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Triangle Formula 1 22

The document defines and describes properties of triangles. It discusses the different types of triangles based on angles (acute, right, obtuse) and sides (scalene, isosceles, equilateral). Important lines in a triangle like medians, altitudes, angle bisectors are defined. The geometric centers of a triangle including orthocenter, centroid, circumcenter and incentre are explained. Various properties and theorems regarding triangles such as Pythagoras theorem, interior/exterior angle bisector theorems are outlined. Formulas to calculate area, altitude, circumradius for different types of triangles are also provided.

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Harsh Ranjan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views

Triangle Formula 1 22

The document defines and describes properties of triangles. It discusses the different types of triangles based on angles (acute, right, obtuse) and sides (scalene, isosceles, equilateral). Important lines in a triangle like medians, altitudes, angle bisectors are defined. The geometric centers of a triangle including orthocenter, centroid, circumcenter and incentre are explained. Various properties and theorems regarding triangles such as Pythagoras theorem, interior/exterior angle bisector theorems are outlined. Formulas to calculate area, altitude, circumradius for different types of triangles are also provided.

Uploaded by

Harsh Ranjan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Triangle

Triangle is a polygon, which has three sides, three angles and three
vertices.
A

B C

Basic properties of a triangle:


1. Sum of all three angles of any triangle equals 180°.
2. The sum of the length of any two sides of a triangle is always greater
than the length of the third side.
3. The side opposite to the largest angle of a triangle is the largest side.
4. The angle opposite to the largest side of a triangle is the largest
angle.
5. The side opposite to the smallest angle of a triangle is the smallest
side.
6. The angle opposite to the smallest side of a triangle is the smallest
angle.
7. Any exterior angle of the triangle is equal to the sum of its interior
opposite angles.

Types of triangles:
I. Based on the angle measurement:
1. Acute angle triangle:
A triangle that has all three angles less than 90° is an acute angle
triangle.

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2. Right angle triangle:


A triangle that has one angle that measures exactly 90° is a right-
angle triangle.

Note:

a. The other two angles of a right-angle triangle are acute angles.


b. The side opposite to the right angle is the largest side of the
triangle and is called the hypotenuse.

c. Pythagoras theorem:
In a right-angled triangle, the sum of squares of the perpendicular
sides is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.
For example: In above right-angled triangle ACB,
(AC)2 + (CB)2 = (AB)2
Vice versa, we can say that if a triangle satisfies the Pythagoras
condition, then it is a right-angled triangle.

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3. Obtuse Angle Triangle:

A triangle that has one angle that measures more than 90° is an
obtuse angle triangle.

I. Based on the length of the sides:

1. Scalene triangle:

A triangle that has all three sides of different lengths is a scalene


triangle.

Note: Since all the three sides are of different lengths, the three
angles will also be different.

Note: Since all the three sides are of different lengths, the three
angles will also be different.

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2. Isosceles triangle:

A triangle that has two sides of the same length and the third side of a
different length is an isosceles triangle.

Note: The angles opposite the equal sides measure the same.

3. Equilateral triangle:

A triangle which has all the three sides of the same length is an
equilateral triangle.

Note: Since all the three sides are of the same length, all the three
angles will also be equal and each interior angle of an equilateral
triangle = 60°

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Important lines in a triangle:

1. Median: A line joining the mid-point of a side with the opposite


vertex is called a median.
2. Altitude: A perpendicular drawn from a vertex to the opposite side
is called the altitude.
3. Perpendicular bisector: A line that bisects and also makes right
angle with the same side of the triangle is called perpendicular
bisector.
4. Angle bisector: A line that divides the angle at one of the vertices
into two parts is called angular bisector.

Note:

a. All points on an angular bisector are equidistant from both


arms of the angle.
b. All points on a perpendicular bisector of a line are equidistant
from both ends of the line.
c. In an equilateral triangle, the perpendicular bisector, median,
angle bisector and altitude (drawn from a vertex to a side)
coincide.

Geometric centres:

1. Orthocentre:

The point of intersection of the three altitudes is the Orthocentre.

2. Centroid:

The point of intersection of the three medians is the centroid.

3. Circumcentre:

The three perpendicular bisectors of a triangle meet at a point


called the Circumcentre. A circle drawn from this point with the
circumradius would pass through all the vertices of the triangle.

4. Incentre:

The three angle bisectors of a triangle meet at a point called the


incentre of a triangle. The incentre is equidistant from the three
sides and a circle drawn from this point with the inradius would
touch all the sides of the triangle.

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Other properties of a triangle:

1. Apollonius theorem:

In a triangle ABC, if AD is the median to side BC then by


Apollonius theorem,

2 × (AD2 + BD2) = AC2 + AB2

2. Mid-Point Theorem:

The line joining the midpoint of any two sides in a triangle is


parallel to the third side and is half the length of the third side. If
X is the midpoint of CA and Y is the midpoint of CB Then XY will
be parallel to AB and XY = ½ × AB

3. Basic proportionality theorem:

If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle which intersects


the other two sides at two distinct points, then the line divides the
two sides in the same ratio.

For example: In a triangle ABC, D and E are the points lying on


AB and BC respectively and DE is parallel to AC then

AD CE
=
DB BE

4. Interior Angular Bisector theorem:

In a triangle the angular bisector of an angle divides the side


opposite to the angle, in the ratio of the remaining two sides.

For example: In a triangle ABC, if AD is the angle bisector of


angle A, then AD divides the side BC in the same ratio as the
other two sides of the triangle. i.e.

BD AB
=
CD AC

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5. Exterior Angular Bisector theorem:

The angular bisector of exterior angle of a triangle divides the


opposite side externally in the ratio of the sides containing the
angle.

For example: In a triangle ABC, if AD is the angle bisector of


exterior angle CAB of a triangle i.e.

BD AB
=
CD AC

6. Equilateral triangle:

If P is the side of an equilateral triangle, then

√3
a. Altitude (h) = P
2
√3
b. Area = P2
2
h 1 √3 P
c. Inradius = = × P=
33 2 2√3
2h 2 √3 P
d. Circumradius = = × P=
3 3 2 √3

𝒂
7. Area of an isosceles triangle = √𝟒𝒄 − 𝒂𝟐
𝟒

(where a, b and c are the length of the sides of BC, AC and AB


respectively and b = c)

8. Similar triangles:

If two triangles are similar then their corresponding angles are


equal and the corresponding sides will be in proportion.
For any two similar triangles:
a. Ratio of sides = Ratio of medians = Ratio of heights = Ratio of
circumradii = Ratio of Angular bisectors
b. Ratio of areas = Ratio of the square of the sides.
c. Tests of similarity: (AA / SSS / SAS)

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9. Congruent triangles:

If two triangles are congruent then their corresponding angles


and their corresponding sides are equal.

Tests of congruence: (SSS / SAS / AAS / ASA)

Area of a triangle:

a. Area = ½ × base × height


b. A = √s (s − a) (s − b) (s − c), where s = (a + b + c)/2
c. A = ½ × ab × Sin C, where C is the angle formed between sides
a and b
abc
d. A = , where R = circumradius
4R
a+b+c
e. A = r × s, where r = in-radius and s = , where a, b and c
2
are the lengths of the sides BC, AC and AB.

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