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17.3.2 /overflow and Free-Overfall (Straight Drop) Spillways

Spillways come in many types but generally include features to control flow, convey flow through discharge channels, and dissipate energy. Common types are overfall, ogee, labyrinth, chute, conduit, drop inlet, baffle, and culvert spillways. Overfall spillways allow flow to drop freely over a crest with energy dissipated downstream by hydraulic jumps or impact blocks. Ogee spillways have an S-shaped control weir to maintain contact with flow and atmospheric pressure at the design discharge rate. Discharge is calculated based on effective crest length, head, and a discharge coefficient that varies with approach conditions.

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107 views3 pages

17.3.2 /overflow and Free-Overfall (Straight Drop) Spillways

Spillways come in many types but generally include features to control flow, convey flow through discharge channels, and dissipate energy. Common types are overfall, ogee, labyrinth, chute, conduit, drop inlet, baffle, and culvert spillways. Overfall spillways allow flow to drop freely over a crest with energy dissipated downstream by hydraulic jumps or impact blocks. Ogee spillways have an S-shaped control weir to maintain contact with flow and atmospheric pressure at the design discharge rate. Discharge is calculated based on effective crest length, head, and a discharge coefficient that varies with approach conditions.

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Kwabena Otchere
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© © All Rights Reserved
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17.

3 Spillways 695

• Tenninal structures provide energy dissipation of the flow to prevent erosion and scour in the
downstream stream bed
• Outlet channels convey the spillway flow from the terminal structure to the river channel
below the dam
Spillways are typically classified according to features that pertain to control, to the discharge
channel, or some other featu(~s. They are often referred to as controlled or uncontrolled spillways
depending on whether they are gated or ungated, respectively. Spillway types include (U.S. Bureau
of Reclamation. 1987):
• Overfall spillways (Figures 17.2.8, 17.2.9, and 17.2.17)
• Ogee (overt10w) spillways (Figures 17.2.l5a and 17.2.16)
• Labyrinth spillways (see U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1987)
• Spillway chutes (Figures 17.2.14eand 17.2.15b)
• Conduit and channel spillways (Figure 17.2.13a)
• Drop inlet (shaft or morning glory) spillways (Figures 17.2.13b and 17.2.21)
• Baffle apron drop spillways (Figure 17.2.18)
• Culvert spillways (Figure 17.2.19)
• Siphon spillways
Additional discussion of the above types of spillways is in Coleman et. al. (1999).

17.3.2 /OverflOW and Free-Overfall (Straight Drop) Spillways


Free overfall (straight drop) spillways allow the flow to drop freely from the crest (see Figure
17.3.1). These types of spillways are eharacterized by the following (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation,
1987):
• Suited to a thin arch or crest that has a nearly vertical downstream face.
• Flows may be free discharge or may be supported along a narrow section of the crest.
• In many cases the crest is extended in the form of an overhanging lip to direct small discharge
away from the face of the overfall section.
• The underside of the nappe is ventilated to prevent a pulsating and fluctuating jet.
e A deep plunge pool will develop at the base of lhe ovetfall as a result of scour if artificial pro­

tection is not provided.


• A hydraulic jump can form on flat aprons if the tailwater has sufficient depth.
• The major hydraulic problems with free overfall spillways are the characteristics of the con­
trol and the dissipation of flow in the downstream basin.
• Flow in the downstream basin can be dissipated by three basic approaches (U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation, 1987):
• by a hydraulic jump (see Figure 17.3.1)
• by impact and turbulence induced by impact blocks (see Figure 17.3.1)
• by a slotted grating dissipator installed immediately downstream from the control.
The hydraulic control of free-overfall spillways can be sharp-crested to provide a fully con­
tracted vertical jet, broad-crested to cause a fully suppressed jet, or even shaped to increase crest
efficiency. The discharge for these types of spillways is of the fonn (see Section 5.6)
Q == CLH;12 (17.3.1)

where Q is the discharge, C is the discharge coefficient, L is the effective length of the crest, and
He is the helual head (total energy head) on the crest including the approach velocity head:
2
Va (17.3.2)
He H +-
2g
._ _ _ _ _ _
, _w_ _·_._ _ _ _ _ _...._ -
696 Chapter 17 Design of Spillways and Energy Dissipation fur Flood Control Storage and Conveyance Systems

Figure 17.3.1 Hydraulic characteristics of straight drop spillways with hydraulic jump or with impact blocks (from U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation (1987)),
17.3 Spillways 697

where H is the head due to depth of water above the spillway crest and V"c/2g is the approach
velocity head.
When crest pier and abutment are shaped to cause side contraction of the flow, the effective
crest length L is less than the net crest length.
The effective length of the crest is determined using

(17.3.3)

where
L' = net length of the crest, N = number of piers, K" abutment contraction coefficient
(approximately 0.2), and K" = pier contraction coefficient:

• For square-nosed piers with corners rounded on a radius equal to about 0.1 of the pier thick­
ness: K;) = 0.02
• For round-nosed piers: K" = 0.01
• For pointed-nose piers: K" = 0.0

Overflow spillways can be gated or ungated and provide for flow over an arch or arch-buttress
dam, wherein the flow free-falls some distance before entering a plunge-pool energy dissipator in
the tail race (see Figures 17.2.8, 17.2.9, and 17.2.17).

17.3.3 Ogee (Overflow) Spillways


Ogee (ovelj7mr) spillways have a control weir that is ogee-shaped (S-shaped in profile). These
spillways can be gated (Figure 17.2.10, 17.2.11, and 17.2.12) or ungated (Figures 17.2.12 and
17 .2.16) and they normally provide for flow over a gravity dam section. Flow remains in contact
with the spillviay surface. The upper part of the ogee spillway conforms closely to the profile of
the lower nappe of a ventilated sheet falling from a sharp-crested weir (see Figure 17.3.2). This
shape results in a pressure distribution on the crest that is near atmospheric for the design dis­
charge. Discharges less than the design discharge produce pressures on the spillway face that are
above atmospheric. whereas discharges greater than the design flow cause subatmospheric pres­
sures. These subatmospheric pressures have the hydraulic effect of increasing the discharge­
passing capability of the spillway, but they can also lead to cavitation for high heads, which can
cause vibration and surface erosion.
Crest shapes have been studied extensively by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation over the years.
Figure 17.3.2 illustrates the suggested spillway shape for a vertical upstream face as well as val­
ues of K and II for different upstream inclinations and velocities of approach. Ho is the design head
and h" is the approach velocity head, h" = V"c/2g. The shape equation for the portion downstream
of the apex of the crest is

(17.3.4)

where Ho is the design head and II and K are functions of hjHo' as given in Figure 17.3.2.
The discharge over an ogee crest is described by equation (17.3.1). The discharge coefficient is
influenced by a number of factors, including:

• depth of approach (Figure 17.3.3)


• heads different from design heads (Figure 17.3.4)
• upstream face slope (Figure 17.3.5)
• downstream apron interference (Figure 17.3.6)
• downstream submergence (Figure 17.3.7)

Figure 17.3.3 presents values of discharge coefficients (Co); C = Co for the situation when He =
lIo, or H/Ho = 1 (which is for the ideal nappe shape). The discharge coefficient varies with the
values of PIH, where P is the height of tltc spillway crest above the channel bed.

• _ asw gg&LUL._...... .4. a

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