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International Specialty Conference on Cold- Wei-Wen Yu International Specialty Conference

Formed Steel Structures on Cold-Formed Steel Structures 2018

Nov 7th, 12:00 AM - Nov 8th, 12:00 AM

SDI Steel Deck on Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design Manual

Thomas Sputo

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 Wei-Wen Yu International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., November 7 & 8, 2018

SDI Steel Deck on Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design

Manual
Thomas Sputo, Ph.D., P.E., S.E. 1

Introduction

The First Edition of the SDI Steel Deck on Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design
Manual is the first design manual that specifically addresses the design of steel
deck on cold-formed framing. The design of the steel deck is similar to deck on
heavier rolled beams or open web steel joists, but it requires attention to some
different detailing and fastening methods. This Manual concentrates on these
differences.

The Manual Section contains and introduction to the topic, and sections specific
to roof deck, floor deck, and fasteners. The roof and floor deck sections include
diaphragm applications. The Manual contains tables for fasteners and
diaphragms, and also includes 7 design examples specific to deck on cold-
formed framing.

The Manual makes use of an on-line design tool, the SDI Diaphragm Interaction
Calculator, which develops diaphragm tables for the situation where the
diaphragm capacity is reduced by wind uplift.

This Manual conforms to the ANSI/SDI RD-2017 Standard for Steel Roof Deck,
the ANSI/SDI NC-2017 Standard for Non-Composite Steel Floor Deck,
ANSI/SDI C-2017 Standard for Composite Steel Floor Deck-Slabs, the AISI
S100-16 North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members and the AISI S310-13 and -16 editions of the North
American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels.

1
Technical Director, Steel Deck Institute; and Consulting Structural Engineer,
Sputo and Lammert Engineering, LLC ([email protected]).

397
 398

Manual Format and Coverage

The SDI Steel Deck on Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design Manual is divided
into a Forward and eight sections as follows:

Section 1 Introduction
Section 2 Roof Deck
Section 3 Floor Deck
Section 4 Fasteners
Section 5 Examples
Section 6 Fastener Tables
Section 7 Diaphragm Tables
Section 8 References

This new Manual provides information on how the use of steel floor and roof
deck on cold-formed steel framing differ from when supported on open web
steel joists or rolled beams,.

1. The Manual complies with the analysis and design methods contained
within the AISI S100 and S310 Standards, taking into account the more flexible
behavior of strew fasteners in cold-formed supports.

2. The Manual contains seven design examples illustrating the design and
analysis of steel deck on cold-formed steel framing, both roof and floor deck,
and diaphragms.

3. Examples also show the calculation of diaphragm strength and stiffness

using the AISI S310 provisions when supported by cold-formed steel framing.

4. Examples include expanded discussion of the interaction of wind uplift

with diaphragm strength.

5. Fasteners included in the Manual include generic screws in accordance

with the strength and flexibility provisions of AISI S100 and S310

6. Diaphragm load tables are calculated using the generic AISI S310 weld
and screw provisions, and calculated using the previous 3rd Edition DDM
fastener equations and proprietary fasteners. The same resistance and safety
factors apply to both methods.
 399

Section 1 - Introduction

Section 1 introduces the general differences when designing deck to be

supported on cold-formed framing. The Manual supposes that the user is
already conversant with designing deck on open web steel joists and rolled
beams.

First, the user is introduced to the thinner supporting material, as shown in Table
1. Not all base steel thicknesses are available from all suppliers, and 27 mil
material is rarely used for floor and roof joists, while 118 mil material is rarely
used in trusses.

Thickness Minimum Design Reference Gage (Not

Designation Thickness Thickness Used for Specifying)
(mils) (inches) (inches)
27 0.0269 0.0283 22
33 0.0329 0.0346 20
43 0.0428 0.0451 18
54 0.0538 0.0566 16
68 0.0677 0.0713 14
97 0.0966 0.1017 12
118 0.1180 0.1242 10

Table 1. Structural Cold-Formed Framing Base Steel Thickness

Floor and roof framing can be constructed either of trusses or of individual
members. The design of the framing is beyond the scope of this manual, and the
user is referred to any of several publications that are listed in the General
References section of this Manual. However, it is important that the designer be
cognizant of the limitations that the shape of the supporting framing imposes on
the design of the steel deck.

Individual members used as floor joists or roof rafters are usually lipped
channels, as shown in Figure 1. There are industry standard cross sections that
are available from many manufacturers.
 400

Figure 1. Lipped Channel

The flange width is important to consider when designing the bearing and
attachment of the steel deck to the flange. Typical standard flange widths for
structural cross sections are 1-5/8 inch (S162), 2 inch (S200) and 2-1/2 inch
(S250). Also available, but not as commonly used in this application are 3 inch
(S300) and 3-1/2 inch (S350).

Cold-formed steel trusses are commonly used for both floor and roof
applications. Trusses are usually designed by the manufacturer as a specialty
engineered item. Trusses can use lipped channels for top chords (referred to as
C-Section Trusses), however there are proprietary sections used by some truss
manufacturers, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Proprietary Truss Chords (Courtesy of Aegis and Alpine

Trussteel)

The Chapter closes out by reminding users that specific responsibilities for
design are laid out in two Code of Standard Practice publications; the AISI
Code of Standard Practice for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Framing (AISI
S202) and the SDI Code of Standard Practice (SDI-COSP).
 401

Section 2 - Roof Deck

Any of the roof deck profiles shown in the SDI Roof Deck Design Manual
(RDDM) can be used on cold-formed steel roof trusses or rafters, with 1-1/2
inch Wide Rib (WR) deck (Figure 2.1) being the most common for spans of up
to 8 feet. Engineering information, including section properties and span tables,
can be found in the RDDM and in manufacturers literature.

This section provides an extensive development of sloped roof diaphragms,

including monoslope, gable, and hipped roofs, as shown in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 3. Monoslope Diaphragm, Laterally Loaded

 402

Figure 4. Monoslope Diaphragm Transverse Collectors

Roof diaphragms that are loaded by wind must resist both in plane shear and
uplift. There are two loading conditions that must be considered:

A. The roof deck is designed as the sheathing for the roof. For this case,
the wind uplift on the deck and fasteners is calculated using component
and cladding (C&C) wind pressures.

B. The roof deck is designed as a diaphragm. For this case, the wind
uplift and in plane diaphragm shear are both calculated using main
wind force resisting system (MWFRS) wind pressures.

The application of combined wind uplift and diaphragm shear is covered in the
manual, along with the accompanying "Diaphragm Interaction Calculator."

Section 3 - Floor Deck

Any of the floor deck profiles shown in the SDI Floor Deck Design Manual
(FDDM) can be used on cold-formed steel floor trusses or joists. Engineering
information, including section properties and span tables, can be found in the
RDDM and in manufacturers literature. For closely spaced trusses or joists (48
 403

inches or less on center), form deck of 9/16 inch to 1 inch in depth can also be
used. For longer spans, deeper form deck or composite deck can be used.

Form deck is most often galvanized, and if galvanized, it is permitted to be

considered to be a permanent form that supports the weight of the concrete slab,
with the concrete slab designed to support the weight of the superimposed loads.
Alternately, it is allowed to use bare or painted deck as permitted by the
applicable SDI Specification (SDI C or SDI NC).

There are some design considerations that are common to both composite and
non-composite (form) deck used for floors. Refer to Figure 5.

A. Available flat bearing width of the framing top flange may not permit
the use of butted deck ends once the required deck bearing length (minimum of
3/4 inch per AISI S100) is taken into account. Also, minimum fastener end
distance in the deck (1.5 times the screw diameter per AISI S100) may not be
able to be met (for instance, minimum end distance for a #12 framing screw
would be 0.324 inches or more than 5/16 inch). Deck panel underlength within
SDI Standards tolerance of 1/2 inch per deck sheet and tolerance for framing
placement and straightness needs to also be factored into this consideration.

B. Minimum fastener spacing (3 times the screw diameter per AISI S100)
may control the number of fasteners per deck rib. For instance, the minimum
center to center spacing for a #12 support screw is 0.648 or over 5/8 inches.
This, combined with end distance limits, will most likely limit the number of
screws to two per deck rib for the most common framing flange widths.

Figure 5 Butted and Lapped Deck Ends

 404

Section 4 - Fasteners

Fasteners for attachment of steel deck to cold-formed steel framing are limited
to screws, as shown in Figures 6 and 7. The application of screws in this use is
similar to when attaching to heavier supporting steel, except that the additional
limit states of tilting in shear, and pullout in tension, which do not normally
control in heavier supporting steel, may govern design.

Figure 6. Support, Side-lap, and Edge Screws

Figure 7 Nested and Interlocking Side-lap Screw Connections

Welded connections for either support attachment is NOT RECOMMENDED

due to the difficulty in making acceptable welds between two or more layers of
sheet steel. Burn-through damage to truss chords and rafter and joists flanges
 405

often results and repairs to the supporting framing may not be possible. Any
welding related damage to the support framing is not the responsibility of the
framing supplier, deck supplier, or deck installer.

Welded side-laps are possible, but limitations on welding imposed by roof slope,
burn through, and the cost effectiveness of screwed side-laps make welded side-
laps undesirable.

Power-actuated fasteners are commonly used for steel roof deck attachment to
support framing of 1/8 inch and thicker. At the time of publication of this
Manual, no power actuated fasteners were available for connecting steel deck to
cold-formed steel support framing. For additional information on these
fasteners, refer to the SDI Roof Deck Design Manual and the literature of the
product manufacturers.

As an alternative to screws, side-lap connections can be formed by crimping the

upstanding edge of the deck, where provided. Crimps can only be made with
deck that is designed with the upstanding edge to receive them and not all deck
has upstanding edges that will accept crimps. Crimping can be categorized as
either generic “button punching” or one of several proprietary mechanically
formed connection systems.

Generic button punches serve only to align the deck side-laps but provide little
resistance to shear at the panel edge. Proprietary mechanically formed
connection systems are tested connections formed using specific tools for a
specific deck. These proprietary systems have defined shear strength and
stiffness values that are contained within research and acceptance reports.
Information on these proprietary systems can be obtained from specific
manufacturers.

Strict consideration also needs to be paid to the number of screws that are used
at a single rib at a support. Minimum spacing per AISI S100 is 3 times the
screw diameter, or approximately 5/8" for a No. 12 screw. That practically
limits the number of screws per rib to 2 in most practical cases. At deck ends or
butt joints, the minimum end distance is 1.5 times the screw diameter, which
also limits the number of screws to 2 in a rib.
 406

Section 5 - Examples

Section 5 consists of seven design examples which illustrate the differences

between installing steel deck on cold-formed steel framing versus heavier steel
supporting framing.

Example 1 Available Diaphragm Shear Strength in the Absence

of Uplift Where the Support is Cold-Formed Steel
Framing
Example 2 Stiffness of the Configuration in Example 1
Example 3 Available Diaphragm Shear Strength With Wind
Uplift Where the Support is Cold-Formed Steel
Framing
Example 4 Roof Deck (ASD)
Example 5 Floor Deck (ASD)
Example 6 Gable Roof with Open Ridge
Example 7 Loads on Diaphragm - Gable Roof Loaded on
Endwall

Example 3 is a rigorous development of the interaction of shear and uplift in a

wind loaded roof. This example will prove useful to designers in understanding
the interaction that develops in fasteners.

Section 6 - Fastener and Framing Tables

Section 6 contains tables which will assist the user in designing fasteners

Table 1 Screw Dimensional and Tensile Strength

Table 2 Screw Nominal Pull-out Strength
Table 3 Screw Nominal Pull-over Strength
Table 4 Sidelap Screw Nominal Shear Strength
Table 5 Support Screw Nominal Shear Strength
Table 6 Support Screw Flexibility
Table 7 Sidelap Screw Flexibility
Table 8 Roof Deck Fastener Patterns
Table 9 Spanning Zee Framing
 407

Figure 8 - Roof and Form Deck Fastener Patterns

Section 7 - Diaphragm Tables

Section 7 includes tables for both filled and bare deck diaphragms.

For concrete filled floor diaphragms, a simplified table which considers only the
contribution of the fill above the top of the deck ribs is included, and is shown as
Figure 9.
 408

Nominal Diaphragm Shear Strength, Sn, PLF

ASD (Ω = 3.25) LRFD (Φ=0.50)

Concrete Normalweight Lightweight

Thickness Concrete Concrete
Above (145 pcf) (115 pcf)
Deck (inches)
3000 psi 4000 psi 3000 psi 4000 psi
1.5 2943 3398 2078 2400
2 3923 4530 2771 3200
2.5 4904 5663 3464 4000
3 5885 6796 4157 4800
3.5 6866 7928 4850 5600

Notes:
1. This table considers only the contribution of the concrete to the
diaphragm resistance.
2. Per SDI-NC, the minimum thickness of a structural concrete
slab is 1-1/2 inches above the top of the non-composite steel
deck.
3. Per SDI-C, the minimum thickness of a composite concrete
slab is 2 inches above the top of the composite steel deck.

Figure 9 - Concrete Filled Diaphragm Table

For bare deck roof diaphragms, tables which are similar to those in DDM04 are
provided for deck on cold-formed supporting framing. Each different
combination of deck thickness , support framing thickness, and support framing
ultimate strength is included. The tilting behavior of the support fastener screws
in different thickness of support framing creates many more tables than are
 409

found in DDM04, where fastener tilting is not a design limit state. An example
of a typical table is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10 - Typical Roof Deck Diaphragm Table

 410

Section 8 - References

Section 8 contains references used in the Manual, along with general

recommended design references for cold-formed steel framing.

Diaphragm Interaction Calculator

To reduce the design effort involved with calculating the reduced diaphragm
capacity when wind uplift must be considered in the design, the SDI has
provided an on-line tool to assist designers. This "Diaphragm Interaction
Calculator" will calculate the ASD and LRFD diaphragm capacity for an input
uplift pressure, given deck profile, material strengths, and fastener pattern and
type. This calculator will provide answers for deck on both cold-formed
framing, and open web steel joists and rolled steel beams.

Conclusion

The new SDI Steel Deck on Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design Manual
represents a step forward for designers of buildings that incorporate steel deck
on cold-formed steel framing.

References

American Iron and Steel Institute (2013). ANSI/AISI S310-13 North American
Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, Washington, DC

American Iron and Steel Institute (2016). ANSI/AISI S310-16 North American
Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, Washington, DC

American Iron and Steel Institute (2016). ANSI/AISI S100-16 North American
Standard for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members,
Washington, DC

Steel Deck Institute (SDI) (2015). Diaphragm Design Manual, 4th Edition,
Glenshaw, PA.

Steel Deck Institute (SDI) (2013). Roof Deck Design Manual, 1st Edition, Fox
River Grove, IL.
 411

Steel Deck Institute (SDI) (2014). Floor Deck Design Manual, 1st Edition,
Glenshaw, PA.

Steel Deck Institute (SDI) (2017) ANSI/SDI RD-2017 Standard for Steel Roof
Deck, Glenshaw, PA.

Steel Deck Institute (SDI) (2017) ANSI/SDI NC-2017 Standard for Non-
Composite Steel Floor Deck, Glenshaw, PA.

Steel Deck Institute (SDI) (2017) ANSI/SDI C-2017 Standard for Composite
Steel Floor Deck-Slabs, Glenshaw, PA.

Steel Deck Institute (SDI) (2018) SDI Steel Deck on Cold-Formed Steel
Framing Design Manual, Glenshaw, PA.