A REPORT ON A DETERIORATED BUILDING



26, OLORUNSOGO, SABO, ILARO, OGUN STATE.

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GROUP 1
1. KUSORO DANIEL O. N/BT/19/3244
2. IDOWU OPEYEMI E. N/BT/19/3247
3. ONI NIMOTALAHI A. N/BT/19/3255
4. TIJANI MUSTAPHA O. N/BT/19/3269
5. ODESESAN GBEMILEKE O. N/BT/19/3246
6. AKINTUNDE STEPHEN A. N/BT/19/3252
7. ODUNIYI TENIOLA O. N/BT/19/3298
8. OLOWOYO TOLUWANI T. N/BT/19/3267
9. ALOWOLODU SHAMSUDEEN O. N/BT/19/3303
10. ADEGBE QUAREEB O. N/BT/19/3268
11. ADEBESIN OLAWALE O. N/BT/19/3292
12. MUSTAPHA YUSUF O. N/BT/19/3295


BUILDING MAINTENANCE (BLD 208)

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, ILARO
OGUN STATE

BLDR. ADENAIYA

 INTRODUCTION

Building Maintenance

Building Maintenance Technology essentially deals with the study of the occurrence of building

defects and the remedies which such defects would require. The maintenance of the built

environment affects everyone continually, for it is on the state of our homes, offices and

factories that we depend not only for our comfort, but for our economic survival. Maintenance

starts the day the Builder leaves the site. Design, materials, workmanship, function, use and

their interrelationship, will determine the amount of maintenance required during the lifetime of

the building. Effective building maintenance requires the correct diagnosis of defects, and

implementation of the correct remedial measures, all based on sound technical knowledge. It is

highly desirable but hardly feasible to produce buildings that are maintenance free, although

much can be done at design stage to reduce the amount of subsequent maintenance work.

BS3811 defines maintenance as work undertaken in order to keep or restore every facility i.e.

every part of the site, building and contents to an acceptable standard. It went further to define it

as the combination of all technical and associated administrative actions intended to retain an

item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform its required function.

Aims and Objectives

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate and identify the building defect on the selected

case study building and also to study the methods of minimizing the construction defects in

construction project. In order to achieve the aim of this research, the objectives were as listed

below;

1. To identify the type of building defects that occurred in the selected building.

2. To access the causes and effect of the building defect on the selected building.

3. To suggest how to eliminate the building defect in the selected building.

A residential building of six rooms which is located at 26, Olorunsogo, Sabo, Ilaro, Ogun State.

The building was built over the years with the approved plan date 29 th, July, 1996, owned by a

retired Nigerian army officer in the person of Mr. Lamidi Yusuf. The building was said to be

constructed with blocks fabricated manually producing 36 blocks per cement bag as stipulated

in BS regulation body. The room consists of six rooms of dimension 3600mm x 3000mm per

room. The height of the building from normal ground level is exceeded 3m, this emanate due to

sloppy condition of the land before the erection of the building. At the front view of the

building, there is a provision of five steps stair case to gain entrance with ease into the terrace of

the building. The building was provided with two external doors (front and back) as the main

entrance to the passage whereby other doors are accessed made of timber.

BUILDING PLAN
DEFECT OF THE BUILDING

1. FOUNDATION DEFECT

The foundation of the building is the hope of the building which all loads of the building

returned back too. Defects of the foundation can leads to crack in the floor and walls etc

Causes

 Soil erosion due to improper drainage: Inadequate drainage around the building leads

to over saturation of the soil and it expose the beneath of the foundation.

Remedy

- Introducing drainage round the building.

- Patching the exposed area with water proof cement.

2. DAMPNESS

Dampness can be a genuine matter, especially to structures situated close to water sources. It

breaks down building structures as well as harms to decorations. The primary driver of

clamminess is water been depicted on the building. Water infiltration happens usually through

dividers presented to winning wet, wind or rain. With the presence of gravity rainfall, water can

escape into the walls of the building which can reduce the life structure of the building. In most

cases, dampness can occur through the toilet drainage when it is water sealed. Water can also

escape into the building through the foundation when there is absent of DPC (Damp Proof

Cause) and DPM (Damp proof Membrane). The action of moisture on the different portion of
the structure in this decay and disintegration of materials stone, steel, timber etc as the

continuous presence of moisture, it causes growth of moss, fungus and corrosion.

Causes and remedy of dampness

 Rain penetration: This is the most highly natural occurrence cause of dampness on

building which emanate due to exposure of the building to heavy rainfall. Similarly the

leaking roof also contributes to this cause. Dampness cannot be fully eradicated but can

only be minimized and controllable from affecting the building.

Remedy

The recommended solution to rain penetration are grunting and pressure grouting, the

former refers to the process of spraying a layer of concrete mixtures, making it water

proof while the later is the process of applying a mixture of cements and sand with a jet

into cracks, voids, present in the structure.

 Rising of moisture from the ground: The sub soil moisture, present below the ground

level rises through the foundation beds due to capillary action. Creating a down-proof

barrier by introducing DPC, this is one of the most important elements of the structure.

The DPC protect structures against moisture rising from the ground to repel water from

the ground.

 Roof leakage: In the case of flat roof, inadequate roof slopes, improper rain water pipe

connection and defective junction between roof slab and parapet wall contributed to the

building dampness.
 Remedy

Check for missing or cracked tiles and also were the roof met the wall of a chimney, also

check for missing roof ridge tiles.

 Condensation: Build up of moisture in the home causes a range of problems which

could potentially damage the fabric of the building if allowed to continue. In addition, if

mould starts to grow, this can even affects the health of the occupant.

Remedy

Consider adding more ventilation to the building is the solution to this cause.

3. CRACKING OF WALLS

Cracks are signs of structural movement during and after construction, it is a universal problem

encountered all over the world. Building components develop cracks whenever stress in the

components exceeds its strength. Stress in the building components could be cause by externally

applied forces such as dead, live, wind, foundation settlement, and chemical action. Crack affect

the buildings artistic look and it destroy the word integrity, affect the safety of the structure and

even reduces the durability of the structure. The cracks on this building were based on structural

elements e.g beams, columns and slabs.

 Faulty design: This is a deficiency or error in the design structure, which leads to

building defect stated above. In view of the architectural plan released, there was no

provision for adequate structural elements such as pillars, beams, columns etc, which is

contrary to the building standard.

Remedy

Introduction of beams across the openings of the building, pillars to the edges of the

building, which will be casted in situ in order to support the strength of the building.

 Ground movement (beneath foundation): This is majorly caused by clay shrinkage,

land slip, vibration, subsidence settlement, heave, and sway etc.

Remedy

Addition of reinforcement to strip foundation to avoid stepped cracks or compacting

filled material properly.

 Cracking due to vegetation: Existence of vegetation may be the cause of crack of walls

due to expansive action of roots growing under the foundation or in brick masonry. The

soil under the foundation of the building is shrinkage clay which can also be the cause

of the cracks.

Remedy

Clearing of nearby bushes.

4. ROOF LEAKAGES AND FACIAL BOARD DEFECT

Other than being one of the principle structures in a building, roof top may go about as a climate

shield, offering assurance to clients to tenants from rain and sun. The roof of the building is in

bad condition due to the age of the building and the type of the roofing sheet. There is

possibility of water entering into the building through the opened part of the roof.
Causes and remedy of room defect

 Types of the building roof: The roof is the main shield for the building and the tenants.

The roof is the most exposed part of the building providing protection against rain,

snow, sunlight, extreme temperature and wind. The said building was roofed with pan or

metal, which does not possess high resistance to withstand weather and climate

condition due to ageing of the roof and the building at large.

Remedy

The old sheet to be removed and replace with modern sheet e.g aluminum or jerad.

 Weak fascia board: The building fascia boards were not in a good condition in terms of

the exposure to weather climates and termites, which decrease shorten the life span of

the woods.

Remedy

The fascia board needs to be replaced and also applying anti-termites solution on the

new fascia board.

5. WINDOW/DOOR DEFECT
Window is part of the building or an opening in the wall of the building fitted with timber for

daytime illumination and also serves as passage for fresh air into the rooms while the door gives

permission for entering and leaving the building.

Causes and remedy of window defect

 Decay of timber: The window of the building which were erected at the external part of

the building with the height of 900mm from the ground are exposed to weather and

climate e,g rain, sun and moreover, the timber was affected by termites which also

truncate the life span of the timber.

Remedy

Fumigation of the window with anti-termites solution and also replacement of the

wooden windows to aluminum windows.

6. RENDERING DEFECT

Rendering of the external wall of the building serves as the finishes for the wall which is

applied in layers with the mixture of sand, cement and water for the capability of achieving a

smooth surface.
Causes and remedy of rendering defect

 Plaster De-bonding: separation of plaster from the building wall was caused by

excessive thickness of the plaster layer, inadequate substrate preparation or may be due

to a dusty, oily or dry substrate.

Remedy

- Remove dust and oil from the surface of the wall before applying another plaster.

- Introducing a bonding chemical to the mixture.

7. SAGGING OF ELECTRICAL SERVICE WIRE AND BAD ILLUMINATION

Electricity in construction means the installation of lightings and power sockets for illumination

and to control electrical devices. It is a network of conductors and equipment designed to carry,

distribute electrical equipments such as pressing iron, electric cooker etc.

 Insecure wiring: The connection of the service wire from the pole to the main building

was highly terrible, it was observed that the service wire was sagging and requires urgent

attention.

Remedy

Disconnect the wire from the pole and re-connect to the standard height.

 Bad Illumination: On the cause of inspection, the building was obvious to possess little

or no illumination.

Remedy

The defective lighting fittings and bulbs needs to be replaced for better illumination.
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it can be deduced that the highlighted deformity of the said building was as a

result of poor supervision during construction, lack of building expatriate, inferior materials and

lastly lack of aggregates precision.

RECOMMENDATION

On the