Lecture 02

Linear Circuit Analysis

Semester 01 (BEET)

Dr. Muhammad Humza

Email : [email protected]

Department of Electrical Engineering

Institute of Southern Punjab

Contents

1. Ohm Law

2. Power

3. Energy

4. Series Resistances

5. Series Voltage Sources

6. Kirchhoff’s voltage law

7. Voltage Divider rule

Ohm Law
𝑪𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆
𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 =
𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

➢ In electric circuits, the effect we are trying to establish is the flow

of charge, or current.

➢ The potential difference, or voltage, between two points is the

cause (“pressure”), and the opposition is the resistance
encountered.
𝑬 𝑬
𝑰= 𝑨 ⇒ 𝑬 = 𝑰𝑹 𝑽 ⇒𝑹=
𝑹 𝑰
➢ For any resistor, in any network, the direction of
current through a resistor will define the polarity
of the voltage drop across the resistor
Examples
➢ Determine the current resulting from the application of a 9 V battery
across a network with a resistance of 2.2 ohm .

➢ Calculate the resistance of a 60 W bulb if a current of 500 mA results

from an applied voltage of 120 V

➢ Calculate the current through the 2 kilo ohm resistor if the voltage
drop across it is 16 V

➢ Calculate the voltage that must be applied across the soldering iron in
Fig. to establish a current of 1.5 A through the iron if its internal
resistance is 80 ohm
Power
➢ The term power is applied to provide an indication of how much
work (energy conversion) can be accomplished in a specified
amount of time; that is, power is a rate of doing work.

𝑾
𝑷= Watt
𝒕

𝑾 (1J)
𝑷(1 W) =
𝒕 (second)
➢ The unit of measurement—the watt—is derived from the surname of
James Watt

➢ He introduced the horsepower (hp) as a measure of the average

power of a strong dray horse over a full working day.

𝟏 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 ≅ 746 watt

Continue

➢ The power delivered to, or absorbed by, an electrical device or

system can be found in terms of the current and voltage by first
substituting.

𝑾 𝑸𝑽 𝑸 𝑾 𝑸
𝑷= = = 𝑽 = 𝑽𝑰 ⇒ 𝑽= 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⇒ 𝑰 =
𝒕 𝒕 𝒕 𝑸 𝒕

𝑽𝟐 𝑽
𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 = = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 𝑰 = ⇒ 𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
𝑹 𝑹
➢ The power supplied by a battery can be determined by
simply inserting the supply voltage to produce

𝑷 = 𝑬𝑰

➢ The power associated with any supply is not simply a function of

the supply voltage.

➢ It is determined by the product of the supply voltage and its

maximum current rating.
Examples
➢ Find the power delivered to the dc motor of Fig.

➢ What is the power dissipated by a 5 resistor if the current is 4 A?

➢ Determine the current through a 5 kilo ohm resistor when the

power dissipated by the element is 20 mW.
Energy
➢ For power, which is the rate of doing work, to produce an
energy conversion of any form, it must be used over a period of
time

➢ The energy (W) lost or gained by any system is therefore

determined by

𝑾 = 𝑷𝒕

➢ Since power is measured in watts (or joules per second) and

time in seconds, the unit of energy is the watt second or joule

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑾𝒉 = 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕 𝒙 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕 𝒙 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔)

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒌𝑾𝒉 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Continue

➢ To develop some sense for the kilowatt-hour energy level, consider

that 1 kWh is the energy dissipated by a 100 W bulb in 10 h.

➢ The kilowatt-hour meter is an instrument for measuring the energy

supplied to the residential or commercial user of electricity.

➢ It is normally connected directly to the lines at a point just prior to

entering the power distribution panel of the building
Examples

How much energy (in kilowatt-hours) is required to light a 60 W bulb

continuously for 1 year (365 days)?

➢ How long can a 205 W television set be on before using more than 4
kWh of energy?

➢ What is the cost of using a 5 hp motor for 2 h if the rate is 9¢ per

kilowatt-hour?

➢ What is the total cost of using all of the following at 9¢ per kilowatt-
hour?

I. A 1200 W toaster for 30 min

II. Six 50 W bulbs for 4 h
III. A 400 W washing machine for 45 min
IV. A 4800 W electric clothes dryer for 20 min
Continue
Currents
➢ Two types of current are readily available to the consumer today.

➢ One is direct current (dc), in which ideally the flow of charge

(current) does not change in magnitude (or direction) with
time.

➢ The other is sinusoidal alternating current (ac), in which the flow of

charge is continually changing in magnitude (and direction) with ti
me.

➢ By following the direction of conventional flow, we notice that there

is a rise in potential across the battery (- to + ), and a drop in
potential across the resistor ( + to - ).
Series Resisters

➢ Every fixed resistor has only two terminals to connect in a

configuration—it is therefore referred to as a two-terminal
device.
➢ one terminal of resistor R2 is connected to resistor R1 on one
side, and the remaining terminal is connected to resistor R3 on
the other side, resulting in one, and only one, connection
between adjoining resistors.
➢ When connected in this manner, the resistors have established a
series connection.

➢ The total resistance of a series configuration is the sum of the resistance levels.

➢ In equation form for any number (N) of resistors,

𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + … … … … + 𝑹𝑵
Continue

➢ The more resistors we add in series, the greater the resistance, no matter what their
value. Further,
➢ The largest resistor in a series combination will have the most impact on the total
resistance

➢
For the special case where resistors are the same value, previous
equation can be modified as follows:

𝑹𝑻 = 𝑵𝑹

➢ Determine the total resistance of the series connection

Continue

The total resistance of resistors in series is unaffected by the order in

which they are connected

➢ Determine the total resistance for the series resistors

Continue

➢ A circuit is any combination of elements that will result in a continuous flow of

charge, or current, through the configuration.

➢ The direction of conventional current in a series dc circuit is such that it leaves

the positive terminal of the supply and returns to the negative terminal .

➢ The current is the same at every point in a series circuit

➢ In any configuration, if two elements are in series, the current must

be the same.
Continue

➢ Now that we have a complete circuit and current has been

established, the level of current and the voltage across each resistor
should be determined.

➢ To do this, return to Ohm’s law and replace the resistance in the

equation by the total resistance of the circuit.

𝑬
𝑰𝑺 =
𝑹𝑻
➢ The total resistance “seen” at the connection terminals
Continue

➢ the polarity of the voltage across a resistor is determined by the direction of the current.

➢ For the series circuit in Fig.

a. Find the total resistance RT.
b. Calculate the resulting source current Is.
c. Determine the voltage across each resistor.
Find the voltage across resistor R2 and indicate
its polarity on the circuit.
Continue

Given RT and I3, calculate R1 and E for the circuit in Fig.

Power Distribution in Series Circuit

➢ The power applied by the dc supply must equal that dissipated by the resistive
elements.
𝑷𝑬 = 𝑷𝑹𝟏 + 𝑷𝑹𝟐 + 𝑷𝑹𝟑

➢ The power delivered by the supply can be determined using

𝑷𝑬 = 𝑬𝑰𝒔
➢ The power dissipated by the resistive elements can be determined by
any of the following forms
𝑽𝟐𝟏
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑽𝟏 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟏 =
𝑹𝟏
Continue
For the series circuit in Fig. 5.22 (all standard values):
i. Determine the total resistance RT.
ii. Calculate the current Is
iii. Determine the voltage across each resistor.
iv. Find the power supplied by the battery.
v. Determine the power dissipated by each resistor.
vi. Comment on whether the total power supplied equals the total
power dissipated.
Voltage Source in Series

➢ Voltage sources can be connected in series, as shown in Fig., to

increase or decrease the total voltage applied to a system.

➢ The net voltage is determined by summing the sources with the

same polarity and subtracting the total of the sources with the
opposite polarity. The net polarity is the polarity of the larger sum.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

➢ The algebraic sum of the potential rises and drops around a closed
path (or closed loop) is zero.
➢ In symbolic form it can be written as

➢ The applied voltage of a series dc circuit will equal the sum of the
voltage drops of the circuit.

➢ The sum of the voltage rises around

a closed path will always equal the
sum of the voltage drops.
Continue
➢ Use Kirchhoff’s voltage law to determine the unknown voltage for the
circuit in Fig.
Continue

For the series circuit in Fig.

a. Determine V2 using Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
b. Determine current I2.
c. Find R1 and R3.
Voltage Divider Rule

First, determine the total resistance as follows:

𝑹 𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅

𝑬
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 =
𝑹𝑻

Using Ohm Law

𝑬
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹
𝑹𝑻 𝟏

𝑬
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹
𝑹𝑻 𝟐

The resulting format for V1 and V2 is

𝑬
𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹
𝑹𝑻 𝒙
Continue
𝑬
𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹
𝑹𝑻 𝒙
The voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the value of
that resistor times the total applied voltage divided by the total
resistance of the series configuration.

A. Without making any calculations,

how much larger would you expect
the voltage across R2 to be
compared to that across R1?
B. Find the voltage V1 using only the
voltage divider rule.
C. Using the conclusion of part
(a),determine the voltage across
R2.
D. Use the voltage divider rule to
determine the voltage across R2,
and compare your answer to your
conclusion in part (c).

E. How does the sum of V1 and V2

compare to the applied voltage?
Continue
➢ Using the voltage divider rule, determine voltages V1
and V3 for the series circuit in Fig.a .

➢ Design the voltage divider circuit in Fig. b Such that the

voltage across R1 will be four times the voltage across
R2; that is, VR1= 4VR2

b
a
THANK
YOU