A VCVS Notch or Band-Reject Active Filter
A VCVS Notch or Band-Reject Active Filter
The band-reject, or notch filter, is used to eliminate a single frequency (narrow band) from a system. This
is exactly the opposite of the band-pass filter, which is to
pass one frequency or a group of frequencies within a
given bandwidth. Consequently, there are similarities
between the notch filter and the band-pass filter. Both
filters have a center frequency and a quality factor Q,
which implies a bandwidth B. The response of a notch
filter is the mirror image of the band-pass filter about the Figure 1 – Notch Filter Amplitude Response
frequency axis.
The diagram shows the response of a notch filter for a particular factor. The resonance frequency of the
band-pass response will equal the point of minimum response of the notch filter.
…………… (151) VI
( ) VO
R1 R2
nd
The general form for 2 order notch filter is
given by C3=C1+C2
…………… (152)
Figure 2 – Twin-T Notch Filter
where ω0 is the center frequency (or notch frequency) and Q is the quality factor. It follows therefore that
…………… (153)
…………… (154)
To develop a design procedure, given ωn and Q, choose C1=C2=C giving C3=2C. Then from (154)
…………… (155)
Design steps
For given ω0 and Q
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1. Choose a suitable value of C1=C2=C.
2. Evaluate C3=2C.
3.
R3=R1//R2
One expects a third order response due to the 3 capacitors in the circuit. The choice C3=C1+C2 and
R3=R1//R2 forces a zero to cancel the real pole.
Exercise 1
Examine this by deriving the T.F. for C1, C2, C3 and R1, R2, R3.
Example
Design a Twin-T notch filter having a notch frequency of 104 rads-1 and Q=10; f0=1592Hz.
Solution
Given ω0=104 and Q=10.
Choose C1=C2=C=10nF.
Calculate
C3=2C=20nF
R3=500//200k=493Ω
Exercise 2
Design notch filter for f0=60Hz and Q=10.
( ) ( ) ( ) ............... (158)
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R1 R1
( ) .................
V
(159) I
C1 C1 V
O
After manipulation we get
2C1 R1/2
( ) R2=(1-X)R
( ) ............... (160)
R3=XR
Comparing (160) with (152), we get
............... (161)
Figure 3 – High Q Notch Filter X= R3/(R2 +R3)
( )
............... (162)
From (161),
............... (163)
Design Steps
1. Given centre frequency ω0 and Q, choose a value for G and R.
2. Calculate R1 using (163) and X using (164).
3. Calculate R2=(1-X)R and R3=XR.
Example
Design a notch filter having ω0=104rads-1, f0=1591Hz and Q=50.
Solution
Choose C1=10nF and R=10kΩ.
Then
R3=XR=9.95kΩ
R2=(1-X)R=50Ω
............... (166)
............... (167)
Let
............... (169)
Then,
[ ( )] [ ( )]
............... (170)
( ) ( )
The general form of a 2nd order notch filter with gain is given by
( )
............... (171)
where k is the frequency gain away from the centre frequency. Hence,
............... (172)
............... (173)
( )............... (174)
providing (169) is satisfied. For the normalized case when ω0=1, we select C=1F. The two of the
resistances may be assigned
R3 R6
arbitrarily. We choose R3=1 C
and R5=2. Then, (169) and
R4
(172) to (174) must be solved
R1 C
to get R1, R2, R4 and R6. VI VA
VB R5
............... (175) VO
R2
( )............... (176)
............... (177)
............... (178)
............... (179) Figure 4 – 2nd Order Positive Feedback Notch Filter
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............... (180)
Example
Design a 2nd order infinite gain MFB notch to reject a centre frequency of 1 kHz with a Q-factor, Q=10
and a gain of k=5.
Solution
Knowing the value of Q and the 1Ω 5Ω
Figure 5 – Normalized 2nd Order Positive Feedback Notch Filter designed by Example
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