CAD/CAM Objectives

Introduction
Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing

• Introduction to CAD/CAM
• Current Development Activities

Contents

Part I. Introduction
Part II. CAD Part I: INTRODUCTION
Part III. CAM
Part IV. CAD/CAM Integration
Part V. Current Development
 History of CAD/CAM/CIM
What is CAD/CAM (or CIM) Technology?

• CAD: makes representation of products and

perform analysis of the design
• CAM: prepare manufacturing processes and
drive machine tools
• CIM: CAD/CAM + Other Activities Such
As Operations Management and Master
Storage and Handling.

Manufacturing System Classification

Operational Flow of CIM The classification of the manufacturing system of a company should
identify the activities in the three major process segments (ie, design,
manufacturing control and planning, and production) in CIM wheel.

Business
segment

Process
segment

Infrastructure &
resources
 Design Considerations

• Part must function correctly and last Part II: CAD

reasonable duration of time • Part must be designed as closely as
• Functional considerations involve weight, possible to the design specifications
strength, thermal properties, kinematics,
and dynamics, etc. The economic factors include
• Performance evaluation against design • materials
specifications • processing costs
• marketing details
This is determined by a part’s
• geometry
• material properties
• environment

CAD Technologies
Evolution CAD Structure
1950s: SAGE System (Analyze Radar Image with Light-pen)
1962: SketchPad at MIT (Interactive Graphics with SketchPad)
1960s: Digital Equipment Corporation, Control Data, IBM,
Univac, Applicon, Calma, ComputerVision, Intergraph (Calma
• Input Device
Graphics System, ComputerVision, CADD System, IBM
• Output Device
CADAM, CATIA, Intergraph Graphics System)
• CPU
1970s: Recognized as Indispensible Tools to Improve
• Memory
Productivities especially in ME, EE, and CE
• Storage Device
1980s - 1990s: Widely Spread Due To Lower Price and availability
• Communication Device
of PC
1990s - : Network Based such as Internet, LAN, and WAN
2000s- : Cloud Computing
 CAD Technological Issues
Haptic I/O from Hardware Perspective

Electronic Image -> Visual Image

Graphics Terminal Performance (CRT, LCD, LED with vector/raster painting)
(Display Technology) Storage of Display Image Format
(Point-, Vector-, Relationship-Oriented Storage)

Production of Display Image from

Design
Computer Performance

Execution of Mathematical Functions Needed

to Translate Stored Images into Display and to
Manipulate Vector Representation Designs in
Utilization of Existing Storage. Some Efforts are:
Leading-Edge Technologies • Math-Coprocessor in PCs
• Pre-Fetch Methods to reduce I-time in Intel 8086-
like Artificial Intelligence Family of Processors
(Pattern Recognition, Planning, Voice • RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) to
Recognition, Robot Control, Fault Diagnosis, reduce I-time
Data Glove and Expert Systems) • Parallel Processors
• Super Computers

CAD Technological Issues

from Software Perspective CAD Data Exchangeability
• Multi-View 2D Modeler
• 3D Wire Frame Modeler
Geometric Modeling • 3D Surface Modeler
• Since the IGES was first developed under the guidance of National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
• Scaling
• Rotation • Solid Modeler -> CAM in 1979, CAD/CAM data exchange had leaped beyond IGES. This brought about an effort from
• Translation the international community to introduce a single international standard for graphics data
Rendering • Reflection
exchange. As a result the Standard for the Exchange of Product Data Models (STEP, officially
• Visualization
• Editing the ISO standard 10303) was introduced. The STEP is a series of International Standards with
• Dimensioning and Labeling the goal of defining data across the full engineering and manufacturing life cycle to produce a
• Shading Feature-Based Design
Parametric and • Real-Time Animation
single international standard for product data exchange. There are currently several standards
Variational Design • Stress Analysis like U.S.’ IGES, France’s SET, and Germany’s VDA-FS.
• CFD • The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national
• Kinematics Analysis for Moving Parts
• Simple Analysis like Area/Volume, Mass Calculations
standards bodies from some 100 countries, one from each country and established in 1947. In
Analysis: Help Engineers to • Artificial Intelligence (AI) which works with facts and rules USA an organization called The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
Determine Feasibility of Design: FEM from which they can make deductions: Pattern Recognition, formerly the National Bureau of Standards, was established by Congress in 1901 to support
and other computational methods Planning, Voice Recognition, Robot Control, Fault Diagnosis,
and Expert Systems. industry, commerce, scientific institutions, and all branches of Government. For nearly 100
years the NIST/NBS laboratories have worked with industry and government to advance
Integrated Data Base • CAD Drawing
measurement science and develop standards.
• Engineering Analysis • IGES
Management and Optimization • Modeling • ….. • There is another collaborative effort under the project INDEX (Intelligent Data Extraction) at
• NC
Manchester Visualization Center of University of Manchester. This is also concerned with
* Virtual Reality (VR) Technology • Robots
• Process Planning exchangeability of CAD/CAM data among different systems that provides a flexible software
• Management tool set.
Geometric Modeling: Object Geometry Principles of Orthographic Projection

Modeling Methodology Modeling Techniques

• Boundary Representation • Extrude

(B-rep) • Revolve
• Constructive Solid Geometry • Sweep
(CSG) • Blend
• Sweep Representation
• Analytic Solid Modeling
(ASM)
• Pure Primitive Instancing (PPI)
• Cell Decomposition
• Spatial Enumeration
• Octree Encoding
 Analyses Choosing a Solid Modeler for
CAD/CAM Integration
• Structural Analyses
• Heat Transfer Analyses
• Fluid Analyses • Flexibility (must be able to handle all kinds of objects)
• Coupled-Field Analyses • Robustness (should produce a consistent and proper solid)
• Simplicity (must be simple and user friendly)
• Performance (speed is important that should be improved with software
methodology and hardware)
• Economy (solid modeler is expensive, but will pay for itself as time goes on with
• Linear and Nonlinear CAD/CAM)
Analyses

Tool Path Geometry

Part III: CAM

The figure above shows some geometries to consider for tool-path generation.
There are various approaches to determine the tool path. For example, the
surface normal and tangent vectors at each point.
 Milling Machines CAM Technologies
History

• 1909: Automation by Ford Automobile Company (Mass Production)

• 1923: Automatic Transfer Machines at Morris Engine Factory, England
• 1952: Numerical Controls (NC) for tool positioning thru computer commands
• 1959: Control Digital Computer at Texaco refinery, Texas
• 1960: Robot Implementation - Unimate based on NC principles
• 1965: Production-Line Computer Control (IBM developed plcc for circuit boards)
• 1970: Direct Numerical Control (DNC) --> Multiple-Machine Computer Control
(Japanese National Railways: several machine tools under simultaneous control of a computer)
• 1970-1972: Computer Numerical Control (CNC): each machine tool has its own memory (PC)
• 1975-1980: Distributed Numerical Control (DNC): a main computer downloads NC programs to
applicable machine. This is the key concept to CAM advances.
• 1980s: Cellular Manufacturing: A reduction of combinations in job shop control is achieved by identifying
families of parts that can be produced on a subset of equipment in the job shop. This determination of
families and equipment is most often done by group technology. Then the cell control computer download
NC programs and effect material handling between machines, frequently thru robot transfers.
•- : Flexible Manufacturing Systems: The idea of using a set of machines to produce a relatively
wide variety of products, with automatic movement of products through any sequence of machines, including
testing, is the heart of the flexible manufacturing systems.
•2000s: 3D Printing

Computers in Manufacturing
Manufacturing Control Robots in Manufacturing
Computer Control
(late 1950s)
Industrial robots have been used in the manufacturing
more than two decades. It is no doubt that robots will
play a crucial role in the future manufacturing.
Though, there are still quite challenging technologies
Numerical Controls (NC) to overcome in this field of technology such as:
• vision system
• position sensing
• hand tactile sensing
Numerical control (NC) is a concept of machine control that consists of several steps such • dexterous linkage
as development of manufacturing plan for a part, programming numerical control • control methodology.
instructions, process the program to locate the tool path, and post-process for a specific
machine tool. NC activities consist of NC machines like CNC and DNC and processor
language like APT in addition to the human operator.
 CAM Technological Issues
Sensing/Measuring/Quality Controls from Software Perspective
• Axiomatic Design
• DFM
Concurrent Engineering • Design Science
• Hierarchical Code • DFA
• Attribute Code • Taguchi Method
• Process Planning (CAPP) • MPDR, Group Technology
Sensing and measuring are also essential part of Group Technology • Manual Approach • FMEA
manufacturing such as quality controls and had been • Variant Approach
• Generative Approach
integrated into CAD/CAM.
• Production Control
Manufacturing Planning • Cellular Manufacturing
• JIT Manufacturing
and Control
• Timing
• Priority Interrupts
• Real-Time, Multi-Tasking Operating Systems
Computer Control and PLC • Numerical Control (NC)
• NC/CNC/DNC Machines
• NC Programming – APT,ADAPT,EXAPT,etc.
Robotics Artificial
Intelligence

• Sensing
Measurement and Verification • Measuring
• Quality Control

Concurrent Engineering
CE is an approach to design
and manufacturing activities,
which tries to complete the
design in parallel to process
planning, field-support, • Axiomatic design
Part IV: CAD/CAM Integration quality control, and other
manufacturing-related
• Design for manufacturing (DFM)
• Design science
activities. Its mission is to • Design for assembly (DFA)
design and optimize the • Taguchi method for robust design
product under the constraints • Manufacturing planning and control
such as functionality, • Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP)
producibility, and cost. • Computer-aided DFM (design for manufacturing)
• Group technology (GT)
• Failure-mode and effects analysis
• Value engineering
Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP)

Process planning consists of a set of instructions that describes

how to manufacture a part or build an assembly according to the
given manufacturing specifications. Part V: CURRENT DEVELOPMENT
Since this is the link between CAD and CAM, it is one of the key
elements in CAD/CAM integration and is drawing more attentions of
CAD/CAM developers in today’s competitive market.
Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is now part of ongoing
current efforts in integration of CAD and CAM.

CAD

Graphics, Visualization, Geometric Modeling Theory of Design

• Virtual reality Feature-Based Design
• Computational geometry
Modeling Design Methodologies and Technologies
• Grammatical design and geometric representation
• NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) Integration of Distributed Computer-Controlled Operations via Data Transfer in Network
• Virtual reality
Rendering • Computational geometry Distributed Simulation via Network
• Grammatical design and geometric representation
Web-Based Electronic Design
• NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline)
Analog CAD

User Interfaces • Virtual reality Modeling Language (VRML) Hierarchical Sequential Interactive Synthesis

Layout-Driven Logic Synthesis

High Performance Architectures
 Management and Practice of Applications Development
Hardware-Software Co-Simulation and Co-Design Digital Archive Development Based on Pattern Recognition and Typified Protocols

Virtual Environments for Design Information Retrieval and Manipulation

Virtual Environments for Ergonomic Design Development of Part Library

Knowledge-Based Systems (or expert systems) with Concurrent Engineering Improvement of Product Information Management

Development of Means for Design Coordination or Integrated Design: CE Verification Interacting with Synthesis

Optimization • Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) Synthesis Intelligent Design Support for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Computing Techniques
• Multi-Chip Modules (MCM)
• Integrated Circuit (IC) including VLIC Case-Based Reasoning
• Near-Optimal Approximation Algorithms
Data Management Tools

CAE CAM

Development of Computational Methods Machines and Machining Technologies

Nondeterministic Abstract Machines
Stereo Modeling Application of Iterative Design Principles in Development of
Processes and Products Solid Manufacturing

Scalable Computing for Large, Complex, and Advanced Processing with Shared Feature-Based Machining
Computational Resources
High Strength Composite Manufacturing Techniques

Mesh Generation in support of Numerical Methods Automated Milling, Welding, Coating, Painting, etc.

Industrial Lasers

Mobile Robots
Computer-Aided Production Engineering (CAPE) Sensing and Inspection
Process and Manufacturing Planning Machine Vision

Intelligent Product Manuals Remote Sensing and Diagnostic Imaging

Enterprise Information Management Automated Visual Inspection

Product Data Management Telerobotics

Automated Layout of Three-Dimensional Products Product Quality Improvement

Optimization: Development of Manufacturing Software in Manufacturing Nondestructive Testing Techniques

Virtual Reality (VR) Integrated Manufacturing Baseline Development Areas

• Product representation through feature-based
modeling
Virtual Manufacturing Integrated Product Development • Knowledge-based applications supporting the
entire life cycle
Virtual Assembly Rapid Prototyping (RP) • Engineering environment built around object-
oriented, distributed computing systems
• Direct manufacturing incorporating present
Virtual Environments for Telerobotics Rapid Response Prototyping (RRP) practices and freeform fabrication

Calibration in Virtual Environments Rapid Response Testbed • Development and verification of advanced
RRM application
• Vendor product integration and interaction
Present framework capability
• Integrated use and management of core
Present Applications information models and application software
• Concurrent information sharing
• Part family specialization
• Early validation of RRM requirements

Reverse Engineering
 • Agile manufacturing and flexible manufacturing
• Rapid prototyping (virtual and physical) and direct
fabrication
Development of CAD
• Intelligent controls and sensors

Especially advanced sensors, intelligent controls and innovative actuators

are emphasized which will be vital elements in future manufacturing
equipment and production systems.

2D Drawing (sketchpad) AutoCAD Drawing

Sketchpad: A Man-
Man-machine Graphical Communications System

47 48
 3D Wireframe, Surface, Solid Feature, parametric modeling

49 50

Content of CAD Design CAD/CAM System

Conceptual Marketing
BOM Configurator
Design Advanced Design Base
Base
Config Common Platform
Common Platform Options
Options
Configuration Studies
Config

Apply Configuration Rules • Low－－AutoCAD; MasterCAM

Multiple Configurations
Structural Subsystems Controls &
• Mid－－SolidWorks ;CAXA
Detailed Lofting Analysis DMU/DPA
Parts & Part Design Accessories
Design
• High－－UG；ProE；CATIA

Composites Cable Routing Quality & Mfg. Simulation

• Professional －－ Sculpture, Clothing, Blades 。。
。。
Tooling Fabrication 。
。
Design & Sheet Metal & Tubing Inspection

Simulation

51
 UG CATIA
• UG originated from the aviation
industry and automotive
industry ； • CAD / CAM / CAE / PDM
• Based on the Parasolid geometric application system of Dassault
modeling software, it uses Systems
constraint-based feature modeling
and traditional geometric
modeling

53 54

Data exchange standards

of CAD / CAM software
•• IGES
IGES standard
standard
•• STEP
STEP standard
standard

CATIA UG • Curve, surface representation

Data exchange
• Parametric / solid modeling
standard
• Assembly
CAXA Pro/E

55 56
 What is Surface Modeling? Curve, surface representation
Rational
Rational BB-spline
-spline Implicit
Implicit Algebraic
Algebraic
Computer
Graphics Surface
Surface Surface
Surface
Surface modeling CAGD
CAGD

m n  F ( x, y , z )  0

r (u,v )  J 3,0 (u ) J 3,1 (u ) J 3, 2 (u ) J 3,3 (u ) 
 d
i0 j0
i, j i, j Ni,k (u)Nj,l (v)
   
 V0,0 V0,1 V0, 2 V0,3  J 3, 0 (v )
     Surface analysis p(u,v)  m n such as :
J (v) 


V V V V
 1,0  1,1  1, 2  1,3   3,1 
Surface
V2, 0 V2 ,1 V2, 2 V2 ,3  J 3, 2 (v )
Surface Ni,k (u)Nj,l (v)

x2  y2  z2  1
    
 V3,0 V3,1 V3, 2 V3,3   J 3,3 (v ) 
i, j
representation
representation
 1 u u2    
u 3 M BE V M BE 1 v v 2
T
v3 
T i0 j0

Surface Design Surface display

57 58

Modeling method Surface modeling, operation

Interpolation
Interpolation
• Providing surface construction and modification
method for users to operate

Approximation

Fitting
扫掠
扫掠 裁剪
裁剪

59 60
 Parametric Design Feature Modeling
• Using constraints to define and modify geometry
• Describing geometry and topology information,
and engineering information.

Parametric
Parametric design
design of
of modular
modular fixture
fixture
61 62