IT for managers Unit-1

The processor plays a significant role in the following important aspects of your computer system;

Performance: The processor is probably the most important single determinant of system performance in the
Pc. While other components also play a key role in determining performance, the processor’s capabilities
dictate the maximum performance of a system. The other devices only allow the processor to reach its full
potential.

Software Support: Newer, faster processors enable the use of the latest software. In addition, new processors
such as the Pentium with MMX Technology, enable the use of specialized software not usable on earlier
machines.

Reliability and Stability: The quality of the processor is one factor that determines how reliably your system
will run. While most processors are very dependable, some are not. This also depends to some extent on the
age of the processor and how much energy it consumes.

Energy Consumption and Cooling: Originally processors consumed relatively little power compared to other
system devices. Newer processors can consume a great deal of power. Power consumption has an impact on
everything from cooling method selection to overall system reliability.

Motherboard Support: The processor that decides to use in your system will be a major determining factor in
what sort of chip set we must use, and hence what motherboard you buy. The motherboard in turn dictates
many facets of. The system’s capabilities and performance.
 Logic gates
Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is an electronic circuit having one or more
than one input and only one output. The relationship between the input and the output is based on a certain
logic. Based on this, logic gates are named as AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate etc.

•The logic gates are the main structural part of a digital system.
•Logic Gates are a block of hardware that produces signals of binary 1 or 0 when input logic
requirements are satisfied.
•Each gate has a distinct graphic symbol, and its operation can be described by means of algebraic
expressions.
•The seven basic logic gates includes: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.
•The relationship between the input-output binary variables for each gate can be represented in
tabular form by a truth table.
•Each gate has one or two binary input variables designated by A and B and one binary output
variable designated by x.
Numericals
Computer memory
Number Systems
The study of number systems is important from the viewpoint of understanding how data are represented before they
can be processed by any digital system including a digital computer.

Analogue Versus Digital

➢ For example, the temperature of an oven settable anywhere from 0 to 100 °C may be measured to be 65 °C or 64.96 °C
or 64.958 °C or even 64.9579 °C and so on, depending upon the accuracy of the measuring instrument. Similarly,
voltage across a certain component in an electronic circuit may be measured as 6.5 V or 6.49 V or 6.487 V or 6.4869 V.
➢ The underlying concept in this mode of representation is that variation in the numerical value of the quantity is
continuous and could have any of the infinite theoretically possible values between the two extremes.

➢ The other possible way, referred to as digital, represents the numerical value of the quantity in steps of discrete
values. The numerical values are mostly represented using binary numbers. For example, the temperature of the oven
may be represented in steps of 1 °C as 64 °C, 65 °C, 66 °C and so on.
➢ To summarize, while an analogue representation gives a continuous output, a digital representation produces a
discrete output. Analogue systems contain devices that process or work on various physical quantities represented in
analogue form. Digital systems contain devices that process the physical quantities represented in digital form.
 Decimal Number System

➢ The decimal number system is a radix-10 number system and therefore has 10 different digits or symbols. These are
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. All higher numbers after ‘9’ are represented in terms of these 10 digits only.

➢ The process of writing higher-order numbers after ‘9’ consists in writing the second digit (i.e. ‘1’) first, followed by
the other digits, one by one, to obtain the next 10 numbers from ‘10’ to ‘19’. The next 10 numbers from ‘20’ to ‘29’
are obtained by writing the third digit (i.e. ‘2’) first, followed by digits ‘0’ to ‘9’, one by one.

➢ The process continues until we have exhausted all possible two-digit combinations and reached ‘99’. Then we begin
with three-digit combinations. The first three-digit number consists of the lowest two-digit number followed by ‘0’
(i.e. 100), and the process goes on endlessly.
Binary Number System
Advantages
Logic operations are the backbone of any digital computer, although solving a problem on computer could involve an
arithmetic operation too. The introduction of the mathematics of logic by George Boole laid the foundation for the modern
digital computer. He reduced the mathematics of logic to a binary notation of ‘0’ and ‘1’. As the mathematics of logic was well
established and had proved itself to be quite useful in solving all kinds of logical problem, and also as the mathematics of logic
(also known as Boolean algebra) had been reduced to a binary notation, the binary number system had a clear edge over
other number systems for use in computer systems. Yet another significant advantage of this number system was that all kinds
of data could be conveniently represented in terms of 0s and 1s. Also, basic electronic devices used for hardware
implementation could be conveniently and efficiently operated in two distinctly different modes. Lastly, the circuits required
for performing arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc., become a simple affair when
the data involved are represented in the form of 0s and 1s.
Finding the Decimal Equivalent