MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

GRADE -12 HUMSS, OAP, SMAW

REVIEWER

A. The Concepts and Nature of Communication

1. Verbal Communication refers to the form of communication in which message is
transmitted verbally; communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing.
Verbal Communication can be subdivided into two, oral communication and written
communication. In oral communication, Spoken words are used. It includes face-to-face
conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice-over. In
written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate. A written
message may be printed or handwritten.
2. Non-verbal Communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages.
Nonverbal communication is all about the body language of the speaker.
Nonverbal communication has the following three elements:
a. Appearance. One’s appearance in nonverbal communication plays a significant role in
conveying the message.
b. Body Language
c. Sounds. In communication, it is often the way words are said, no the actual words
themselves that can determine the success of conversation.
B. Types of Communication Based on Purpose and Style
Communication is used for many things. It is a means to express, inform, entertain, and
interact. There are two types of communication depending on style and purpose, formal
and non-formal.
1. Formal Communication. Formal communication mostly takes place professional
settings.
2. Informal Communication is the most common used form of communication. It takes
place in our daily interaction with one another.

Communication transfers information through a medium or media. The intended

audience will receive this information and process it and eventually turns it into
knowledge that is useful to build and develop people and communities.
The Description of Media Literacy, Information Literacy and Technology Literacy
Media Literacy: This involves the ability to encode and decode the symbols transmitted
via media and the ability to synthesize, analyze and produce mediated messages.
Information Literacy: The ability to recognize when information is needed and have the
ability to locate, evaluate, and use the needed information effectively.
Technology Literacy: The understanding of the concepts behind computing equipment,
network connectivity, and application software.
The Role of Media and Information in Effective Communication
1. It makes the world a smaller place.
2. It makes communication convenient.
3. It shapes public opinion.

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AND AMONG MEDIA LITERACY,

INFORMATION LITERACY, AND TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
Literacy: The ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and
compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy
involves a continuum of learning, wherein individuals are able to achieve their goals,
develop their knowledge and potential, and participate fully in their community and
wider society. 1
Media: The physical objects used to communicate with, or the mass communication
through physical objects such as radio, television, computers, film, etc. It also refers to
any physical object used to communicate messages.2
Media Literacy: The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of
forms. It aims to empower citizens by providing them with the competencies (knowledge
and skills) necessary to engage with traditional media and new technologies.3
Information: A broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study,
experience, instruction, signals or symbols.4
Information Literacy: The ability to recognize when information is needed, and to
locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate information in its various formats.5
Technology Literacy: The ability of an individual, either working independently or with
others, to responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use technological tools. Using these
tools an individual can access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate
information.6
Media and Information Literacy: The essential skills and competencies that allow individuals to engage
with media and other information providers effectively, as well as develop critical thinking and life-long
learning skills to socialize and become active citizens.

Media and Information

The term media, which is the plural of medium, refers to the communication channels through which we
disseminate news, music, movies, education, promotional messages, and other data. It includes physical
and online newspapers and magazines, television, radio, billboards, telephone, the internet, fax and
billboards.
Information is defined as data that is used by people to make sense of the world.
Different Types of Media
Media can be broken down into two main categories: broadcast and print. The internet has also immerged
as a major player, as a rapidly-growing number of people globally get their news, movies, etc. online.
Print Media – includes all types of publications, including newspapers, journals, magazines, books and
reports. It is the oldest type and despite suffering since the emergence of the internet, is still used by a
major proportion of the population.
Broadcast Media – refers to radio and TV, which came onto the scene at the beginning and middle of the
20th century respectively. Most people still get their news from TV and radio broadcasts – however,
experts predict that it will not be long before online sources take over.
The internet – specifically websites and blogs are rapidly emerging as viable and major channels of
communication as more and more people seek news, entertainment and educational material online.
What is Social Media?
Social media is a collective of online communication channels where communities interact, share content
and collaborative. Websites and apps dedicated to social networking, microblogging, forums, social
bookmarking, wikis and social curation are examples of some types of social media. The most famous
social networking companies are Facebook, Twitter, Google and Instagram.
Responsible Users and Competent Producers of Media and Information
The media and information literacy course introduces the learners to have a basic understanding of media
and information channels of communication and tools for the development of individuals and societies.
The characteristics of competent producers of media and information are:
Responsible User of Media and Information
a. Know how to use media righteously.
b. Does not use media to harm other people.
c. Thinks about social consequences of the thing they are posting.
Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) - People discovered fire, developed paper
from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron. 2
Examples:
• Cave paintings (35,000 BC)
 • Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
• Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
• Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
• Dibao in China (2nd Century)
• Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)
• Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)
Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) - People used the power of steam, developed
machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various
products (including books through the printing press). 3
Examples:
• Printing press for mass production (19th century)
• Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)
• Typewriter (1800) Telephone (1876)
• Motion picture photography/projection (1890)
• Commercial motion pictures (1913)
• Motion picture with sound (1926)
• Telegraph
• Punch cards
Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) - The invention of the transistor ushered in the
electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the
transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long
distance communication became more efficient. 4
Examples:
• Transistor Radio
• Television (1941)
• Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951)
• Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704 (1960)
• Personal computers - i.e. HewlettPackard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)
• OHP, LCD projectors
Information Age (1900s-2000s) - The Internet paved the way for faster
communication and the creation of the social network. People advanced the use
of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and
wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We
are now living in the information age. 5
Examples:
• Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995)
• Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), Wordpress (2003)
• Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004)
• Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
1.QUALITIES OF GOOD INFORMATION:1
a.RELIABILITY - the information can be verified and evaluated. It may
referto the trustworthiness of the source in evaluating the reliability of
information. (MAPAGKAKATIWALAAN).
b.ACCURACY - refers to the closeness of the report to the actual
data.Measurement of accuracy varies, depending on the type of information
being evaluated. (Forecast is accurate if it is close to the actual data;
financial information is accurate if values are correct, properly classified,
and well presented). (MAKATOTOHANAN)
c.VALUE - aids the user in making or improving decisions.
(NAKAKATULONG)
d.AUTHORITY - Sources with an established expertise on the subject matterhave sound
authority on the subject. (PROPESYONAL NA PAGHAHAYAG)
e. TIMELINESS - Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary
based on the time it was produced or acquired. (NAPAPANAHON)
2. COMMON SOURCES OF INFORMATION:2
a. LIBRARIES - they are often classified in 4 groups namely:
-ACADEMIC: contains information helpful to general information
-PUBLIC: accessible to all (i.e. municipal libraries)
-SCHOOL
-SPECIAL: these are for persons with special needs
- Libraries of published books are often considered highly reliable, accurate, and valuable.
Books and documents from the dominant sources are often peer reviewed. ISSN or ISBN registration
ensures that standards were followed in producing their materials.
e. TIMELINESS - Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary
based on the time it was produced or acquired. (NAPAPANAHON)
3. COMMON SOURCES OF INFORMATION:2
a. LIBRARIES - they are often classified in 4 groups namely:
-ACADEMIC: contains information helpful to general information
-PUBLIC: accessible to all (i.e. municipal libraries)
-SCHOOL
-SPECIAL: these are for persons with special needs
- Libraries of published books are often considered highly reliable, accurate, and valuable.
Books and documents from the dominant sources are often peer reviewed. ISSN or ISBN registration
ensures that standards were followed in producing their materials.

UNDERSTANDING INDIGENOUS MEDIA AND INFORMATION:

1.Popular media cannot reach some rural areas. While print, broadcast, and
newmedia have a wide reach, there are still areas that these form of media
have notreached.
2.Indigenous media and information are highly credible because they are
near thesource and are seldom circulated for profit.
3.Indigenous media are channels for change, education, and development
becauseof its direct access to local channel.
4.Ignoring indigenous media and information can result in development
andeducational programs that are irrelevant and ineffective.
5.Forms of indigenous media and their local samples:
a.Folk and traditional media
b.Gatherings and social organizations
c.Direct observations
d.Records – may be written, carved, or oral
e.Oral instruction
Compared to other sources of information in terms of quality, indigenous media can stand out to
such standard. The table below shows comparison between certain types of media in accordance to
quality: