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1 Camera and Rules

This document provides an overview of photography basics including camera types, lenses, exposure, and camera modes. It discusses the history of photography from the camera obscura to modern digital cameras. It explains key camera components like sensors, focal length, aperture, shutter speed, and ISO sensitivity. It also outlines common lens types and the exposure triangle relationship between aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. Finally, it reviews different camera modes like automatic, program, scene, shutter priority, and aperture priority and how they control exposure settings.

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Giuseppe
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65 views73 pages

1 Camera and Rules

This document provides an overview of photography basics including camera types, lenses, exposure, and camera modes. It discusses the history of photography from the camera obscura to modern digital cameras. It explains key camera components like sensors, focal length, aperture, shutter speed, and ISO sensitivity. It also outlines common lens types and the exposure triangle relationship between aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. Finally, it reviews different camera modes like automatic, program, scene, shutter priority, and aperture priority and how they control exposure settings.

Uploaded by

Giuseppe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Giuseppe De Francesco

PHOTOGRAPHY
Camera and exposure rules
LEARNING ■ Basic knowledge of
photography.
OBJECTIVES
■ Understand the principle
and use the camera.
■ Understand the use of
natural and artificial light
■ Creating a professional
looking image
CONTENTS ■ Basic knowledge of
camera and photography
■ History of photography and
composition rules
■ Using the light
■ Fashion photography
■ Still life photography
■ Landscape photography
■ Editing
WHAT IS
PHOTOGRAPHY?
From the Greek, “writing with light”
That is what we do, either on paper, with chemicals, or on a digital sensor with pixels.

Can be considered both an art and a science


■ Photography is a science, because there are basic principles of physics that govern
success
■ Photography is art because its beauty is subjective
Camera obscura [Dark room]
15th C. Early use by artists for true-life sketching
18th C. Early use by artists for true-life sketching
The first photograph by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in France
1840, first production camera: Daguerreotype
1920, the 35mm film format

• A substrate coated with light-


sensitive chemicals
• Early photographers used silver
halides on a mirror-polished hard
surface
• Modern color film attaches dye
molecules to achieve sensitivity to
different wavelengths of light
1980, the digital sensor

• Digital cameras employ an


electronic sensor consisting of a
large number of square cells or
“pixels”
• Photons hitting a cell create an
electrical charge
Red Green and Blue light

• Accumulated charge is
proportional to amount of light
• Color sensors employ a mosaic of
Red,Green,Blue dyed cells (Color
Filter Array). Requires
interpolation to recover the color
image.
Color filter demosaicking
KNOWING CAMERAS
Camera type: Smartphone
Camera type: Compact and bridge
Camera type: Mirrorless
Camera type: Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)
Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)
Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)
Sensor size
KNOWING LENSES
What’s inside?
Focal length (f) and aperture (A)
Focal length (f) and aperture (A)
Lens types
Lens types

Prime lens Zoom lens


Lens types
8mm 24mm 50mm 200mm

Fisheye Wide angle Standard Tele


Normal
80mm

Tele
800mm

Wide
24mm
Understanding focal length
Using different lenses from same position
Understanding focal length
Using different lenses from to make the subject looking same size
Understanding focal length
Using different lenses from to make the subject looking same size
3 ELEMENTS OF
EXPOSURE
Exposure is the amount of light reaching a photographic
image sensor
Exposure

Over-exposed Under-exposed Correct exposure


(too much light (not enough light (details on whites and
reached the sensor) reached the sensor) blacks areas are visible)
3 Elements: Shutter speed – Lens aperture – ISO sensitivity

Lens Shutter ISO


aperture speed sensitivity
SHUTTER ■ Is the length of time the
shutter is open
SPEED
■ Can show motion or stop
time
■ It is measured in second or
fraction of a second
½ second
21 seconds
12 seconds 1/20 second
1/125 second
15 seconds
1/500 second

3 seconds 1/4000 second


10 seconds

3 seconds
1/500 second
LENS ■ Is the amount of light let
into the camera
APERTURE
■ It is used to control the
“depth of field”
■ It is measured in “F”
numbers
LENS
APERTURE
F 22
F4
F 2.8
F 22
F 2.8 F 16
F 1.4 F 4.5

F8
ISO ■ Is the sensitivity to light
SENSITIVITY ■ The higher the ISO number
the quicker the sensor
reacts to light
■ The lowest the ISO number
the sharpest is the image
ISO 100
ISO
ISO 100
3200
ISO 1600
ISO
ISO1600
100
ISO
ISO1600
100
ISO 400
ISO 20000
Exposure triangle
Shutter Speed
• Controls the duration of
how much light is allowed to
reach the sensor

Lens Aperture
• Controls the amount of light
going into the camera

ISO Sensitivity
• Controls the sensitivity of
your camera’s sensor to light
CAMERA AND
FUNCTIONS
DSLR Camera body and lens
DSLR Camera Mode button
Automatic
Takes care of everything for you

auto
Program automatic
Sets your aperture and shutter speed
automatically, but gives you control over other settings
like ISO
Scene modes
generally have icons to represent their purpose, such
as a mountain for landscapes or a fast-moving person for sports.
Scene modes can be useful if you want the camera to assist you in
photographing the types of photos each mode is designed for.
Shutter priority
allows you to set the shutter speed and ISO but
allows the camera to set the aperture automatically. This mode is
useful if the shutter speed is the most important consideration when
taking a photo.
Aperture priority
Allows you to set the aperture and ISO but lets the camera set the
shutter speed automatically. This is useful when the aperture is the
most important consideration in your photograph.
Manual mode
Lets you set everything. It's worth noting, however, that this mode
does not imply manual focus with DSLR cameras.

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