switchboard breaker is provided to prevent simultaneous closure of both breaker) 5.During testing, check frequency, voltage and ampere 6.Fuel tank, always checked to ensure adequate level 7.Air filter of generator, regularly cleaned 8.Required tools and spares kept in a container 9.Emergency light for this room should be always checked 1“ ‘Scanned with CamScannerEEE Emergency generators What is emergency switch board ? sit is a switchboard which distributes emergency load that power is supplied from emergency generator during the main power source failure. It has two sections- one for 440V and another is 220V. Under normal condition, 440 V supply is taken from E/R Main Switchboard, through a Circuit Breaker *When main power is lost, this Circuit breaker is tripped (opened) Emergency generator comes into action, and supplies power through another circuit breaker +An interlock is provided, to prevent simultaneous closing of both breaker (both main and emergency generator may be running, simultaneously) r “Scanned with CamScannera Emergency generators What are the equipment which get supply from emergency generator ? «It is called emergency load Emergency lightening to alley way /boat deck / engine room. -Navigation system Steering gear -Emergency fire pump Emergency air compressor R «Battery charging +Fire detecting and alarming system Radio equipments (Communication equipment) Daylight signaling lamp and ship's whistle -Navigation Aids General Alarm Manual fire alarm +Watertight doors ‘Scanned with CamScannerBased On The Vessel Type: J Broad Functional Over View of Equipment For Handling The Cargo System ; Scanned with CamScannerDry Cargo 2 ‘Scanned with CamScannerGeneral cargo ships ¢ As the name suggests, they transport all kinds of cargo. They lost much of their market share when container ships started gaining popularity. * These are basic cargo ships; they can carry loads, but they do not have space for the typical containers we all associate with freight transport, These ships have their own built-in cranes for loading and unloading operations at ports. a Scanned with CamScanner;nned with CamScannerigNews.com in Scanned with CamScannerContainer snips * This type of ships appeared with the generalization of containers, where the cargo is placed inside containers, which are placed on the decks of this ships. These boats are especially designed to transport freight in containers. This kind of ship takes care of most international dry-load transport, which means that over half of ocean trade lies with these colossal boats. They are adapted to transport standard containers, based on the ISO regulation. Generally speaking, they are automated ships, and they load and unload with gantry cranes. h 9 Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerReefer vessels * This kind of ship transports food and perishable goods that must be kept in good condition during the trig, such as fruits and vegetables. This means we are talking about freight that requires a special thermal treatment, specifically keeping a very low temperature. 3 Scanned with CamScannerDry Bulk Carriers * This ships transport their cargo in bulk, in their cargo holds. To make this profitable, the cargo is transported in large quantities and consists mainly of corn, cereal, grains, minerals, etc... * These are the most suitable for transporting solid bulk loads. In other words, with small loose or crushed units, such as grains or minerals. They are used for loading and unloading with spoon-shaped cranes, and we can make out the areas designed for this activity on their decks. 15 Scanned with CamScannerRo-Ro ships * Ro-Ro ships have ramps and platforms that can immobilise any wheeled vehicle, from private cars to industrial vehicles or lorries loaded with freight for long-distance trips. There are also hybrid modalities for ro-ro passenger transport (ferries) and with containers (Ro-Lo). In any event, these boats are espécially designed to keep from damaging both the means of transport and the freight they may be carrying. a Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerFerry boats * Also known as Ro-ro (Roll-on/roll-off), tis are ships in which the cargo gets on and off by themselves, such as vehicles and people. The can, for example, cross rivers with vehicles and passengers, or carry them between countries with commercial intent. & 33 Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner“Scanned with camScannerTugboat * They can help other ships in many ways, by helping them getting in difficult areas, towing, putting out fires, break ice, etc... & Scanned with CamScannerOil tankers * They transport oil, both as crude oil and as its by-products, such as gasoline and diesel. * Certain technical characteristics differ from cargo ships, such as the leak-tightness against the oil, structural resistance and the pumping system for loading and unloading the fuel. * These ships are so large that they have to berth on the high seas. They can hold up to two million barrels of oil. 28 Scanned with CamScannerChemical tanker * Chemical tankers transport all kinds of chemical products in liquid state inside their tanks like petrochemicals, coal and tar products, carbohydrate derivatives, vegetable or animal oils, heavy chemicals, etc... * Ships with chemical cargo, on the other hand, have several tanks to keep from mixing the different substances they carry. a3 Scanned with CamScannerChemical tanker * They are divided in three groups according to the security level of the products they carry: > Type | ship — dangerous substances with severe effects beyond ship vicinity, > Type Il ship— dangerous substances with severe effects in the ship vicinity; > Type Ill ship— Dangerous substance with less negative impact on the environment. 44 Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner,Gas carriers /LNG ships * This ships transport liquefied natural gas. They are easily identified due to the spherical tanks on the main deck. * Often grouped into the same category as oil tankers, they have more sophisticated technology to store liquid gas, an increasingly popular fuel. In broad strokes, we can divide them into LNG, which are specialised in housing liquid natural gas, and LPG, which in turn work with liquid petroleum gas. The main difference is technical, since LNGs carry gas at temperature up to -1702C and LPG at -508C, and at 18 Kg/cm2 pressure. LNGs are visibly different, with their large spherical tanks on deck. 46 Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerHydraulic piping Cargo — Deck mounted — cargo heater / Hyd. drive for deck machinery Submerged ballast mn ‘Submerged cargo ¥ pump ~ thruster motor & 50 ‘Scanned with CamScannerOil Tanks ‘Scanned with CamScannerCARGO OIL PUMPS 58 ‘Scanned with CamScanner,Steam driven reciprocating pump. 425m7hx155m STEAM OPERATED STRIPPER PUMP Steam operated piston reciprocating pump Accumulator for cushioning effect. Air to be charged whenever required Capacity very less comparing to COP Steam lines are insulated 59 Scanned with CamScannerPumps * Apump produces liquid movement or flow. * It does not generate pressure. * It produces the flow necessary for the development of pressure which is a function of resistance to fluid flow in the system. _ nig ‘Scanned with CamScanner,Pumps Various fluids, sea water, fresh water, lube oil are move inside various systems for - * Cooling ° Heating * Lubrication Fluids are moved by pumps, that are: Independently driven by ship power supply Attached to the machinery ‘Scanned with CamScannerPositive Displacement pumps * Used where: Constant flow is needed. Combination of low flow and high pressure. Suitable for oils and viscous fluids. PYwN Pr Inherently self priming is needed, it removes air from the system. ? Scanned with CamScannerPositive Displacement pumps * In PD pumps energy is imparted to the liquid in a fixed displacement volume such as : 1. Inacylinder, by motion of reciprocating pistons or plungers 2. Inacasing, by the rotary motion of gears, screws, vanes 9 Scanned with CamScanner2 £ 5 a < S 2 2 a Scanned with CamScannerPositive Displacement Pump * The positive displacement pumps are capable of a low suction pressure and the ability to pick-up suction without external priming. * The suction and discharge valves of a positive displacement pump must always be open before starting the pump and must remain open until the pump is stopped. These pumps must not be operated in excess of their design speed and particular care must be taken to avoid these pumps over-speeding when they lose suction. 3 Scanned with CamScannerMetering pumpMetering pumpPositive Displacement pumps Reciprocating Pump : * Piston pump * Ram type pump Screw pump Gear pump Vane pump b 6 Scanned with CamScannerPositive Displacement pumps * Disadvantages of PD Pumps: . 1. Clearance between gear and casing is critical. 2. Pump rotates slowly at steady speed. 3. If pump is operated at high speeds, the fluid causes erosion, that leads to enlarged clearances and drop in efficiency. 4. Relief valve is needed for protection and adds to cost. Scanned with CamScannerPositive Displacement pumps * In PD pumps energy is imparted to the liquid in a fixed displacement volume such as : 1. Ina-cylinder, by motion of reciprocating pistons or plungers 2. Inacasing, by the rotary motion of gears, screws, vanes Scanned with CamScannerPositive Displacement pumps a) In reciprocating type a piston is mechanically reciprocated in a cylinder, for example: Plunger pump Piston pump Diaphragm pump bd 10 Scanned with CamScannerPositive Displacement pumps * b) In rotary type liquid is forced through the pump casing by means of screws or gears : * Single screw pump * Multiple screw pump - twin or triple * Gear pump b * Lobe pump * Vane pump " Scanned with CamScannerPositive Displacement pumps ¢ In any PD pump, trapped liquid in a fixed volume is moved and forced into the discharge pipe. 8 * It continues to produce flow at every stroke or rotation, since there is a positive flow. * Pump must not be operated against a closed discharge valve since the line pressure will increase & line will burst or pump damaged. 2 Scanned with CamScanner