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Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

This lab report summarizes an experiment to verify Bernoulli's theorem using a Bernoulli's apparatus. The objectives were to determine pressure, velocity, and elevation heads at different sections, and verify Bernoulli's theorem. The apparatus and instruments used included a Bernoulli's apparatus, hydraulic bench, stopwatch, and bucket. The methodology described taking pressure readings at five sections with steady water flow, measuring discharge over time to calculate velocity, and repeating for five sets of readings. Applications discussed included the workings of airplanes, atomizers, blowing roofs, and the Magnus effect. Experimental data and discussion were included but not summarized.

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17044 AZMAIN IKTIDER AKASH
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46 views9 pages

Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

This lab report summarizes an experiment to verify Bernoulli's theorem using a Bernoulli's apparatus. The objectives were to determine pressure, velocity, and elevation heads at different sections, and verify Bernoulli's theorem. The apparatus and instruments used included a Bernoulli's apparatus, hydraulic bench, stopwatch, and bucket. The methodology described taking pressure readings at five sections with steady water flow, measuring discharge over time to calculate velocity, and repeating for five sets of readings. Applications discussed included the workings of airplanes, atomizers, blowing roofs, and the Magnus effect. Experimental data and discussion were included but not summarized.

Uploaded by

17044 AZMAIN IKTIDER AKASH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Leather Engineering


Course no : ME 3220
Sessional On Fluid Mechanics & Machineries

Lab Report
Experiment No: 01
Verification of Bernoulli’s Theorem with the help of a
Bernoulli’s Apparatus
Group A4

1719019 -Introduction
1719020-Objectives
1719021-Apparatus & instruments
1719022-Theoretical background
1719023-Methodology
1719024-Application

Date of Submission: 31st May,2021


Introduction:
Bernoulli’s apparatus is one of the simple & fundamental experimental devices of
fluid mechanics. With this set up anyone could be able to physically verify the
Bernoulli’s equation which is the foundation of Fluid Mechanics and base of fluid
flow problem. It will help us to understand the basic concepts of fluid friction,
pressure head, velocity head and many others related terminology about the static
and dynamic fluid flow. Designing, characterizing and constructing such a device
is surely a challenging job which is definitely a result of combination of merits and
hard work. In most of the cases this devices are imported from outside the country
for experimental purpose and basic lab works. But by using our engineering
knowledge and true effort we can construct such device rather than importing
them. On the other hand by constructing such complex structure, students will be
able to be oriented with many important aspects about construction of engineering
apparatus. Subsequent further modification and improvement of this experiment is
always welcome.

Objectives:
 To determine pressure head at different sections.
 To calculate the velocity of flow at different sections using the continuity
equation, (Q=AV).
 To determine elevation head at different sections.
 To verify Bernoulli’s theorem.
Apparatus and Instruments Required:
1. Bernoulli’s apparatus
2. Hydraulic bench FL- 10
3. One stop watch
4. One bucket

Theoretical background:
Bernoulli’s equation has been derived for an ideal fluid which is non-viscous and
hence there is no loss of energy. Energy represents in the form of pressure, velocity
and elevation in fluid with no energy exchange due to viscous dissipation.
However, for the flow of real fluids since there is always some energy of the
flowing fluid converted into heat due to viscous and turbulent shear and
consequently there is a certain amount of energy loss. If the Bernoulli’s equation is
applied between any two points in an irrotational flow of an incompressible fluid
then,

The equation states,

P1/w + v12 /2g + z1 = p2/w + v22 /2g + z2

Here,

w -represents specific weight of the flowing fluid.


V1,V2- represents velocity of the fluid.
g -represents accelerating due to gravity.
z1,z2-represents height of centre line of the pipe at the particular
section above datum head. Where pressure head, velocity head
and datum head remains constant.
Figure: Venturi-meter

Venturi-meter consists of (1) an inlet section followed by a convergent cone, (2) a


cylindrical throat, and (3) a gradually divergent cone.

Methodology:
The sequence of working procedure are as follows:

1. At first, we needed to keep the outflow valve of the apparatus close.


2. Then the inflow line was connected with supply water line.
3. After that, the outflow valve was slightly opened to pass water at a small flow
rate.
4. Steady flow of water was maintained through the conduit.
5. Then the readings of all five sections for pressure head was recorded.
6. Collected the discharge water in a bucket for a particular time and determined
the flow rate measuring the amount of discharge water.
7. Then calculated the velocity of flow at different sections using the continuity
equation(Q=AV).
8. One set of reading was completed by such way.
9. We took five sets of reading.
Application:
1. Attraction between two closely parallel moving boats (or buses): 

When two boats or buses move side by side in the same direction, the water (or
air) in the region between them moves faster than that on the remote sides.
Consequently, in accordance with Bernoulli’s principle the pressure between
them is reduced and hence due to pressure difference they are pulled towards
each other creating the so-called attraction.

2. Working of an Aero plane: 

This is also based on Bernoulli’s principle. Due to this specific shape of wings
when the aero plane runs, air passes at higher speed over it as compared to its
lower surface. This difference of air speeds above and below the wings, in
accordance with Bernoulli’s principle, creates a pressure difference, due to which
an upward force called ‘dynamic lift’ (= pressure difference × area of wing) acts on
the plane. If this force becomes greater than the weight of the plane, the plane will
rise up.

3. Action of atomizer: 

The action of carburetor, paint-gun, scent-spray or insect-sprayer is based on


Bernoulli’s principle.

4. Blowing off roofs by wind storms: 

During a tornado or hurricane, when a high-speed wind blows over a straw or tin
roof, it creates a low pressure (P) in accordance with Bernoulli’s principle.
However, the pressure below the roof (i.e., inside the room) is still atmospheric (=
Pₒ). So due to this difference of pressure the roof is lifted up and is then blown off
by the wind.
5. Magnus effect: 

When a spinning ball is thrown, it deviates from its usual path in flight. This effect
is called Magnus effect and plays as important role in tennis, cricket and soccer,
etc. as by applying appropriate spin the moving ball can be made to curve in any
desired direction. If a ball is moving from left to right and also spinning about a
horizontal axis perpendicular to the direction of motion. then relative to the ball, air
will be moving from right to left.

6.Venturimeter: 

It is a device based on Bernoulli’s theorem used for measuring the rate of flow of
liquid through pipes.

Experimental Data:
Discussion:
Conclusion:
References:

http://uta.pressbooks.pub

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