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CHAPTER 6
NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS

I. Overview

Since the emergence of territorially based states as the political organizing principle in Europe
after 1468, the concept of security for the past 400 years predominantly meant ““protection from
organize violence.” According to McNamara (1968), security includes the promotion of economic,
political, and social development in “poor nations” as:
a. A mean of preventing conflicts; and
b. Preserving a minimal measure of “global order” and stability.

Based on the 1992 UNDP Human Development Report by Dr. Mahbub ul Haq, the new
approaches to security emphasize the critical interrelationship among the most daunting threats to
human survival. Security of all the people everywhere- in their homes, in their jobs, in the streets,
in their communities, and in the environment. Security is a national concern that every Filipino
must consider to ensure peaceful existence of the state. It shall be the State’s primodal concern as
well as to secure its constituent.

In view of the above information, it is of prime essence that in transforming the youth into
responsible citizens that orientation on concepts and mechanisms of national security be done to
effectively carry out the task of community development. Hence this module was formulated to
achieve the said purpose.

II. Objectives
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:

1.Understand deeply that the national security is everybody’s concern;

2.Develop awareness of the various factors that can lead to aggression and violence;
3.Encourage other students to be more vigilant and alert of any elements that may cause threats
to our national security

III. Discussion/Lesson Proper

Concept of National Security

Definition of Terms

1.Subversion- It is a group of conspiracy seeking to alter an existing system or government

through deceit and other unlawful means, or it is an act of individual or group who seek to alter
an existing system through deceitful means.
2.Communism- It is a theory which advocates elimination of private ownership. It tends to make
the society stateless and classless.
3.Agitation- It is subversive technique to arouse the hatred and anger among people.
4.Propaganda- It is a line of persuasion to influence the belief, emotion, behavior, attitude and
opinion of the target audience.
5.Infiltration- Deception use of legal activities. This is used to exert influence and if possible,
seize control of the target groups.
6.Politics- It is an art or science concerning the winning and control over a government.

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Human Security

Aspect of human security

1.Safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression;

2.It means protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in pattern in the patterns of daily life-
whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities. Such threats can exist at all levels of national
income and development.
3.
Main categories of threats to human security

1. Economic Security
2. Food Security
3. Health Security
4. Environmental Security
5. Personal Security
6. Community Security
7. Political Security
8.
Human Security and Human Development
“Human security, in its broadest sense, embraces far more than the absence of violent
conflict. It encompasses human rights, good governance, access to education and health care and
ensuring that each individual has opportunities and choices to fulfill his or her potential.”

National Security and Human Security

Every step in this direction is also a step towards reducing poverty, achieving economic
growth, and preventing conflict. Freedom from want, freedom from fear, and the freedom of future
generations to inherit a healthy natural environment- these are the interrelated building blocks of
human- and therefore national security.”

Human and Ecological Security

Human and ecological security is a change in paradigm and value. A change in the concept
of security from the military phenomena to poverty, ecological degradation and rapid demographic
change.

Threats to National Security

Many security threats to the Philippines are non-military in nature. Pressing security
concerns like terrorism, poverty, and environmental degradation, needs to be addressed in an
informed and intelligent manner.
In its internal aspect, national security relates to the defense of the nation’s government
against hostile local elements seeking its replacement with their own government. In this sense,
national security refers to the measures aimed at countering domestic or internal challenges to the
existing political and socio-economic order.
In its external aspects, national security is concerned with safeguarding the state against
outside or foreign forces, pressures, or influence designed to conquer it or undermine its
sovereignty, or placing under the domination or control of some foreign state or states. In this
sense, national security embraces the defense arrangements directed at insuring the safety of the
state against foreign intervention or domination.

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Type of Threats

1. Rebellion or Insurrection. A refusal of obedience or order. It may, therefore, be seen

as encompassing a range of behaviors from civil disobedience and mass nonviolent
resistance, to violent and organized attempts to destroy am established authority such
as the government.
2. Terrorism. The systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. 1) At
present, the International community has been unable to formulate a universally agreed,
legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism. 2) Common definitions of
terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are
perpetrated for an ideological goal, and deliberately target or disregard the safety of
non-combatants (civilians).
3. Murder. As defined in most countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being
with intent (or malice aforethought), and generally this state of mind distinguishes
murder from other forms of homicide.
4. Kidnaping and Serious Illegal Detention. The taking away or transportation of a
person against the person’s will, usually to hold the person done for ransom or in
furtherance of another crime, or in connection with a child custody dispute.
5. Hijacking/ Highway Robbery. The crime of taking or attempting to take something
of value by force or threat of force and or by putting the victim in fear. In common law
robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently
deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear. Precise definitions of the
offence may vary between jurisdictions. Robbery differs from simple theft in its use of
violence and intimidation.
6. Crimes involving destruction. It may apply either as a measurable degree of damage
up to and including a state beyond use or repair, or it may indicate a state wherein such
damage is occurring and continuing. Something ‘being destroyed’ is in a state of
destruction. E.g. Self-destructive behaviors, suicide, demolition.

These type of security threats could be minimized by having proper citizens’ values,
commitment to support and act positively on issues related to national security and concern for a
friendly and peaceful environment.

Internal Threats

Our national security concern is infused with four important dimensions. Internal threats
to our national security make up the first dimension.

1. Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
2. Communist party of the Philippines/New People’s Army /National Democratic Front
(CPP/NPA/NDF)
3. Organized crime
4. Grave incidence of poverty
5. Economic sabotage
6. Graft and Corruption
7. Severe Calamities
8. Persistent environment degradation

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External Threats

The growing uncertainties that lie in the regional and global milieu make up the second
dimension of our national security concerns even as threat of external aggression against our
country remains in the remote horizon.

1. Smuggling of firearms and contraband, illegal migration and the occasional movement
of foreign terrorists through the porous borders of our south western frontier
2. Lingering effects of the currency crisis affecting the countries within the Association
of Southeast Asian (ASEAN)
3. Serious economic disparity between rich and poor nations
4. Ethic, religious and cultural conflict
5. Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
6. Transnational organized crimes
7. Natural disasters and environmental issues
8. Cybernetic crime

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CHAPTER 7
VOTER’S EDUCATION
I. Overview

As a democratic country, all citizen has the right to choose the right person as their leaders in the
national and local position in the government. The constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign
people, where all government authority comes from. Sovereignty or the power to govern is exercised
directly through public officials elected by people. The will of the people, then is best expressed in clean,
orderly and honest election.

II. Objectives
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:
1. Gain full information about their right to suffrage;
2. Know and appreciate the history of elections in the Philippines
3. Plan and implement the actions needed to be taken before, during and after election.

III. Lesson Proper

What is right of suffrage?

Suffrage is the human right to vote and, for the Philippines, is indicated in three documents: The Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and the
Philippine Constitution. They all call for universality of the right; equality in access to public service; and
secrecy of votes.

The right is exercised during elections, and as a citizen-voter, you are entitled to free and informed choice
on whom vote. Every political choice and decision you make will determine the kind of government that
will serve the country.

Who are qualified to vote in Philippine Elections?

1. Citizens of the Philippines
2. 18 years old and above on the day of election
3. A resident of the Philippines for one year and in the city or municipality wherein he proposes to
vote for at least six months before the election
4. Those not disqualified by law

Under the Overseas Absentee Voting Law

1. Filipino citizen abroad
2. 18 years old and above on the day of election
3. Immigrants with affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines
4. Permanent residents with affidavits of intent to resume residence in the Philippines

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Brief History of Election in the Philippines

Pre-Martial Law
1960
The Philippines was under two-party
system with Nationalists and Liberal as
the two major political parties

1970
Martial Law Period

1972 1978 election for the interim Batasang

Pambansa. Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL)
Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial became the administration party. The election
Law. The 1935 Constitution was was claimed to be toward restoration of old
scrapped, an Interim Batasang political order but Marcos’ purpose was to
Pambansa was created and a new gain legitimacy for his unpopular
(1973) Constitution was adopted administration to create a rubber stamp
legislature. The exercise defied democratic
1980 procedures, and was characterized by rampant
electoral manipulation done by Marcos
1983 government to ensure victory.

Assassination of Ninoy Aquino

1986

Snap election characterized by

election manipulation and
irregularities. These and the
worsening social and political order
resulted in the EDSA revolution
which led to collapse of KBL, ouster
1987-1988 of Marcos and installation of Cory
Aquino as Presidents
Aquino’s program of bringing back democracy
and political stability.

3 major electoral exercise: national plebiscite

for the approval of the 1987 Constitution;
election of members of Congress: and local
elections in 1988. He 1987 Constitution
provided for a multi-party system 1992

First presidential elections under the 1987

constitution. Main campaign issue was anti-
1990 trapo or traditional politics. Fidel Ramos won
as President and Joseph “Erap” Estrada as vice.
1995

Congressional and local elections; Dagdag-

Bawas (subtract and add votes from one 1998
candidate to another) as a form of fraud was
widely practiced Erap, won the presidency with a popular
support of 28%. The first party list election was
held

2000 2001

EDSA Dos or repeat of 1986 People Power

6 |SLSU-NSTPAn impeachment case against
Erap was filled ousted Erap and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
became new President
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Who are disqualified to vote in the Philippine Elections?

The following are disqualified (by law) from voting:

1. Person sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than one year

2. Peron found to have committed rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms
laws, or any crime against national security or involving disloyalty to the government
3. Insane or incompetent person.
4.

What are the powers and functions of the national and local officials whom we
vote for?

Level Executive Legislative

National Level President 12 Senators

(Vice-president) 1st District 1 party list group

Representative of
Congressman/Woman

Provincial Level Governor Vice-Governor -Sanggunian

Panlalawigan Members

Municipality/ City Level City/Municipality Mayor City/Municipality Vice-Mayor

Members of the sangguniang

panlungsod (City Councilors)/

Sanggunian Bayan (Municipal

councilors)

Barangay Level Punong Barangay (PB) PB

Members of Sangguniang
barangay (barangay kagawad
and sangguniang kabataan chair)

Powers and Function Control of all executive Stature making, constitution

departments and all making and amending of
implementing agencies of the constitution
government

Appropriations/financial
Appointment of high officials in functions
the government (head of
executive departments/cabinet
member, ambassadors, public Oversight functions
ministers, consuls, officer of
armed forces)

Information or the power to

condemn inquiries in aid of
legislation

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Seeing to the execution and
implementation of laws and
policies

How do the legislative and executive interact in the law-making process?

In the legislative process, the President can either approve or veto a law passed by congress. It would require
two-thirds (2/3) vote the legislative body to finally pass the vetoed into law.

At the local level, chief executives can also veto any ordinance on the ground that it is prejudicial to the
public. In turn, the Sanggunian or the local legislative body can override the veto, also by two-thirds (2/3)
votes of the whole Sanggunian.

How do Filipino voters vote?

A 2003 update study on voting behavior looks at how Filipino voters choose their candidates:

1. Characteristics of the candidate that can be benefit to the voter of characteristics such as madaling
lapitan, malinis na pagkatao, matulungin sa nangangailangan, nagtataguyod ng programang
pangkaularan.
2. Political machinery which includes the political party, being in the opposition, and good campaign
strategies
3. Popularity or being a celebrity or endorsed by a celebrity
4. Endorsement of network and organizations such as the family, the church and the group leaders

What election practices and irregularities should the citizens watch out for?
Bribery, intimidation, and various forms of cheating, particularly:
1. Registering in several names and or/ several precincts.
2. Vote-buying/vote-selling/ paid not to vote;
3. Flying voters;
4. Voting in the name of the other persons/dead persons or relatives;
5. Threat to supporters, voters and members of election inspectors;
6. Landzaderal ballot switching and ballot box snatching
7. Marking ballot and other election documents to make it invalid;
8. Dagdag-bawas during counting and canvanssing.

The Election Process

1. Registration Day
2. Revision Day
3. List of Voters
4. Casting of Votes
5. Counting of Votes
6. Preparation of electoral returns and other reports
7. Distribution of election returns
8. a.. board of canvassers (for president and vice-president)
b. Board of canvassers (for senator)
c. Board of canvassers

9. Proclamation of winning candidates

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What are the efforts to modernize election process in the Philippines?
Republic Act of 8436 or the Election Modernization Act of 1997 calls for the use of automated
election system in the country as early as May 1998 elections. This system will make use of appropriate
technology for voting and electronic devices to count and canvas votes.

Automated election had its debut in the Philippines in 2010.

Implementation of RA 8436 through COMELEC Resolution 02-0170 (Phases

of Modernization)
Phase 1: Voter Registration and Validation System

Phase 2: Automated Counting and Canvassing Machine

Phase 3: Electronic Transmission of Election Results

Aside from voting in elections, how can I, as a citizen-voter, participate in

political affairs?
1. Initiative and Referendum. Through the system of initiative and referendum, the people can
directly propose, enact, and reject laws at the local level.
Also, through initiative, citizens may directly propose amendments to the Constitution by a petition
of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, where 3% of registered voters in each
legislative district is represented.
2. Plebiscite. Through plebiscites, the people approve or reject the call for a constitutional convention
to propose changes to the constitution, approve or reject proposed changes in the constitution and,
at the local level, express their will on certain local issues.
3. Sectoral Representation. The party-list system of representation givers sectors the chance to be
represented in Congress together with our Congressman/Women. Under this system, voters support
a sectoral party or organization or coalition and its issues and programs.
The constitution and the 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) allow for representation of sectors
in the local legislature or sanggunian.
4. Local Special Bodies. Ordinary citizens are called to sit in local special bodies such as the local
health boards, school boards, peace and order councils and development councils for consultation.
5. Barangay Assembly. A Barangay assembly (assembly of all residents, 15 years old and above, of
the barangay) meets to discuss the activities and finances of the Sangguniang Barangay and matters
affecting the barnaggay.

The assembly has the power to hear and judge the report of Sangguniang Barangays (SB)
performance. It can also recommend matters for legislation by SB and decide on the adoption of
initiative to propose, enact or reject ordinances.
6. Absentee Voting System. Republic Act 9189 or the overseas absentee voting law provides for a
system, which allows qualified Filipinos abroad to vote in national elections in the Philippines.

What makes a good government, good leaders and good citizen-voters?

1. A good government is one that engages citizen participation responsive to the needs of the people.
2. Good Leaders are those who uphold accountability to the people and promote transparent and
people-oriented programs.
3. Good citizen-voters are those who value their right of suffrage as to keep themselves informed,
involved and vigilant.

What are some action points for citizen-voters in exercising the right of
suffrage?

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Prepare to exercise the right of suffrage and the right to an informed and free choice.

1. Register during the period allotted for voter registration

2. Be informed of the issues, platform and personalities of the political candidates.\
3. Set specific guidelines in choosing government leaders in terms of the candidate’s social affiliations
and interests, competence, foremost, the interest and welfare of the citizens in their program of
government. This process can be used to remind and hold the elected leaders accountable to the
promises made during the campaign.

During Elections
1. Vote According to your informed conscience
2. Protect the integrity of your own vote from any undue influence
3. Volunteer in organizations that work for clean and peaceful elections.

4. Watch out for instances of cheating in the elections and inform authorities and the rest of the
electorate of such activities

After Elections
1. Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes
2. Attend consultations and public hearings and participate in local special bodies.
3. Legislative advocacy-a process where citizens talk with the law makers and other implementers in
the government to ensure that the concerns and welfare of the general public are included in the
discussion and making of laws.
4. The citizen voter can also engage in the political and electoral process in other ways such as:

a. Making vies known to the elected representatives

b. Supporting/campaigning for a political party, candidate or partylist group;
c. Supporting initiatives of civil society organization to ensure honest and peaceful elections; and
d. Running for office.
e.
IV. References:
The 1987 Philippine Constitution
Labuguen F.L et al, (2012) Understanding the National Service Training Program
Espiritu, R. I et at, (2012) National Service Training Program
DILG Manual

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CHAPTER 8
SOCIAL MOBILIZATION

I.Overview
One of the major concern of the National Service Training Program is to undertake the projects
and activities to facilitate and accelerate the improvement of the situation particularly on the
environment, children, women and other vulnerable and marginalized groups in the community.
With this endeavor, the plans and programs for its implementation is need of partners from other
sector of society to ensure success and accomplishment.

II.Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Recognize the importance of social mobilization to achieve a common goal;
2. Be able to learn the key concepts needed to fully understand social mobilization
3. Be able to identify group such as institution, GOs, NGOs, who are working together to help
the marginalized society;
4. Appreciate the relevance of communication in empowering people to work together for the
common good; and
5. Develop active participation in all activities to be undertaken in the community outreach.
III.Discussion/Lesson Proper:

Social mobilization is a process of generating and sustaining the active and coordinated
participation of all sectors at various levels to facilitate and accelerate the improvement of the
situation of children, women and other vulnerable and marginalized groups (PIA 199 1:2).
On the other hand, disaster relief refers to the “satisfaction of immediate and basic needs
(food, clothing, shelter, medical care and emotional security) for disaster survivors. In the case of
fast-impact disasters such as floods, earthquakes, landslide, cyclone, this process will be directed
at saving lives and alleviating further suffering, and will occur in the immediate days and weeks
after then disaster”. In the case of the long-onset disasters like droughts, famines, social
displacement, the relief period may continue to exist for a continuous period over months or even
years (Davis and Chaux,1989)

People Empowerment
Empowerment has become a popular word among the NSTP educators/implementors who are
empowering the community to become self-reliant.

Empowerment has become the term-of-choice to identify any group which currently suffers a
lack of power to influence the course events to its own advantage or to move some groups or
organizations toward some new level of power (Kinlaw, 1995)

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Meaning of Payoffs Targets of

Empowerment Empowerment

Define and Set Goals and Train

Communicate Strategies
Continuous
Improvement
Adjust the Adjust the Organization’s
Evaluate and
Structure
Organization’s System
Improve

Roles and Controls and Strategies for

Functions Empowerment Empowerment

Figure 1. Empowerment Process Management Model

Figure 1 shows the Empowerment Process Management Model which identifies the six (6) key
steps that should be followed in the planning initiating and evaluating of a community initiative to extend
and strengthen empowerment. These steps make a closed loop process whose output is continuous
improvement.

The steps are as follows:

1. Define and Communicate the meaning of empowerment to every member of organizations.

2. Set goals and strategies that become the organizing framework for people at every organizational
level as they undertake their own efforts to extend and strengthen empowerment.
3. Train people to fulfill their new roles and perform their functions in ways that are consistent with
the company’s goals for extending and strengthening empowerment.
4. Adjust the organization’s structure so that it demands lean management, reduces bureaucracy,
and forces the creation of greater autonomy and freedom to act.
5. Adjust the organization’s system to support the empowerment of people (i.e. planning,
rewarding, promoting, training and the like)
6. Evaluate and Improve the process of empowerment by measuring improvement and the
perceptions of the organization’s members.

These six (6) elements in the empowerment process management model are linked together
and are included in a single rectangle to emphasize their relatedness. Around this large rectangle
are series of smaller rectangles which identify sources of critical information that become inputs
into the process steps.

Roots of Empowerment
Empowerment is a proven concept which is being used to improve the way organizations use people.
It is, of course, an idea which has its roots in earlier organizational development theories and strategies.
McGregor’s Theory Y and all the other ideas and experiments to improve and obvious are as follows:

1. Business and industry use only a fraction of the mental resource represented in their people;

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2. Control is not the only or the best way to achieve superior performance and continuous
improvement;
3. Competence is not the private preserver of a few experts. Competence is widely diffused in an
organization at all levels; and
4. People have greater personal ownership and demonstrate greater responsibility for that over which
they have influence and which they experience “as theirs”

People empowerment is the power to improve performance of the individuals in the

political, social and educational realms. Within the political and social context, empowerment
describes a process for legitimizing the right individuals or groups of people to have greater
influence

notion that the people have the right to greater influence cannot be the central tenet of
empowerment within the context of organizational performance and its continuous improvement
(D.C. Kinlaw, 1965)

The purpose of extending the power of people in the community, however, should be to
ensure the current success of organizations or community and their continuous improvement. The
first purpose of empowerment is to strengthen the performance of people in the community in terms
of decision-making implementation of community-based projects and mobilizing the people in the
community.

National Service Training Program (NSTP) Initiatives

In line with its mission of serving as a catalyst of change for the social transformation of the larger
community of which it is a part, the National Service Training Program (NSTP) has initiated community
based development programs by combining the institutional resources and by realigning the expertise of its
units/colleges to create a bigger impact on a wider section of the community.

Its Vision

“The National Service Training Program envision to deliver technical, entrepreneurial,

computer literacy, supplementary feeding program, Medical and dental health, literacy and education
information services to the adopted barangays, marginalized sectors of the society and nearby
communities in collaboration with the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Peoples Organizations
(POs), government agencies civil society and other institution”.

Its Mission

“The National Service Training Program (NSTP) believes in the improvement of the quality of
life of the people, especially the marginalized, out-of-school youth children’s and adults. In its desire to
alleviate poverty, the National Service Training Program (NSTP) is committed to meet the learning needs
of those unable to avail of the educational services and programs of formal education.

Communication and Social Mobilization

Dr. Cesar M. Mercado, the founding president of the Development Consultant for Asia Africa Pacific
(DCAAP), a Manila-based global training, research and consultancy firm specializing on Human
Development Management, once said that the Communication and Social Mobilization (COSMOB) is
comprehensive development strategy that will help us attain sustainable development goals in the 21 st

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century. It is an emerging strategy that is more responsive to multi-sectoral participation and rapid
implementation of projects and programs for development. It evolves from the merging recipients of two
concepts.

1. Communication
2. Social Mobilization

Communication is a relatively old concept that has been in use for the last 50 years by various
international and local organizations in promoting development technologies in:

1. Health
2. Agriculture
3. Population
4. Environment

Definition of Terms
1. Communication. This is a process of sharing messages of organized stakeholder such as the
recipients of the community-based projects, the NSTP students and teachers/coordinators, the
officials of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), the Local Government Units (LGUs) with the
intent of mobilizing then to contribute their share toward sustainable development.
2. Local Government Units (LGUs) Local Government Units refer to provinces, cities,
municipalities, and barangays.
3. Social Mobilization. This is the process of preparing the network and/ or alliance of organized
stakeholders to raise funds and launch advocacy and lobbying campaign to gain the support of
national and local decision makers in reaching policy decisions supportive of sustainable
development.
4. Sustainable Development. This refers to the process of meeting the needs of the present generation
without compromising the resources needed to meet the needs of the future generation such as our
environment.
5. Community Organizing/ Organization Activation. This refers to the process of building people
into unified groups or movements to work as active partners in the development process.
Community organizations make the movement community-based and in the long run ensure
sustainability of the project (Cesar Mercado, 1999)
6. Organization Networking/ Alliance-Building. This refers to the process of establishing working
relationships among concerned organizations and planning together to attain a common set of
objectives. As a movement community mobilization should involve all relevant organizations:
Government Organizations/agencies (GOs), Non-Government Organization (NGOs), Local
Government Units (LGUs), Peoples Organization (POs). To have a unified action, it is essential to
first establish them into a network. To firm up their unified action, it is important to build them into
an alliance with a common long-term direction and goal (Cesar Mercado, 1999)
7. Advocacy/Lobbying. Advocacy is a type of communication that is designed to gain the support of
media people, executives, policy-makers, religious leaders, business leaders and other decision-
makers, to favor a certain cause. Lobbying is a type of communication that is designed to
INFLUENCE legislation or passage of a bill supporting a certain cause. Policy support is essential
for sustainable development. Political will is repeatedly identified to be the key to the support of
political leaders and various organizations (Cesar Mercado, 1999).
8. Resource Raising. This refers to the raising of funds and other resources to be used for
mobilization. Any movement needs funds and other resources to carry out its activities, produce
the needed outputs and achieve the desired objectives. Communication is essential to motivate
people to contribute their resources to carry out the activities of movement.
9. Social Action. Once resources are available, the different groups of stakeholders should be ready
to launch periodic campaigns. Series of massive campaigns can be planned through the
participatory/ planning approach. Monitoring and evaluation should be essential components of the
social action to know the progress and effectiveness of the whole strategy (Cesar Mercado, 1999)
10. Community Organization. A concept by which residents band together to determine their
particular needs, mobilize resources and work as one towards the resolution of problems. It is the
process directed at increasing people’s power and mobilizing then for actual participation in
decision-making.
11. Community Organizer. An individual who has the ability to integrate among the people in specific
area and helps in the initial phases of setting up people’s organizations by helping the people

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mobilize around their problems and identity potential leaders for people to assume the task of
organizing themselves. Essentially, the community organizer acts as catalyst and facilitator in the
organizing process. The term organic CO is now being used more and more to show the growing
trust in the CO world to train more and more leader-organizers and depend less on outside Cos.
12. Community Leader. An indigenous leader who initiates organizing efforts and can act as a catalyst
in propelling change in the community. An individual who represents the interests of the
community, coming from the ranks of the messes. He commonly possesses integrity and credibility
with the people and ability to communicate effectively and receptively to change. As differentiated
from traditional leaders who use power for personal ends, this leader translates power in a
democratic and participatory process (Cesar Mercado, 1999)
13. Integration. Integration is both process and activity in Community Organizer (CO). It entails living
with the people in the community and participating in their daily activities to deeply understand the
community’s problems and needs, aspirations and culture, especially community relations. The
basic aim of integration is to develop ONENESS with the residents to understand the true
dimensions of people’s problem based on their own perspective, i.e. what motivates people to act
upon their situation before motivating them to change in a problem solving process.
14. Networking. A network refers to units, institutions, agencies, or organizations united for free flow
of information and resources between members without any established hierarchy of structure. The
establishment and maintenance of communication among members is called networking. In
networking, the network is NOT intended for organizational expression but for mutual awareness
and support. Linkage and communication among members are often sustained in the form of
newsletter, attendance to meetings, conferences, etc. In the hierarchy of formations in terms of
organization and structure, a caucus or forum is the initial step in the formation of a network which
may then develop into an alliance or coalition, and further, into a federation.

C
O
M
M
U • Community Organizing/Organization Activity
N • Networking Alliance Building SUSTAINABLE
I • Social Campaign
C • Advocacy/Lobbying DEVELOPMENT
A • Resource/Fund Raising
T
I
O
N

Figure 2. Communication and Social Mobilization Model

1. Communication

6. Social Action 2. Community Organizing/

Organization Activating

5. Fund Sourcing/Raising
3. Organization Networking/
Alliance Building

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Figure 3. Components of Social Mobilization

SLSU-NSTP
Community Organizing/
Organization Activation Plan

Networking/ Alliance Building Plan

Monitoring/ Evaluation
Communication Plan Advocacy/ Lobbying Plan
Plan

Resource/ Fund Raising Plan

Social Cam

Figure 4. Components of Social Mobilization

Strategies
1. Participatory. Encourages beneficiaries and other stakeholders to participate in the whole
process of development from research, planning down to monitoring and evaluation.
2. Segmented. The stakeholders are classified into specific target groups and use need-based
messages designed to reach the groups.
3. Empowered. The beneficiaries are empowered to make their own plans and make their own
decision.
4. Decentralized. Local GOs, LGUs, NGOs and POs are give enough autonomy to plan and
implement their own programs according to realities in their areas.
5. Comprehensive. Several concepts which were used separately for years, due to academic
compartmentalization, are now pieced together as components of a comprehensive framework
such as the COSMOB.
6. Action-oriented. The new strategy, which starts with communication, finally ends up into social
action. This action is designed to meet certain social objectives and impacts.

Communication Element Development Management Element

Receivers Target Beneficiaries

Channels Field workers and mass media

Messages Policies, programmes and projects

Source Executing/implementing agency

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Three-Way Communication Model

Communication Processes Development Management Function

Feeding Research

Feed Forward Planning

Staffing/organizing

Directing/coordinating

Feedback Monitoring and evaluation

1. Feeding

2. Feed Forward

Source Message Channel Receiver

3. Feedback
Figure 5. Three-Way Communication Model

Community Organizing Principles

1. Trust in the people in their capacity to change and develop. If the people are to be organized, then
they should be given the chance to have self-realization, and ultimately to change towards their
empowerment and development.
2. Start where the people are, in terms of their need, resources and capabilities. In initiating any
intervention, changes and innovations should start from simple to complex, abstract to concrete,
micro to macro and short-term to long-term. The people should be given sense of victory to
minimize frustration and discouragement.
3. Community organizing should be based on the interest of the poor and the devasted. It should be
responsive to the needs of the people.
4. Community organizing should result in the people working for a self-reliant community and
society. It should be able to transform community conditions so that the people’s capabilities are
developed or enhance to shape their own development.
5. In working with the people, the majority rules but the minority should be respected.
6. Community organizing should be gender sensitive. It means recognizing efforts. It also means
being sensitive to their needs.

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Small Group Mobilization

Small group mobilization for disaster relief is a process undertaken with the participation and for the direct
benefits of a small segment of the affected community. Directly falling within this category are mobilization
efforts at the neighborhood – Barangay or District level. Such limited mobilization is usually called for the
following reasons:

1. To facilitate immediate response:

a. Search and rescue operation
b. Evacuation
c. Immediate feeding
d. Emotional and psychological counseling
2. To respond to a limited disaster situation (for example, fire affecting only a neighborhood)
3. In cases of physical isolation of the affected area
Small group mobilization, however, is frequently undertaken even in situations of wide-extent disasters
precisely for purposes of organization and distribution of efforts among the different segments of the
affected community (Strategies and Mechanism in Social Mobilization, 1997)

Community-Wide Mobilization
The community-wide mobilization approach differs from the small-group approach not only in terms
of coverage o0f the mobilizing efforts but also, and more significantly, in terms of the emphases
being laid. For example, the community-wide approach seeks to generate and sustain the participation
of all potential resources sectors, which can enhance the disaster relief and rehabilitation operations.
In other words, the community-wide approach has a longer time frame as basis for sustainability
compared to small group approach which is usually in short-term or immediate-time perspective. The
community-wide approach has the following components:

1. Advocacy
2. Information – education and communication (IEC)
3. Community organizing
4. Training
5. Monitoring
6. Evaluation

Networking
According to Leothiny Clavel, “in the context of Social Mobilization, organizational networking is
the process by which one links up diverse individuals or groups, bringing about their mutual
agreement to share each other’s resources and competencies as a way of serving mutual interests”.

Its Uses:

1. It ensures resources sharing or exchange, thereby partly, if not totally, solving the perennial
problem of limited resources.
2. It sharpens the sense of community of people. It promotes increased activities among members of
the network.
3. It encourages people’s participation in programs. Instead of merely being a government program,
it becomes a program of the citizenry especially when people from all walks of life start to
participate in the program.
4. It provides a support system and fosters team work members.
5. It makes easy continuous learning among members through exchanges of ideas and information.

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Principles of Effective Networking

1. Access. Ideally, all the network members should have access to the resources of the network.
Accessibility to the network may empower the members.
2. Participation. The network members should be encouraged to participate in all network-initiated
activities to encourage them to work as a team.
3. Common Frame of Reference. Teamwork can only be realized if the members have a common
understanding of the problem at hand or they should have common goals and conviction to solve
the said problem(s).
4. Shared Communication. Common frame of reference is brought about and maintained by
shared communication which is necessary for decision making processes.
5. Shared Leadership and Fellowership. Mutual respect among the members is one of the vital
ingredients for the group to sustain its goals and objectives.
6. Coordination. Coordination is the very first step towards successful networking. Synchronized
and collective actions cannot be achieved without coordination.
7. Interdependence. Nobody is indispensable, every member is unique and has his/her own talents
to be contributed to the success of the group.
8. Complementary. Stresses the network members’ need to reinforce each other’s effort in work
situations. There should be no destructive or unhealthy competition among them.
9. Problem-Solving Capability. Every network should be capable and skilled at problem-solving.
Problem-solving capability includes problem identification by the group; competence and

commitment to formulate and implement solutions; rationality; resourcefulness; people-

orientedness; vision-orientedness; perseverance.

Approaches to Networking

1. Construction And development of communication highways/media infrastructure.

2. Use of a relay system. A group of person or institutions agree to constitute a
chain/transmitter.
3. Application of the “Distribution Center” approach. A central place is designed where persons,
groups or institutions concerned may pick up information materials and related resources.
4. Management by interests. Certain interest groups are organized into a network. These groups
cooperate because they want to solve a problem together.
5. Mobilization of social networks. Individuals who are related to each other due to
consanguineal, ritual or filial ties are formed into a network.
6. Mutual resource-sharing. This Ensures harmonious exchange of resources among members.
(Source: Leothiny Clavel, Asian Institute of Journalism, 1991 and Robert K. Mueller,
Corporate Networking, The Press, 1986)

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CHAPTER 9

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF IMMERSION

I. Overview

The ultimate aims of National Service Training Program is to cultivate the consciousness
of the youth regarding their duties and responsibilities to the society and to their fellowmen
and to develop their moral, social and spiritual well-being necessary in carrying out service-
oriented activities in the NSTP provisions.

In order to materialize the above mentioned objectives, students are encouraged to develop
an in-depth understanding on the value of community service through various programs
with selected families and children in the community since one of the best suggested
programs in carrying out the NSTP objectives is immersion.

II. Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

b. Understand the concept and principle of immersion and its significance to their
academic life;
c. Apply these principles both in the planning of activities for immersion and in the
implementation of the said POA; and
d. Formulate their own objectives for the immersion program according to the needs
of the community to be adopted.
III.Discussion/Lesson Proper

Immersion- is a kind of service training which refer to various pedagogies that link the
community service and academic study so that strengthen the other. Immersion
encourages community partnerships for cooperative education and meaningful reflection
experiences for the students, faculty and even for the community. Immersion program
makes it possible to create communities that adhere to shared responsibilities, cooperation
and sense of citizenship among eh participating individuals and academic institution.

Objectives of the NSTP Immersion Programs

For students:

1. The activity allows them to fully internalize in community service leading to a lifelong
commitment to social change.
2. The activity helps them to identify the needs of a community and propose and implement
solutions within their means.
3. The direct involvement of the student enhances their civic responsibilities as they
understand unfortunate events in social realities which involves their fellowmen.
4. The activity provides the students the opportunity to apply the knowledge gained in the
learning institution.
5. Immersion program helps students attain self-actualization by bringing out in themselves
their potentials and talents as they live in stream of community life.
6. It creates opportunities for students’ leadership development in preparation for their
professional careers and personal endeavors.

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For the Community:

1. The activity of the students offers the community valuable information to assist them in
their decision-making about the future.
2. The activity provides the community with immediate assistance, i.e. road constructions,
building houses, path walk constructions and others.
3. The activity fosters mutually respectful relationship between the community and the
academe which opens an array of joint projects with mutual cooperation of the members
of eh community and the schools.
4. The wide range of skills and abilities possessed by the students enriches the interaction
with the members of the community making learning and teaching reciprocal activities.
5. Service learning students allow and encourage the community to embark enterprises that
would uplift their socio-economic needs.
6. Students bring new ideas and enthusiasm to the youths of the adopted community. Their
influences foster optimisms and positive outlook in life among the youths of the
community.

For the Faculty:

1. The service learning activity provides them with the opportunity to apply textbooks to
cover real-life examples
1. The involvement of the students in immersion program gives the faculty the opportunity to
be aware of what is going on in a community, what the communities’ need are, and what
possibilities exist for tying course content to the real world.
2. Immersion also challenges professors to relate concepts and principles like nutrition,
education, business, arts and others to current community and societal issues.

Immersion as a Component of Community Development

Community development is defined as a process of developing active and sustainable

communities based on social justice and mutual respect (Wikipedia.com). It is a structured
intervention that provides the community stronger control over some issues and conditions that
affect their lives ( maaori.com/develop/commwat). The active involvement of people as part of
the practice for social change requires sharing of power, skills, knowledge and experience.

The community development program, in general, commits among others

(Newcastle.gov.uk)

1. To challenge discrimination and oppressive practices within organizations, institutions and

communities;
2. To develop practice and policy that protects the environment;
3. To encourage networking and connections between communities and organizations;
4. To ensure access and choice for all groups and individuals within society;
5. To influence policy and programmes from the perspective of communities;
6. To prioritize issues concerning people who experience poverty and social exclusion;
7. To promote social change that is long-term and sustainable;
8. To support community led collective action.

How to realize the above mentioned commitments?

The community workers played by the students and faculty to facilitate the participation of
people in the community. The students and the faculty representing the academe are key players
in the process of implementing social change since they are tapped as frontliners in community
service.

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This is where the NSTP and the academic institutions play their respective roles in affecting
changes in communities. Through the NSTP, adopted communities learn from members of the
academe in various ways. Academic institutions offer the communities an array of community-
based projects or activities that provide immediate solutions to their ordinary but perennial
problems. Among these projects are related to health, environmental education, information drive,
livelihood /entrepreneurship projects and other social services. The realization of these projects is
made possible through the active participation of the students of NSTP.

Values learned and nurtured by the students and adopted family through immersion
program:

1. Social Justice. Enabling people to claim their human rights, meet their needs and have
greater control over the decision-making processes which affect their lives.
2. Participation- Facilitating democratic involvement by the people in the issues which affect
their lives based on full citizenship, autonomy, and shared power skills, knowledge and
experience.
3. Equality. Challenging the attitudes of individuals, and the practices of institutions and
society, which discriminate against and marginalize people.
4. Learning. Recognizing the skills, knowledge and expertise that people contribute and
develop by taking action to tackle social issues, economic, political and environmental
problems.
5. Cooperation. Working together to identify and improvement action, based on mutual
respect of diverse cultures and contributions.

Summary

Through community development operates at the larger social contexts focusing on poverty
alleviation, people empowerment, social and political participation and economic sustainability,
the realization of these objectives is gradual and require time. But with more focused participants
such as families, projects related to the objectives of community development are easily carried
out and implement rather than working with larger participants in a community. This is the reason
why immersion program is an effective component of community development.

IV. References:

Labuguen F.L et al, (2012) Understanding the National Service Training Program
Espiritu, R. I et at, (2012) National Service Training Program

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CHAPTER 10
COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
I. Overview
Needs assessment is an important first step in designing and developing an effective community
project or program. It can have an important impact on decision –making provided they are carried
out well and results are disseminated effectively. However, the importance of using an organized
approach in any assessment cannot be overemphasized, regardless of whose needs are assessed
and how they are assessed.
II.Objectives. At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

• Understand the meaning of needs assessment;

• Learn the various steps to follow in assessing the needs of the adopted barangay or
institution;

• Appreciate the relevance of needs assessment before making an action plan for barangay
/institution;

• Develop needs assessment tools that will used for assessing the needs of the
barangay/institution.
III.Discussion/lesson Proper
What is Community Needs Assessment?
It is the process used to determine the needs of individuals or group of individuals in order to
design a project or program that will respond effectively to the needs and bring about desired
changes in behavior.
Needs assessment as a process. It can build leadership, group unity, and sense of local
involvement. Some needs assessment techniques, such as surveys and focus groups, provide
participants a chance to express their opinion on community issues.
As a method. A needs assessment is a tool that helps a community plan and implements
strategies. It will also help to determine the nature and extent of the problem in your community
and how the problem is perceived among diverse groups.
Importance of Community Needs Assessment

• It identifies the strengths and resources available in the community

• Focuses on the capabilities of the community including its citizen, agencies, and
organization.

• It provides framework for developing and identifying services and solutions and building
communities that support and nurture children and families.
Why Conduct a Needs Assessment Survey?

• Gather information about citizen attitudes and opinions regarding precisely defined issues,
problems or opportunities.

• Determine how citizens rank issues, problems and opportunities in order of importance of
urgency.
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• Give citizens a voice in determining policies, goals and priorities.

• Determine citizen support for initiatives.

• Evaluate current programs and policies.

• End speculation about “what people are thinking” or what people really want.
How Should a Community Needs Assessment be Conducted?
The group should begin by appointing an assessment committee or team. This
committee/team should be comprised of knowledgeable people who are familiar with the
community and will be able to dedicate the time and resources necessary to assess the community
needs in consultation with community leaders and members.
What are the Steps Involved in Conducting a Community Needs Assessment?
Step 1. Identify the goals of needs assessment.
The goal should be made clear. Example. Identification of new possible community
service program.

Step 2. Form and establish a needs assessment committee or team to solicit citizen and
community involvement and develop a plan of action.
Proposed composition of the committee/team:
a. Administrator
b. Faculty In- Charge/Trainers
c. Students
d. Community leaders/representative

Step 3. Determine the community to be assessed and list important issues to be addressed.
Identify the target beneficiary or grantee of the extension service.
a. Your institution’s adopted barangay
b. Barangay community where your institution is located
c. Barangay community recommended for possible extension
d. Any marginalized group
e. Any institutions like charitable organizations, non-government organizations, churches,
recreational clubs, faith-based organizations, community coalition among others and
government-owned areas like parks and recreational places, etc.

Step 4. Identify the population to be surveyed and select a random sample of persons to
survey.
Identify whom to be the respondents for the needs assessment.

Step 5. Determine the information that is needed.

Suggested information to be gathered during community needs assessment.
a. Description of the community and applicable statistics
b. Needs identified by community leaders and members
c. Current action being taken to community needs
d. Local resources available to help meet community needs
e. Opportunities for projects

f. Challenges to projects

g. Involvement of the community in the project

h. Long-term sustainability of the project by the community.

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Step 6. Conduct a review of past and current programs and activities.

Before proposing new activities, it is imperative to determine whether similar activities
already exists. A review of the existing program will determine where gaps exist so efforts can be
targeted at the areas of greatest need.

Step 7. Select a community needs assessment tool/s.

Some basic techniques/tools to be used:

a. Survey using the prepared questionnaire
b. Interviews
c. Focus group
d. Public Forum
e. Youth Forums
f. Consultations
g. Tests and Direct observation

Step 8. Identify existing community resources.

a. Human Resources
b. Financial Resources
c. Equipment and Materials
d. Community Organization/s group
Step 9. Develop and pretest a questionnaire.
Use an appropriate Community Needs Assessment Form that includes all the needed
information for the implantation of a proposed project.
Step 10. Gather and collect key information from and about the target audience/s.
Step 11. Synthesize and analyze all assembled data.
Most important step of the process because data are just pieces of information until
they are placed in context, synthesized and interpreted.
Step 12. Implement the assessment using the selected tools/s and analyze the data and
results.
This step aims to determine if the identified needs a real, if they are worth
addressing, and specify their importance and urgency in view of our organizational needs
and requirements.
Step 13. Prepare a report detailing the results and use the report to determine appropriate
community intervention/s or program.
After prioritizing and focusing on critical organizational need, identify specific
problem areas and opportunities in the community.
Step 14. Report the results.
Step 15. Identify possible solutions and growth opportunities.
Step 16. Generate and communicate your developed community program.

IV.References:
Labuguen F.L et al, (2012) Understanding the National Service Training Program
Lee S J. (2007) NSTP Civic Welfare Training Service I A Source Book 2 nd Ed.

CHAPTER 11
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SETTING UP A PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR IMMERSION
II. Overview
An important ingredient to NSTP community immersion is the development of community-
based projects. In managing NSTP projects, the universal management functions as planning,
organization, staffing, directing and controlling be given due consideration to ensure the success
of the implementation of the projects.
In general terms, project management encompasses project planning, implementation, and
monitoring and evaluation. Project planning and implementation will form part of this unit while
monitoring and evaluation will be treated as a distinct subject in other unit.
II.Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter , the student should be able to
a. Define project proposal as basis for implementation of the NSTP activities in the
immersion area.
b. Apply the process of making effective project proposals based on the identified needs of
the target clientele; and
c. Write a complete project proposal in immersion using the format provided by this
module.
III.Discussion/Lesson Proper
Project Proposal Making
In NSTP, project proposal is more simplified compared to formal written proposals
required in academic subjects. The purpose of this is to teach the students how to write draft on
project proposal in preparation for their writing classes in academic subjects. Though simple it
may seem, it must contain the vital parts of a formal project proposal. A project proposal has
several parts in order to complete the needed information as basis for conducting the project.
What is Project proposal
A project proposal is a guide for both trainees and trainers in attaining tasks while they are
in community immersion. It serves as a basis of designing program of activities and key
instruments and inputs in monitoring and evaluating the projects to be undertaken in the
community.
Purposes of making Project Proposal in the Light of NSTP

• It guides trainees and trainers in designing a program for their clientele

• It facilitates implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.
• It serves as database in making reports as a requirement to the course.

• It makes work easier for it serves as reference for trainees’ to give the right
information needed for the project.
• It serves as a ready source of data for research work.

Parts of a Project Proposal

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1. The Title. The title of the project must capture the need and present the name
of clientele to be served. It must be catchy to the readers. It must be written in
all capital letter, bold and centered.

2. Introduction. The introduction contains a brief description of the project in

mind. It answer the question, “What is the proposal about?” It describes exactly
what you need to accomplish. It must contain the background of the project and
the reasons for undertakings.

3. Statement of the Problem. This part describes the problem situation as it

identifies the gaps that the project would respond to. The statement of the
problem must likewise justify why the project is significant and therefore
deserves to be addressed.

4. Objectives. This part identifies the expected outcomes of the project. It must
have a detailed description of the goals or the desired results of the project. The
objectives must show how the problems previously mentioned may be
addressed or solved.

5. Project Proponent. This part enumerates the names of persons to be involved

in the project. (Project Leader and Members)

6. Prospective Participants/Clientele. This part enumerates the names of

persons as the beneficiaries of the project. This gives focus to whom the project
is for and the extent of its implementation.

7. Date and Venue. This part identifies the exact date or duration of the project.
This include the venue or location where the project will be implemented.

8. Method. This part cites the activities or strategies that should be undertaken in
order to achieve the objectives of the project. Since the project is on immersion,
a plan of activity must be made in lieu of a detailed methodology. The plan of
action contains the list of activities, the person/s in charge for the specific
activity. If necessary, a brief description on how the activity would be carried
out.
9. Material/Resources. It indicates the things you need to facilitate the
completion of the project. It is suggested that a list of resources be made and
how these resources would be used in the project. If necessary, a detailed budget
may be given to show how systematized and cost efficient the project is.

10. Expected Output. This part should reflect the advantages or benefits that the
activity will bring about when it is implemented. If possible, it should mirror
outcomes- or long results that people will receive.

11. Analysis and Evaluation. The final part of the proposals contains the analysis
of the specific tasks and the overall evaluation of the project. (see evaluation
form)

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Suggested Activities for Community-Based Immersion Project

a) Environmental Education. (Tree-Planting, Waste management, Recycling sessions, Clean
Up Drive, Repainting and Beatification, Cleaning rivers, coastal areas, watersheds and
others.
b) Health Related Endeavors. (Supplemental feeding, Current Issues on Diseases, Dental and
Medical Missions, Sports Clinic and others)
c) Information and Education Campaign. (Seminar and workshops, Literacy Training, Citizen
Voter’s Education, Dangerous Drug Prevention and Control, Issues and Concerns on Child
Abuse, Population Management, Waste Management, and Advocacy of Responsible
Parenthood and others.
d) Social Services. (Disaster relief services and other emergency services)
e) Livelihood, Entrepreneurship, Business Programs. (Candle making, Cooking,
Cosmetology, organic Farming, Handicraft production, T- shirt Printing, gardening and
others.
f) Recreational Programs. Refer to activities that are designed for therapeutic refreshment of
one’s body or mind. It aims to help people have a higher quality of life through positive,
enjoyable, and enriching recreation and leisure experiences.
IV.References:
Labuguen F.L et al, (2012) Understanding the National Service Training Program
Lee S J. (2007) NSTP Civic Welfare Training Service I A Source Book 2 nd Ed.

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