Q58565A 24pt A3 4BI1 - 2B Question Paper

Paper Reference(s) 4BI1 /2B
Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)
Biology
Unit: 4BI1
Paper: 2B
Friday 7 June 2019 – Afternoon
Time: 1
hour 15 minutes plus your additional time
allowance
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your centre number, candidate number,
surname, other names and your signature in the
boxes below. Check that you have the correct
question paper.
Centre No.
Candidate No.
Surname
Other names
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Paper Reference 4 B I 1 2 B
Q58565A (Turn over)

2
●
Use BLACK ink or ball‑point pen.
● Answer ALL questions.
●
Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there
may be more space than you need.
●
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the
units.
●
Some questions must be answered with a cross in
a box . If you change your mind about an answer,
put a line through the box and then mark your
new answer with a cross .
MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR EXAMINATION

Calculator, ruler
ITEMS INCLUDED WITH QUESTION PAPERS

Nil
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

●
The total mark for this paper is 70.
●
The marks for EACH question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend
on each question.
ADVICE TO CANDIDATES
●
Read each question carefully before you start to
answer it.
●
Write your answers neatly and in good English.
●
Try to answer every question.
●
Check your answers if you have time at the end.
(Turn over)
3
Answer ALL questions.
1 Read the passage below. Use the information in

the passage and your own knowledge to answer the
questions that follow.
Global warming and the Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef is found in the sea off the

North‑East coast of Australia. It is the largest coral
reef in the world.
Great Barrier
Reef
Australia
Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems. Coral grows

5 best on rock found in shallow, clear moving water.
The coral is made from a hard calcium shell that
contains small animals. Inside the bodies of these
animals there are microscopic organisms called
(Continues on next page)

(Turn over)
4
algae. These animals and algae have a mutualistic

10 relationship. In a mutualistic relationship, both
species benefit by living together.
A scientific study found that higher sea temperatures

in 2016 caused the worst destruction of corals ever
recorded on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Many
15 scientists believe that the increase in sea temperature
is the result of an increase in carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
About 70% of coral died in the northern section of the

reef. One of the worst‑hit areas was around Lizard
20 Island in North Queensland, where almost 90% of the
coral died. The situation was better in the central
section, where only about 5% died. The southern
section of the reef was healthy. Scientists warn that
recovery of the coral reefs will be difficult if climate
25 change continues.
Some coral death is the result of overheating.

However, far more coral has been lost through
bleaching. Coral bleaching happens when sea
temperatures rise for a long period of time. The algae
30 cannot survive so the coral starves. The pigments in
the algae give coral its colour. After bleaching, the
coral appears white because it is now without the
colourful algae that provide its main source of energy.
(Continues on next page)
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5
Some coral survives the higher sea temperatures.

35 However, another study has found that this coral has
now come under increased threat from predators
such as snails and the crown‑of‑thorns starfish.
Scientists are hopeful that the reef is capable of

recovery, but fear it may not have an opportunity as
40 sea temperatures continue to rise. The Australian
Government has published recommendations in a
long‑term sustainability plan for the coral reef.
(Question continues on next page)
(Turn over)
6
(a) What is meant by the term ECOSYSTEM (line 4)?

(2 marks)
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7
(b) Suggest how the mutualistic relationship between

the small animals and the algae inside them is of
benefit to both species (lines 9 to 11). (2 marks)
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(Turn over)
8
(c) (i) Explain why coral grows best in shallow, clear

water (lines 4 and 5). (2 marks)
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(Turn over)
9
(ii) Suggest why coral grows best in moving

water (lines 4 and 5). (2 marks)
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(Turn over)
10
(d) Suggest how scientists are able to find the

percentage of coral that has died in a section of
the reef. (3 marks)
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11
(e) Give one reason why coral that survives higher

sea temperatures is under increased threat from
predators (lines 34 to 37). (1 mark)
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_________________________________________________________
(f) Suggest what recommendations should be

included in the sustainability plan for the coral reef
(lines 40 to 42). (3 marks)
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(Continue your answer on next page)
(Turn over)
12
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(TOTAL FOR QUESTION 1 = 15 MARKS)
(Questions continue on next page)
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13
2 The leaves of plants make starch.
(a) Describe how you would test a leaf to show that it

contains starch. (3 marks)
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(Turn over)
14
_________________________________________________________
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(Turn over)
15
(b) The diagram shows the structure of part of a leaf.
cell in
palisade
mesophyll
cell in
spongy
mesophyll
Explain the differences between the palisade

mesophyll and the spongy mesophyll. (4 marks)
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_________________________________________________________

(Turn over)
16
_________________________________________________________
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(Turn over)
17
(c) A student uses this method to investigate the role

of leaves in transpiration.
● remove four leaves from a plant
● cover the upper surface of one leaf with
petroleum jelly
● cover the lower surface of one leaf with
petroleum jelly
● cover both surfaces of one leaf with petroleum
jelly
● keep one leaf uncovered
● measure the mass of each leaf
● suspend the leaves for several hours in air
After several hours, the student measures the

mass of each leaf again.
(Turn over)
18
The graph shows his results.
Key
mass before
mass after
1·60
1·40
1·20
1·00
Mass
in g 0·80
0·60
0·40
0·20
0·00
upper lower both neither
Surface of leaf covered by

petroleum jelly
(Turn over)
19
The student concludes that transpiration occurs

mainly from the upper surface of leaves.
Evaluate this conclusion. (3 marks)
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(Turn over)
20
_________________________________________________________
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(Turn over)
21
3 Bags made from starch are better for the environment

than plastic bags made from fossil fuels.
Bags made from starch are decomposed by

microorganisms such as soil fungi.
(a) (i) Which of these is a feature of fungi? (1 mark)
A chloroplasts in the cytoplasm
B starch stored in the cytoplasm
C thread‑like hyphae
D walls made of cellulose
(ii) The soil fungi release an enzyme called

amylase that digests the bag.
What is the product of this digestion?

(1 mark)
A amino acids
B fatty acids
C glycerol
D maltose

(Turn over)
22
(iii) Amylase is a protein.
Describe how protein is made in a cell.

(5 marks)
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(Turn over)
23
_________________________________________________________
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(Turn over)
24
(b) A student investigates the effect of soil pH on the

decomposition of bags made from starch.
She uses this method.

● cut two small squares from a bag
● measure the mass of each small square
● place one square in a beaker of soil with a
pH of 7·0
● place the other square in a beaker of soil with
a pH of 9·0
● after 10 days, remove the squares and
measure their mass again
The table shows the student’s results.
Mass of square in g Percentage loss

pH of soil
at start after 10 days in mass (%)
7·0 2·00 1·00 50·0
9·0 2·10 0·62
(Turn over)
25
(i) Calculate the percentage loss in mass shown

by the square in pH 9·0 soil. (1 mark)
percentage = __________________
(ii) Calculate the difference between the

percentage loss in mass for the two squares.
(1 mark)
difference = __________________
(Turn over)
26
(iii) Explain how the student could improve her

method so that she can obtain more accurate
results. (4 marks)
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(Turn over)
27
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(Turn over)
28
4 The diagram shows a nephron from a human kidney,

with parts labelled A, B, C and D.
B D
(a) Use the diagram and your knowledge of kidney

function to answer the questions on page 29.
(Turn over)
29
(i) Where does ultrafiltration take place?

(1 mark)
(ii) Where does reabsorption of glucose take

place? (1 mark)
(iii) Which part responds to a change in ADH?

(1 mark)

(Turn over)
30
(b) A kangaroo rat is a mammal that lives in hot desert

regions of America.
(i) In kangaroo rats, the tissue surrounding the

collecting duct contains a high concentration
of ions.
Explain how this feature enables kangaroo

rats to survive in the desert. (3 marks)
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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(Turn over)
31
_________________________________________________________
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(Turn over)
32
(ii) Kangaroo rats stay underground during the

day and only come out to feed at night.
Explain how this behaviour enables kangaroo

rats to survive in the desert. (2 marks)
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_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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(Turn over)
33
(iii) Kangaroo rats rarely drink water.
Suggest where they get their water from.

(1 mark)
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_________________________________________________________
(Turn over)
34
5 In humans, males are heterogametic because they

have two different sex chromosomes. Females are
homogametic because they have two similar sex
chromosomes.
(a) Give the sex chromosomes in the body cell of a

human male. (1 mark)
_________________________________________________________
(b) In birds, females are heterogametic and have a

Z chromosome and a W chromosome.
(i) What are the sex chromosomes in the body

cell of a male bird? (1 mark)
A XY
B ZW
C ZY
D ZZ
(Turn over)
35
(ii) A male and female bird have four offspring.
Calculate the probability that these offspring

will all be female. (2 marks)
probability = __________________
(Turn over)
36
(c) Human females generally reach puberty between

the ages of 11 and 16.
At puberty, hormonal changes occur that cause

females to start ovulating.
(i) The table lists the four hormones involved in

controlling the menstrual cycle.
It also shows the source of secretion and a
function of each hormone.
Complete the table by giving the missing

information. (4 marks)
Hormone Source Function
FSH stimulates follicle growth
LH pituitary
oestrogen repairs the uterus lining
progesterone ovary
(Turn over)
(ii) The chart shows the changes in the levels of the four hormones during
the menstrual cycle.
Key
P
Q
ovulation
menstruation R
S
37
Level of
hormone
0 7 14 21 28
Time in days

(Turn over)
38
Each letter, P, Q, R and S, represents a

different hormone.
Give the correct letter for each hormone.

(3 marks)
FSH __________________
LH __________________
Oestrogen __________________
Progesterone __________________
(Turn over)
39
6 The surface area of a lung is increased because there

are many small alveoli rather than one large one.
(a) A student uses cubes as a model to estimate the

additional surface area gained by having many
small alveoli.
He uses this method.

● calculate the volume of a large cube with side
length 20 cm
● calculate the number of small cubes with side
length 1 cm that have the same total volume
as the large cube
● calculate the surface area of the large cube
● calculate the total surface area of all the small
cubes
The student assumes that the small cubes are not

touching so all their surfaces are exposed.
The table on page 40 shows the student’s results.
(Turn over)
40
(i) Complete the table by giving the missing

information. (2 marks)
Side Surface Total Volume of Total

length area of one surface area one cube volume
in cm cube in cm2 in cm2 in cm3 in cm3
20 2400 2400 8000 8000
1 1 8000
(ii) Calculate the ratio of the total surface area

of the small cubes to the surface area of the
large cube. (1 mark)
ratio = __________________
(Turn over)
41
(b) Evaluate the student’s model as a representation

of the lungs. (2 marks)
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(Turn over)
42
(c) The results show that many alveoli increase

the surface area, which will increase the rate of
diffusion.
Explain three other ways that alveoli are adapted

to maximise gas exchange. (3 marks)
1________________________________________________________
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2________________________________________________________
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(Turn over)
43
3________________________________________________________
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(Turn over)
44
7 Scientists produce large numbers of genetically

identical plants using micropropagation.
The diagram shows some of the stages of

micropropagation.
Stage 1 Small pieces

called explants cut
from plant
Stage 3 Explant
transferred to
Stage 2
agar plate containing
Explant is
nutrients and
sterilised
plant growth
substances
Stage 4
Agar plate
Stage 5 Small incubated and
plants grown explant grows
in glasshouse into a callus
before being
planted outside
(Turn over)
45
(a) (i) Give a method that could be used to sterilise

the explants in stage 2. (1 mark)
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
(ii) Give the name of one of the nutrients that

should be added to the agar plate in stage 3.
(1 mark)
_________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________
(Turn over)
46
(b) In micropropagation, small pieces of plant tissue

can grow into new individuals.
Explain why small pieces of animal tissue cannot

grow into new individuals. (2 marks)
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TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

END

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Paper Reference(s) 4BI1 /2B

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Friday 7 June 2019 – Afternoon

Q58565A (Turn over)

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR EXAMINATION

ITEMS INCLUDED WITH QUESTION PAPERS

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

Answer ALL questions.

1 Read the passage below. Use the information in

Global warming and the Great Barrier Reef

The Great Barrier Reef is found in the sea off the

Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems. Coral grows

(Continues on next page)

algae. These animals and algae have a mutualistic

A scientific study found that higher sea temperatures

About 70% of coral died in the northern section of the

Some coral death is the result of overheating.

(Continues on next page)

Some coral survives the higher sea temperatures.

Scientists are hopeful that the reef is capable of

(Question continues on next page)

(a) What is meant by the term ECOSYSTEM (line 4)?

(Question continues on next page)

(b) Suggest how the mutualistic relationship between

(Question continues on next page)

(c) (i) Explain why coral grows best in shallow, clear

(Question continues on next page)

(ii) Suggest why coral grows best in moving

(Question continues on next page)

(d) Suggest how scientists are able to find the

(Question continues on next page)

(e) Give one reason why coral that survives higher

(f) Suggest what recommendations should be

(Continue your answer on next page)

(TOTAL FOR QUESTION 1 = 15 MARKS)

(Questions continue on next page)

2 The leaves of plants make starch.

(a) Describe how you would test a leaf to show that it

(Continue your answer on next page)

(Question continues on next page)

(b) The diagram shows the structure of part of a leaf.

Explain the differences between the palisade

(Continue your answer on next page)

(Question continues on next page)

(c) A student uses this method to investigate the role

After several hours, the student measures the

(Question continues on next page)

The graph shows his results.

Surface of leaf covered by

(Question continues on next page)

The student concludes that transpiration occurs

Evaluate this conclusion. (3 marks)

(Continue your answer on next page)

(TOTAL FOR QUESTION 2 = 10 MARKS)

(Questions continue on next page)

3 Bags made from starch are better for the environment

Bags made from starch are decomposed by

(a) (i) Which of these is a feature of fungi? (1 mark)

A chloroplasts in the cytoplasm