CHEN 3009/5042

Fluid and Particle Processes Tutorial-7

Fluidisation

Lihong LIU
[email protected]
For a bed of particles of density ρs , fluidized by a fluid of density ρ
to form a bed of depth H and voidage ε in a vessel of cross sectional area A,

𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 − 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑

𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺 𝝆𝝆𝒔𝒔 − 𝝆𝝆 𝒈𝒈
∆𝒑𝒑 =
𝑨𝑨

∆𝒑𝒑/∆𝑯𝑯 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺 𝝆𝝆𝒔𝒔 − 𝝆𝝆 𝒈𝒈
A) For a slow flow, we can use Kozeny equation

𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒗𝒗𝒑𝒑 𝝁𝝁 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲(𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺)𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐

{ 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
=
𝑫𝑫𝑯𝑯
=
𝜺𝜺𝟑𝟑
∆𝒑𝒑/∆𝑯𝑯 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺 𝝆𝝆𝒔𝒔 − 𝝆𝝆 𝒈𝒈
Chapter 4, Porous Flow, Page 5

Where 𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 is the minimum

𝝆𝝆𝒔𝒔 − 𝝆𝝆 𝒈𝒈𝜺𝜺𝟑𝟑 fluidisation velocity;
𝒗𝒗 = 𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝑲𝑲𝝁𝝁(𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺)𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝜺𝜺 should be 𝜺𝜺𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 which is typically
about 0.45-0.50
S is the specific surface, namely the
surface area of a particle divided by
its volume.
B) At larger Reynolds number – faster flow

𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑 𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺 𝑺𝑺 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐 Chapter 4, Porous Flow, Page 8

= 𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑 = + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝜺𝜺𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹

𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 can be calculated using Richardson-Zaki

correlation

Khan and Richardson correlation

𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 − 𝒏𝒏 𝑫𝑫𝒑𝒑
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝑫𝑫𝑻𝑻

Dp and DT are the particle diameter

and the vessel diameter, respectively.
C) From Ergun equation (for turbulent and laminar flow)

𝛛𝛛𝒑𝒑 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺 𝟐𝟐 𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 (𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺�

− = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝛛𝛛𝑿𝑿 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝜺𝜺𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝒙𝜺𝜺𝟑𝟑

 Archimedes’ number Ar
𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝜺𝜺𝟑𝟑 𝜺𝜺𝟑𝟑

For other shape of particle, a general equation

𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺 𝟏𝟏
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟐
𝝋𝝋 𝜺𝜺 𝝋𝝋𝜺𝜺
Empirical correlations

𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟐 𝜺𝜺𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒

𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝝁𝝁
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆

Bed height and porosity

𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺𝟏𝟏
=
𝑯𝑯𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺𝟐𝟐
d) From Experimental Data
 𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 (𝝆𝝆𝒑𝒑 − 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 )𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 𝒈𝒈 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝝁𝝁
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒗𝒗∞ = Chapter 3, Motion of
𝝁𝝁𝒇𝒇 𝟐𝟐 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 particles in a fluid, Page 6
1. What is the terminal velocity of a 150 μm diameter particle
having density of 3145 kg/m3 settling in air? If the particles
are to be dried in a fluidised bed, 𝒗𝒗∞?
A. At what superficial gas velocity will the bed start to
fluidise? 𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎?
B. What will be the bed expansion if the superficial gas
velocity is 50% of the particles’ terminal
velocity? 𝑯𝑯𝟏𝟏
=
𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺
𝑯𝑯 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺𝟏𝟏

(Density of air = 1.2 kg/m3, μair =17.5 x 10-6 Pa s)

𝑫𝑫𝒑𝒑 =150 μm 𝝆𝝆𝒑𝒑 =3145 kg/m3

𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 =1.2 kg/m3 μair =17.5 x 10-6 Pa s

𝒗𝒗∞ ?

𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 (𝝆𝝆𝒑𝒑 − 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 )𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 𝒈𝒈

𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 =
𝝁𝝁𝒇𝒇 𝟐𝟐

𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝝁𝝁
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒗𝒗∞ =
𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆
 𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 (𝝆𝝆𝒑𝒑 − 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 )𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 𝒈𝒈
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 =
𝝁𝝁𝒇𝒇 𝟐𝟐

(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔 )𝟑𝟑 × (𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐) × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖

=
(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔 )𝟐𝟐

= 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒

From Ar to Re Chart, Re≅ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 =
𝝁𝝁

𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝝁𝝁 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔

∴ 𝒗𝒗∞ = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔
𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔
407.4

12
 𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎?

(a) Assume 𝜺𝜺 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒,

use empirical equation 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟐

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟐

𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑫𝑫
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝝁𝝁
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝝁𝝁
𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = =
𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆
 𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎?

(a) Assume 𝜺𝜺 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒,

use empirical equation 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟐

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟐

𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑫𝑫
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝝁𝝁
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝝁𝝁 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔
𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = −𝟔𝟔
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔
𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
 𝑫𝑫𝒑𝒑 =150 μm 𝝆𝝆𝒑𝒑 =3145 kg/m3

𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 =1.2 kg/m3 μair =17.5 x 10-6 Pa s

What will be the bed expansion if the superficial gas velocity is 50% of the
particles’ terminal velocity?

𝑯𝑯𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺
=
𝑯𝑯 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺𝟏𝟏

𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 = 𝒗𝒗∞ 𝜺𝜺𝒏𝒏 Richardson-Zaki correlation

𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 − 𝒏𝒏 𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝑫𝑫𝒑𝒑 Khan and Richardson
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 correlation
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝑫𝑫𝑻𝑻
 𝒎𝒎
(b) When 𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒗𝒗∞ = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝒔𝒔

𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 − 𝒏𝒏 𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝑫𝑫𝒑𝒑
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝑫𝑫𝑻𝑻

𝑫𝑫𝒑𝒑 𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Assueme 𝑫𝑫𝒑𝒑 ≪ 𝑫𝑫𝑻𝑻 , ≅ 𝟎𝟎
𝑫𝑫𝑻𝑻

𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 − 𝒏𝒏
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒

𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 − 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝒏𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
From Richardson-Zaki formula

𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 = 𝒗𝒗∞ 𝜺𝜺𝒏𝒏

𝟏𝟏
𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 𝒏𝒏
𝜺𝜺𝟏𝟏 =
𝒗𝒗∞

𝟏𝟏
𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟑.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝜺𝜺𝟏𝟏 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺
𝑯𝑯𝟏𝟏 = 𝑯𝑯
𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺𝟏𝟏

𝑯𝑯𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒
= = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑯𝑯 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
2. The following table gives experimental results of bed
pressure drop/fluidising velocity data for a bed of
granular material operating at ambient conditions.
For this bed, the particles have a mean size of 427 µm
and density of 2780 kg/m3. The bed voidage of 0.417.
The fluidising gas density and viscosity are 1.21
kg/m3 and 1.82×10-5 Pa s. Estimate the minimum
fluidising velocity and sphericity of the particles.

Gas velocity Bed pressure drop Gas velocity Bed pressure drop
(m/s) (mm water gauge) (m/s) (mm water gauge)
0.02 35 0.16 231
0.04 70 0.18 239
0.06 105 0.20 244
0.08 140 0.22 244
0.10 173 0.24 244
0.12 201 0.26 244
0.14 220 0.28 244
 gas
velocity gauge
mm
m/s water
0.02 35
0.04 70
0.06 105
0.08 140
0.1 173
0.12 201
0.14 220
0.16 231
0.18 239
0.2 244
0.22 244
0.24 244
0.26 244
0.28 244
 gas
velocity gauge
mm
m/s water 300
0.02 35
0.04 70 250

Bed Pressure Drop (mm water)

0.06 105 200

0.08 140
0.1 173 150

0.12 201 100

0.14 220
50
0.16 231
0.18 239 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
0.2 244 fluidising velocity (m/s)
0.22 244
0.24 244
0.26 244
0.28 244 𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔
𝜑𝜑 =?
𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺 𝟏𝟏
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟐
𝝋𝝋 𝜺𝜺 𝝋𝝋𝜺𝜺
D= 427 µm
𝝆𝝆𝒑𝒑 =2780 kg/m3

𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 =1.21 kg/m3

𝝁𝝁𝒇𝒇 =1.82×10-5 Pa s

𝜺𝜺=0.417

𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 (𝝆𝝆𝒑𝒑 − 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 )𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 𝒈𝒈

𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 =
𝝁𝝁𝒇𝒇 𝟐𝟐

𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑫𝑫
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝝁𝝁
𝜑𝜑 =?
𝟏𝟏 − 𝜺𝜺 𝟏𝟏
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟐
𝝋𝝋 𝜺𝜺 𝝋𝝋𝜺𝜺

𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 (𝝆𝝆𝒑𝒑 − 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 )𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 𝒈𝒈

𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 =
𝝁𝝁𝒇𝒇 𝟐𝟐

−𝟔𝟔 𝟑𝟑
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
= −𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟐
= 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟕
(𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 )

𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑫𝑫 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔

𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝝁𝝁 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟓𝟓

𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏
𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟐
𝝋𝝋 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝝋𝝋 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

𝝋𝝋 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖