Scribd
Upload
111 views

Chapter 5 Sampling Distribution

1) Samples are taken from populations because studying the entire population would be too time-consuming, costly, or impossible. Different sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster sampling are described. 2) The sampling distribution describes the distribution of sample statistics like the sample mean. Its mean and standard deviation can be calculated based on the population parameters and sample size. As sample size increases, the sampling distribution becomes more normal in shape and its standard deviation decreases. 3) Both sampling error and non-sampling error can occur. Sampling error is the difference between the sample statistic and population parameter, while non-sampling error comes from mistakes in data collection or recording.

Uploaded by

SURIA ATIKA AHMAD ASRI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
111 views

Chapter 5 Sampling Distribution

1) Samples are taken from populations because studying the entire population would be too time-consuming, costly, or impossible. Different sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster sampling are described. 2) The sampling distribution describes the distribution of sample statistics like the sample mean. Its mean and standard deviation can be calculated based on the population parameters and sample size. As sample size increases, the sampling distribution becomes more normal in shape and its standard deviation decreases. 3) Both sampling error and non-sampling error can occur. Sampling error is the difference between the sample statistic and population parameter, while non-sampling error comes from mistakes in data collection or recording.

Uploaded by

SURIA ATIKA AHMAD ASRI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

CHAPTER 5

SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS
Sampling Methods
Reasons to Sample
■ To contact the whole population would be time
consuming.
■ The cost of studying all the items in a
population may be prohibitive.
■ The physical impossibility of checking all items
in the population.
■ The destructive nature of some tests.
■ The sample results are adequate.
Types of Sampling
Simple random sampling
■ sample selected so that each item or person in the
population ha the same chance of being included.
Systematic random sampling
■ A random starting point is selected, and then every kth
member of the population is selected.
Stratified random sampling
■ a population is divided into subgroups, called strata,
and a sample is randomly selected from each stratum.
Cluster Sampling
■ A population is divided into cluster using naturally
occurring geographic or other boundaries. Then, clusters
are randomly selected and a sample is collected by
randomly selecting from each cluster.
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS
Population Distribution
Sampling Distribution

The population distribution is the


probability distribution of the population
data.
Sampling Distribution

Definition
The probability distribution of is called its
sampling distribution. It lists the various
values that can assume and the
probability of each value of .
In general, the probability distribution of a
sample statistic is called its sampling
distribution.
SAMPLING AND NONSAMPLING ERRORS

Definition
Sampling error is the difference between
the value of a sample statistic and the value
of the corresponding population parameter.
In the case of the mean,
Sampling error =
assuming that the sample is random and no
nonsampling error has been made.
SAMPLING AND NONSAMPLING ERRORS

● Definition
● The errors that occur in the collection,
recording, and tabulation of data are called
nonsampling errors.
Reasons for the Occurrence of Nonsampling
Errors
● 1. If a sample is nonrandom (and, hence,
nonrepresentative), the sample results may be too
difference from the census results.
● 2. The questions may be phrased in such a way
that they are not fully understood by the members
of the sample or population.
● 3. The respondents may intentionally give false
information in response to some sensitive
questions.
● 4. The poll taker may make a mistake and enter a
wrong number in the records or make an error
while entering the data on a computer.
Example 7-1

● Reconsider the population of five scores


given in Table 7.1. Suppose one sample of
three scores is selected from this
population, and this sample includes the
scores 70, 80, and 95. Find the sampling
error.
Example 7-1: Solution

That is, the mean score estimated from the


sample is 1.07 higher than the mean score
of the population.
SAMPLING AND NONSAMPLING ERRORS

Now suppose, when we select the sample


of three scores, we mistakenly record the
second score as 82 instead of 80.
As a result, we calculate the sample mean
as
SAMPLING AND NONSAMPLING ERRORS

The difference between this sample mean


and the population mean is

This difference does not represent the


sampling error.
■ Only 1.07 of this difference is due to the
sampling error.
SAMPLING AND NONSAMPLING ERRORS

The remaining portion represents the


nonsampling error.
■ It is equal to 1.73 – 1.07 = .66
■ It occurred due to the error we made in
recording the second score in the sample
Also,
Figure 7.1 Sampling and nonsampling errors.
MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF x

● Definition
● The mean and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of are called the
mean and standard deviation of and
are denoted by and , respectively.
MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF x
● Mean of the Sampling Distribution of

● The mean of the sampling


distribution of is always equal to the
mean of the population. Thus,
MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF x
● Standard Deviation of the Sampling Distribution
of
● The standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of is

● where σ is the standard deviation of the


population and n is the sample size. This formula
is used when n /N ≤ .05, where N is the
population size.
MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF
If the condition n /N ≤ .05 is not satisfied,
we use the following formula to calculate
:

where the factor is called the finite


population correction factor
Two Important Observations

1. The spread of the sampling distribution


of is smaller than the spread of the
corresponding population distribution,
i.e.

2. The standard deviation of the sampling


distribution of decreases as the
sample size increases
SHAPE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
OF x

The population from which samples are


drawn has a normal distribution.
The population from which samples are
drawn does not have a normal
distribution.
Sampling From a Normally Distributed Population
● If the population from which the samples
are drawn is normally distributed with mean
μ and standard deviation σ, then the
sampling distribution of the sample mean,
, will also be normally distributed with the
following mean and standard deviation,
irrespective of the sample size:
Population distribution and sampling
distributions of .
Sampling From a Population That Is Not
Normally Distributed
● Central Limit Theorem
● According to the central limit theorem, for a large
sample size, the sampling distribution of is
approximately normal, irrespective of the shape of
the population distribution. The mean and standard
deviation of the sampling distribution of are

● The sample size is usually considered to be large if


● n ≥ 30.
Figure 7.6 Population distribution and sampling
distributions of .
POPULATION AND SAMPLE PROPORTIONS

The population and sample


proportions, denoted by p and ,
respectively, are calculated as
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
PROPORTIONS

where
■ N = total number of elements in the population
■ n = total number of elements in the sample
■ X = number of elements in the population that
possess a specific characteristic
■ x = number of elements in the sample that
possess a specific characteristic
Example 7-7

Suppose a total of 789,654 families live in a


city and 563,282 of them own homes. A
sample of 240 families is selected from this
city, and 158 of them own homes. Find the
proportion of families who own homes in
the population and in the sample.
Example 7-7: Solution
MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION, AND SHAPE OF
THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF

Sampling Distribution of
Mean and Standard Deviation of
Shape of the Sampling Distribution of
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion

Definition
The probability distribution of the sample
proportion, , is called its sampling
distribution. It gives various values that
can assume and their probabilities.
Mean and Standard Deviation of

Mean of the Sample Proportion


The mean of the sample proportion, ,
is denoted by and is equal to the
population proportion, p. Thus,
Mean and Standard Deviation of

Standard Deviation of the Sample Proportion


The standard deviation of the sample
proportion, , is denoted by and is given by
the formula

where p is the population proportion, q = 1 – p , and


n is the sample size. This formula is used when n/N
≤ .05, where N is the population size.
Mean and Standard Deviation of

If n /N > .05, then is calculated as:

where the factor is called the finite-


population correction factor.
Shape of the Sampling Distribution of

Central Limit Theorem for Sample Proportion


According to the central limit theorem, the
sampling distribution of is approximately
normal for a sufficiently large sample size. In the
case of proportion, the sample size is considered
to be sufficiently large if np and nq are both
greater than 5 – that is, if
np > 5 and nq >5
Applications of the Sampling Distribution of

You might also like