Standard Data Systems (SDS)

Sections:
1. Standard Data System Introduction
Chapter 15 2. Using a Standard Data System (SDS)
3. The SDS Database
4. Analysis of Machine-Controlled Element
Times

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Standard Data System Defined

A SDS is a database of normal time values, usually

organized by work elements, that can be used to
establish time standards for tasks composed of work
elements similar to those in the database.

 Normal times in the database are usually compiled from

previous direct time studies (direct time study, PMTS
,work sampling and historical data).
 Using a standard data system, time standards can be
established before the job is running.

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 SDS is most suited for the following work
situations

 Similarity in tasks
 With many similar tasks, it is more efficient to use a SDS
than direct time study

 Batch production
 Medium production of batches
 Not suitable for very short repetitive cycles

 Large number of standards to be set

 More productive than direct time study

 Need to set standards before production

 Direct time study requires observation of actual task to set
standard, SDS does not
PMTS and SDS Compared

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Using a Standard Data System
 The analyst engineer should consider the following steps in order to
determine a time standard for new task by SDS:

1. Analyze the new task and divide into work elements.

The analyst should distinguish between different types of work elements:
• Setup elements (machine setup time) versus Production elements (one unit or
two units per cycle).
• Regular elements (activity occurs once or greater/cycle) versus irregular
elements (activity occurs less than one/cycle)
• Internal elements (activities during machine time) versus external elements
(activities outside machine time)

2. Access database to determine normal times for the work

elements:
Using database (SDS) to get a normal time for each type of work elements.
 Using a Standard Data System (Cont.)

3. Add element normal times to obtain the task normal times

for all work elements (e.g., setup and production cycle).

4. Compute standard times for setup and production cycle by

adding appropriate allowances.

(a) No machine cycle:

Tstd =Tn(1+Apfd)
 Using a Standard Data System (Cont.)

(b) Worker-machine cycle:

Tstd =Tnw(1+Apfd) + Tm(1+Am)

Tnw = normal time for worker, min

Tm = normal time for machine, min
Am= Machine allowance factor for machine

(c) Set-up time:

Tstd-su =Tn-su(1+Apfd)

Tstd-su = standard time for setup, min

Tn-su = normal time for setup, min
 SDS Database
SDS Database : A catalog of normal times, organized to allow
the analyst to access the values corresponding to work
elements performed under various work variables.

 The work variables are considered while using

SDS database:
 Work variables - factors that affect the normal time of the
element
 These work variables are:
• Worker (gender, strength, physical capability and mental abilities etc.),
• Worker’s pace (speed, skill, experience),
• Method used (hand tools, equipment, hand & body motion, wok
environment)
• Work unit (nature of work or task)
 The SDS Database
 Various formats can be used in the SDS database:
1- Charts: represent the normal time (dependent variable)
and work variables (independent variables) such as unit
weight or dimensions etc.

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

One Work Variable Two Work Variables

 The SDS Database (Cont.)

2- Tables: is a format that lists normal time in a tabular

arrangement.
3- Mathematical formulas: are often more concise of
expressing the same relationships that are presented in
chart and tables. (e.g., Tn = d/fr).
4- Worksheets: The worksheet is a form that indicates the
steps the analyst follow in order to compute the standard
time for a task. (e.g., direct time study form).
5- Computerized database and retrieval system: is the
modern format of standard data system and described
the data in all above mentioned techniques in excel
sheet. All these process performed by the software (e.g.,
WorkStudy+4 software)
 Machine Times for Machining
 For the worker-machine systems, the standard
method often includes a machine cycle, in which
the equipment runs under its own control for a
certain length of time.
 Common machining operations:
 Turning
 Drilling
 Milling
 Machining times can be calculated or measured
with great accuracy, given the machine settings
(feeds and speeds) and part dimensions
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Drilling Machine
 Drilling is a machining operation that creates a
hole in a workpiece (unit), using a rotating drill
bit.

 The usual drill bit is a twist drill

 The machine tool is a drill press

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Drilling Machine
 Cutting speed of the drill machine is important to determine the
time of machine.

 The cutting speed depends on the machine specifications and

can be calculated:
 Types of Drilling Machine (Cont.)

1- Through Hole drill machine:

In this type of machine the drill bit passes through the work and
exits on the opposite side.
 Types of Drilling Machine (Cont.)

2- Blind Hole drill machine:

In this type of machine the drill bit does not pass through the work
(not exits on the opposite side).

Tm = machine time in min

d = hole depth, mm (in)
fr = feed rate of the drill into the work, mm/min
 Example 1: Time in Drilling Machine
A blind hole drill of diameter = 18.0 mm is to be drilled in
an aluminum casting to a depth of 72 mm. The point angle of
the drill = 118. Cutting conditions are: cutting speed = 40
m/min and feed = 0.10 mm/rev. The machine allowance is 6%.
If machining time begins as soon as the drill makes contact with
the work, how much time will the drilling operation take and
determine the standard time for the machine.
Solution:
N = v/ D = (40×103 mm/min)/(18 mm/rev) = 707.4 rev/min
fr = Nf = 707.4(0.10) = 70.74 mm/min
Tm = d/fr = 72/70.74 = 1.018 min
Tstd = Tm (1+Am) = 1.018(1+0.06) = 1.08 min
 Example 2: Time in Drilling Machine
A drilling operation is to be performed on a cast iron
workpiece to form a through hole that will be subsequently
tapped. The hole diameter = 0.50 in, and the material thickness
= 1.25 in. The point angle of the drill = 118. Cutting conditions
are: cutting speed = 50 ft/min and feed = 0.003 in/rev. How long
will the drilling operation take? Assume the process time begins
when the drill bit makes initial contact with the work surface.
Solution:
N = v/ D = (50×12 in/min)/(0.5 in/rev) = 382.0 rev/min
fr = Nf = 382.0(0.003) = 1.146 in/min
Ad = 0.5D tan[90 - θ/2]
Ad = 0.5(0.5) tan[90 – 118/2] = 0.15 in
Tm = (Ad + t + A0 )/fr = (0.15 + 1.25 + 0)/1.146 = 1.22 min