Designation: D 638 - 02a

INTERNATIONAL

Standard Test Method for

Tensile Properties of Plastics
Ths standard is issued under the fixed designation D 638; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (E) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope * 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
defined conditions of pretreatment , temperature, humidity, and
testing machine speed. 2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials of any
1 ASTM Standards:
thickness up to 14 mm (0. 55 in. ). However , for testing
D 229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials
specimens in the form of thn sheeting, including film less than
Used for Electrical Insulation
1.0 mm (0. 04 in. ) in thickness, Test Methods D 882 is the
D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-
preferred test method. Materials with a thickness greater than
plastic Elastomers- Tension
14 mm (0. 55 in. ) must be reduced by machining.
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
1.3 This test method includes the option of determning
D 651 Test Method for Tensile Strength of Molded Electri-
Poisson s ratio at room temperature.
cal Insulating Materials
NOTE I-This test method and ISO 527- 1 are tech;.cally equivalent. D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
NOTE 2-This test method is not intended to cover precise physical Sheeting
procedures. It is recognized that the constant rate of crosshead movement D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
type of test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, that
wide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and rate
D 1822 Test Method for Tensile- Impact Energy to Break

of strain between gage marks on the specimen, and that the testing speeds Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
specified disguise important effects characteristic of materials in the D 3039/D 3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of
plastic state. Furter, it is realized that varations in the thicknesses of test Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
specimens, which are permtted by these procedures , produce varations in D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-
the surface-volume ratios of such specimens, and that these varations may rials 7
influence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results are D 4066 Classification System for Nylon Injection and Ex-
desired , all samples should be of equal thckness. Special additional tests
trusion Materials 7
should be used where more precise physical data are needed.
NOTE 3- This test method may be used for testing phenolic molded D 5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
resin or lamnated materials. However, where these materials are used as Plastic Specimens
electrcal insulation , such materials should be tested in accordance with E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
Test Methods D 229 and Test Method D 651. E 83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
NOTE 4-For tensile properties of resin-matrx composites reinforced someter
with oriented continuous or discontinuous high modulus 20- GPa
0 X 10 psi) fibers , tests shall be made in accordance with Test
E 132 Test Method for Poisson s Ratio at Room Tempera-
Method D 3039/D 3039M.
ture
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.4 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and
appropriate for use in engineering design.
5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 10. 01.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 09. 01.
only. 4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 08. 01.
5 Discontinued; see 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 10. 01.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 15. 03.

1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commttee D20 on Plastics Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08. 02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 08. 03.
and is the direct responsibilty of Subcommttee D20. 1O on Mechancal Propertes. 9 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 03. 01.
Current edition approved November 10 , 2002. Published Januar 2003. Origi-
nally approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 638 - 02.

* A Sumary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright ASTM International , 100 Barr Harbor Drive , PO Box C700, West Conshohocken , PA 19428- 2959 , United States.
 o D638- 02a
defined type. Such a constant is useful if its
Determe the Precision of a Test Method modulus of the usualy
arbitrar nature and dependence on time, temperatue, and simlar factors
ISO' Standard:
are realized.
ISO 527- 1 Determation of Tensile Propertes
4.4 Poisson s Ratio-When uniaxial tensile force is applied
i Termnology to a solid , the solid stretches in the direction of the applied
1 Definitions-Definitions of terms applying to ths test force (axially), but it also contracts in both diensions lateral
method appear in TermnologyD 883 and Anex A2. to the applied force. If the solid is homogeneous and isotropic
and the material remains elastic under the action of the applied
4. Signcance and Use force , the lateral strain bears a constant relationship to the axial
1 Ths test method is designed to produce tensile property strain. Ths constant , called Poisson s ratio , is defined as the
data for the control and specification of plastic materials. These negative ratio of the transverse (negative) to axial strain under
data are also useful for qualitative characterization and for uniaxial stress.
research and development. For many materials , there may be a 4.4. 1 Poisson s ratio is used for the design of strctues in
if the
the specification that requires the use of ths test method , but with which all dimensional changes resulting from the application
opro- some procedural modifications that take precedence when of force need to be taken into account and in the application of
Jlica- adhering to the specification. Therefore, . it is advisable to refer the generalized theory of elasticity to strctual analysis.
to that material specification before using ths test method. NOTE 6-The accuracy of the determnation of Poisson s ratio is
Table 1 in Classification D 4000 lists the ASTM materials usually limited by the accuracy of the transverse strain measurements
stadards. that curently exist. because the percentage errors in these measurements are usualy greater
2 Tensile properties may var with specimen preparation than in the axal strain measurements. Since a ratio rather than an absolute
rials and with speed and environment of testing. Consequently, quantity is measured, it is only necessar to know accurately the relative
where precise comparative results are desired , these factors value of the calbration factors of the extensometers, Also , in general , the
value of the applied loads need not be known accurately.
:rmo- must be carefully controlled.
4.2. 1 It is realzed that a material canot be tested without
5. Apparatus
also testing the method of preparation of that material. Hence,
when comparative tests of materials per se are desired , the 1 Testing Machine- testig machine of the constat-
ctri -
rate-of-crosshead-movement type and comprising essentialy
greatest care must be exercised to ensure that al samples are
the following:
lastic prepared in exactly the same way, unless the test is to include
the effects of sample preparation. Similarly, for referee pur- 1.1 Fixed Member- fixed or essentially stationar
poses or comparsons withn any given series of specimens, member caring one grp.
care must be taken to secure the maxmum degree of unior- 1.2 Movable Member- movable member caring a
Ireak
mity in details of preparation, treatment , and handlg. second grp. .
:s of 4.3 Tensile propertes may provide useful data for plastics 1.3 Grips-Grips for holding the test specimen between
engineering design puroses. Bowever, because of the high the fixed member and the movable member of the testing
degree of sensitivity e bitedby many plastics to rate of machie can be either the fixed or self- algng type.
1ate-
straining and environme tal conditions , data obtained by ths 1.. 1 Fixed grps are rigidly attached to the fixed and
test method canot be considered valid for applications involv- movable members of the testig machie. When ths type of
Ex-
ing load- time scales or environments widely different from grip is used extreme care should be taken to ensure that the test
those of ths test method. In cases of such dissimilarty, specimen is inserted and clamped so that the long axis of the
)olid
reliable estiation of the limit of usefulness can be made for test specimen coincides with the diection of pull though the
most plastics. Ths sensitivity to rate of straining and environ- center line of the grip assembly.
ment necessitates testig over a broad load- time scale (includ- 1.3. 2 Self- algnng grps are attached to the fixed and
(ten-
ing impact and creep) and range of environmental conditions movable members of the testing machine in such a maner that
)era - tensile properties are to suffce for engineering design pur- they wil move freely into algnent as soon as any load is
poses. applied so that the long axs of the test specimen wil coincide
with the diection of the applied pull though the center line of
ly to NOT 5-Since the existence of a tre elastic limit in plastics (as in the grp assembly. The specimens should be aligned as per-
many other organc materials and in many metas) is debatable, the
propriety of applying the term "elastic modulus " in its quoted, generaly
fectly as possible with the diection of pull so that no rotar
accepted definition to describe the " stiess " or "rigidity" of a plastic has motion that may induce slippage wil occur in the grps; there
been seriously questioned. The exact stress-strain characteristics of plastic is a lit to the amount of misalgnent self- alignig grps wil
materials are highly dependent on such factors as rate of application of accommodate.
stress , temperatue, previous history of specimen , etc. However, stress- 1.3. 3 The test specimen shal be held in such a way that
strai cures for plastics,. determed as described in ths test method slippage relative to the grps is prevented insofar as possible.
almost always show a liear region at low stresses, and a straight line Grip suraces that are deeply scored or serrated with a pattern
drawn tangent to this porton of the cure permts calculation of an elastic
simar to those of a coarse single-cut file , serrations about 2.4
mm (0. 09 in. ) apar and about 1.6 mm (0. 06 in. ) deep, have
10 been found satisfactory for most thermoplastics. Finer serra-
Annual Book of ASTM Standrds Vol 14. 02.
11
Avaiable from American National Stadards Institute , 25 W. 43rdSt. , 4th tions have been found to be more satisfactory for harder
Floor, New York, NY 10036. plastics, such as the thermosettig materials. The serrations
 cO
D638- 02a
should be kept clean and shar. Breakng in the grips may testing. Extensometers shall be classified and their calibration
occur at ties ,even when deep serrations or abraded specimen periodically verified in accordance with Practice E 83.
surfaces are used; other technques must be used in these cases. 1 Modulus-of- Elasticity Measurements-For modulus-
of-elasticity measurements , an extensometer with a maximum
Other technques that have been found useful , parcularly with
smooth-faced grips , are abrading that portion of the surface of 0002 rnmm (in./in. ) that automatically and
strain error of 0.

the specimen that wil be in the grips, and interposing thin continuously records shall be used. An extensometer classified
pieces of abrasive cloth, abrasive paper, or plastic , or rubber- by Practice E 83 as fulfilling the requirements of a B-
coated fabric, commonly called hospital sheeting, between the classification within the range of use for modulus measure-
ments meets this requirement.
specimen and the grp surface. No. 80 double-sided abrasive
2 Low- Extension Measurements-For elongation-at-
paper has been found effective in many cases. An open-mesh
fabric, in which the theads are coated with abrasive , has also yield and low-extension measurements (nominally 20 % or

grps. /
less), the same above extensometer, attenuated to 20 % exten-
been effective. Reducing the cross-sectional area of the speci-
sion , may be used. In any case , the extensometer system must
men may also be effective. The use of special types of grips is
sometimes necessar to eliminate slippage and breakage in the
meet at least Class C (Practice E 83) requirements , which
include a fixed strain error of 0. 001 strain or :! 1.0 % of the
indicated strain , whichever is greater.
1.4 Drive Mechanism- drve mechanism for imparing 3 High- Extension Measurements-For making mea-
to the movable member a uniform, controlled velocity with surements at elongations greater than 20 % , measuring tech-
respect to the stationar member, with this velocity to be niques with error no greater than:! 10 % of the measured value
regulated as specified in Section 8. are acceptable.
1.5 Load Indicator- suitable load- indicating
mecha- 2.4 Poisson s Ratio- extensometer or axial and
Bi-axial

nism capable of showing the total tensile load cared by the transverse extensometers capable of recording axial strain and
test specimen when held by the grips. Ths mechansm shall be transverse strain simultaneously. The extensometers shall be
essentially free of inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and capable of measuring the change in strains with an accuracy of
shall indicate the load with an accuracy of:! 1 % of the 1 % of the relevant value or better.
indicated value , or better. The accuracy of the testing machine NOTE 8- Strain gages can be used as an alternative method to measure
shall be verified in accordance with Practices E 4. axial and transverse strain; however , proper techniques for mounting
strain gages are crucial to obtaining accurate data. Consult strain gage
NOTE 7-Experience has shown that many testing machines now in use
suppliers for instruction and training in these special techniques.
are incapable of maintaing accuracy for as long as the periods between
inspection recommended in Practices E 4. Hence, it is recommended that 3 Micrometers- Suitable micrometers for measuring the
each machie be studied individually and verified as often as may be width and thickness of the test specimen to an incremental
found necessar. It frequently wil be necessar to perform this function discrimination of at least 0. 025 mm (0. 001 in. ) should be used.
daily.
All width and thickness measurements of rigid and semirigid
1.6 The fixed member, movable member, drive mecha- plastics may be measured with a hand micrometer with ratchet.
nism, and grps shall be constrcted of such materials and in A suitable instrument for measuring the thickness of nonrgid
such proportions that the total elastic longitudinal strain of the test specimens shall have: (1) a contact measuring pressure of
system constituted by these pars does not exceed 1 % of the 25 :! 2. 5 kPa (3. 6 :! 0. 36 psi), (2) a movable circular contact
total longitudinal strain between the ,two gage marks on the test foot 6. 35 :! 0. 025 mm (0. 250 :! 0. 001 in. ) in diameter , and (3)

specimen at any time during the test and at any load up to the a lower fixed anvil large enough to extend beyond the contact
rated capacity of the machine. foot in all directions and being parallel to the contact foot

7 Crosshead Extension Indicator- suitable extension within 0. 005 mm (0. 0002 in. ) over the entire foot area. Flatness
indicating mechanism capable of showing the amount of of the foot and anvil shall conform to Test Method D 5947.
change in the separation of the grips, that is, crosshead 1 An optional instrument equipped with a circular con-
tact foot 15. 88 :! 0. 08 mm (0. 625 :! 0. 003 in. ) in diameter is
movement. This mechansm shal be essentially free of inertial
lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the recommended for thickness measuring of process samples or
crosshead movement with an accuracy of :! 10 % of the larger specimens at least 15. 88 mm in minimum width.
indicated value.
(extensometer)-A suitable instr-
2 Extension Indicator
6. Test Specimens
ment shall be used for determning the distance between two 1 Sheet, Plate, and Molded Plastics:
designated points within the gage length of the test specimen as 1 Rigid and Semirigid Plastics-The test specimen shall
the specimen is stretched. For referee purposes , the extensom- conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The Type 1

eter must be set at the full gage length of the specimen , as specimen is the preferred specimen and shall be used where
shown in Fig. 1. It is desirable, but not essential, that this suffcient material having a thickness of 7 mm (0. 28 in. ) or less
instrment automatically record ths distance , or any change in is available. The Type II specimen may be used when a
, as a function of the load on the test specimen or of the material does not break in the narow section with the preferred
elapsed time from the star of the test , or both. If only the latter Type I specimen. The Type V specimen shall be used where
is obtained, load- time data must also be taken. This instrment only limited material having a thickness of 4 mm (0.16 in. ) or
shall be essentially free of inerta at the specified speed of less is available for evaluation , or where a large number of
 o D638-
Lon

us-
urn

ied

Ire- TYPES ,. II, III & V

.at-

en-
ust
ich
the
TYPE IV
ea-
ch- Specimen Dimensions for Thickness, T, mm (in.
lue 7 (0.28) or under Over 7 to 14 (0. 28 to 0. 55), incl 4 (0.16) or under
Dimensions (see drawings) Tolerances
Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type

W-Width of narrow section 13 (0. 50) 6 (0.25) 19 (0. 75) 6 (0.25) 18 (0. 125) :!0. (:!0. 02)B,
L-Length of narrow section 57 (2. 25) 57 (2. 25) 57 (2. 25) 33 (1. 30) 53 (0. 375) :!0. (:!0. 02)c
Wo-Width overall , min 19 (0. 75) 19 (0. 75) 29 (1. 13) 19 (0. 75) + 6.4 ( + 0. 25)
Wo-Width overall, min 53 (0. 375) + 3. 18 (+ 0. 125)
, of Lo-Length overall, min 165 (6. 183 (7. 246 (9. 115 (4. 63. 5 (2. no max (no max)
G-age length' 50 (2. 00) 50 (2. 00) 50 (2. 00) 62 (0. 300) :!0. 25 (:!0. 010)c
G-age length 25 (1. 00) :!0. 13 (:!0. 005)
mre D-Distance between grips 115 (4. 135 (5. 115 (4. 65 (2. 25. 4 (1. :!5 (:!0.

ting R-Radius of filet 76 (3. 00) 76 (3. 00) 76 (3. 00) 14 (0. 56) 12. 7 (0. :!1 (:!0. 04)c
radius (Type IV) 25 (1. 00) :!1 (:!0.04)
age RO-uter

A Thickness, shall be 3. 2:! 0.4 mm (0. 13 :! 0. 02 in. ) for all types of molded specimens , and for other Types I and II specimens where possible. If specimens are
the machined from sheets or plates , thickness, may be the thickness of the sheet or plate provided this does not exceed the range stated for the intended specimen type.
ltal For sheets of nominal thickness greater than 14 mm (0. 55 in. ) the specimens shall be machined to 14 :! 0. 4 mm (0. 55 :! 0. 02 in. ) in thickness, for use with the Type III
specimen. For sheets of nominal thickness between 14 and 51 mm (0. 55 and 2 in. ) approximately equal amounts shall be machined from each surface. For thicker sheets
oed.
both surfaces of the specimen shall be machined , and the location of the specimen with reference to the original thickness of the sheet shall be noted. Tolerances on
gid thickness less than 14 mm (0. 55 in. ) shall be those standard for the grade of material tested.
het. For the Type IV specimen , the intemal width of the narrow section of the die shall be 6. 00 :! 0. 05 mm (0. 250:! 0. 002 in. ). The dimensions are essentially those of Die
C in Test Methods D 412.
gid The Type V specimen shall be machined or die cut to the dimensions shown , or molded in a mold whose cavity has these dimensions. The dimensions shall be:
W= 18 :! 0. 03 mm (0. 125 :! 0. 001 in.
tact = 9. 53 :! 0. 08 mm (0. 375 :! 0. 003 in.
G = 7. 62 :! 0. 02 mm (0. 300 :! 0. 001 in. ), and
(3) R= 12. 7 :! 0.08 mm (0. 500 :! 0. 003 in.
tact The other tolerances are those in the table.
Supporting data on the introduction of the L specimen of Test Method D 1822 as the Type V specimen are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20- 1 038.
oot The width at the center shall be +0. 00 mm, - 10 mm ( +0. 000 in. 004 in. ) compared with width Wat other parts of the reduced section. Any reduction in
less at the center shall be gradual, equally on each side so that no abrupt changes in dimension result.
For molded specimens, a draft of not over 0. 13 mm (0. 005 in. ) may be allowed for either Type I or II specimens 3. 2 mm (0. 13 in. ) in thickness, and this should betaken
into account when calculating width of the specimen. Thus a typical section of a molded Type I specimen , having the maximum allowable draft , could be as follows:
on- G Overall widths greater than the minimum indicated may be desirable for some materials in order to avoid breaking in the grips.
r IS Overall lengths greater than the minimum indicated may be desirable either to avoid breaking in the grips or to satisfy special test requirements.
; or Test marks or initial extensometer span.

maintained uniform once chosen.

When self-tightening grips are used, for highly extensible polymers, the distance between grips wil depend upon the types of grips used and may not be critical if
;":)X '''''- ......... O

13 mm)
or 0. 005 in. max
(0.

hall
eI -n..... (12.50 in.
Lere 70 mm)
less FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimens for Sheet, Plate, and Molded Plastics
n a
Ted
Lere
specimens are to be exposed in a limited space (thermal and should be used when diect comparsons are requied between
) or environmental stabilty tests , etc. ). The Type IV specimen materials in different rigidity cases (that is, nonrgid and
 D638- 02a
semigid). The Type II specimen must be used for all
materials with a thickness of greater than 7 mm (0. 28 in. ) but
not more than 14 mm (0. 55 in. 89 mm, min.
1.2 Nonrigid Plastics-The test specimen shall conform (3. 50 in.
to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The Type IV specimen shall
be used for testing nonrgid plastics with a thickness of 4 mm
(0. 16 in. ) or less. The Type II specimen must be used for all 51 mm, min.
materials with a thckness greater than 7 mm (0. 28 in. ) but not (2. 00 in,
more than 14 mm (0. 55 in.
1.3 Reinforced Composites-The test specimen for rein-
forced composites , including highly ortotropic laminates S.

shall conform to the dimensions of the Type I specimen shown

in Fig. 1.
1.4 Preparation-Test specimens shall be prepared by 57 mm 0 ci ,
Machine to
(2. 25 in. )
-c
ro- '
60% of
r-
machining operations , or die cutting, from materials in sheet
Original Nominal
plate, slab , or similar form. Materials thicker than 14 mm (0.
C( . Diameter
in. ) must be machined to 14 mm (0. 55 in. ) for use as Type
specimens. Specimens can also be prepared by molding the S.

material to be tested.
NOTE 9-Test results have shown that for some materials such as glass 51 mm, min.
cloth , SMC , and BMC laminates , other specimen types should be (2. 00 in.
considered to ensure breakage within the gage length of the specimen , as
mandated by 7.
NOTE 100When preparng specimens from certain composite lami-
nates such as woven roving, or glass cloth, care must be exercised in
cutting the specimens parallel to the reinforcement. The reinforcement 89 mm , min.
wil be significantly weakened by cuttng on a bias, resulting in lower (3. 50 in.
laminate properties, unless testing of specimens in a direction other than
parallel with the reinforcement constitutes a varable being studied.
NOTE II- Specimens prepared by injection molding may have different
tensile propertes than specimens prepared by machining or die-cutting DIMENSIONS OF ROD SPECIMENS
because of the orientation induced. Ths effect may be more pronounced
Standard Length
in specimens with narow sections. Total Calculated

2 Rigid Tubes-The test specimen for rigid tubes shall be eter

Nominal Diam- Length of Radial
Sections, 2R.
Minimum
Length of Specimen
Specimen to Be Used
for 89-mm (3'1- in.
Jaws
as shown in Fig. 2. The length shall be as shown in the table
in Fig. 2. A groove shall be machined around the outside of the mm (in.

specimen at the center of its length so that the wall section after 2 (Ve) 19. 6 (0.773) 356 (14. 02) 381 (15)
24. 0 (0.946) 361 (14. 20) 381 (15)
machining shall be 60 % of the original nominal wall thick- 7 ('116)
4 (V.) 27. 7 (1.091) 364 (14. 34) 381 (15)
ness. This groove shall consist of a straight section 57. 2 mm 5 (3f) 33. 9 (1.333) 370 (14. 58) 381 (15)
(2. 25 in. ) in length with a radius of 76 mm (3 in. ) at each end 12. 7 ('1) 39. 0 (1.536) 376 (14. 79) 400 (15. 75)
15. 9 (S/) 43. 5 (1.714) 380 (14. 96) 400 (15. 75)
joining it to the outside diameter. Steel or brass plugs having 19. 0(%) 47. 6 (1.873) 384 (15. 12) 400 (15. 75)
diameters such that they wil fit snugly inside the tube and 22. 2 (7e) 51. 5 (2.019) 388 (15. 27) 400 (15. 75)
having a length equal to the full jaw length plus 25 mm (1 in. 25.4 (1) 54. 7 (2.154) 391 (15.40) 419 (16.
60. 9 (2.398) 398 (15. 65) 419 (16.
shall be placed in the ends of the specimens to prevent 31. 8 (1V.)
38. 1 (1 V2) 66.4 (2. 615) 403 (15. 87) 419 (16.
crushing. They can be located conveniently in the tube by 42. 5 (1%) 71.4 (2. 812) 408 (16. 06) 419 (16.
separating and supporting them on a theaded metal rod. 50. 8 (2) 76. 0 (2.993) 412 (16. 24) 432 (17)

Details of plugs and test assembly are shown in Fig. 2.

A For other jaws greater than 89 mm (3. 5 in. ), the standard length shall be
3 Rigid Rods-The test specimen for rigid rods shall be as
increased by twice the length of the jaws minus 178 mm (7 in. ). The standard
shown in Fig. 3. The length, shall be as shown in the table length permits a slippage of approximately 6.4 to 12. 7 mm (0. 25 to 0. 50 in. ) in each
in Fig. 3. A groove shall be machined around the specimen at jaw while maintaining the maximum length of the jaw grip.
the center of its length so that the diameter of the machined FIG. 3 Diagram Showing Location of Rod Tension Test Specimen
portion shall be 60 % of the original nominal diameter. Ths in Testing Machine
groove shall consist of a straight section 57. 2 mm (2. 25 in. ) in
length with a radius of 76 mm (3 in. ) at each end joining it to shall be made in a direction parallel to the long axis of the test
the outside diameter. specimen. All flash shall be removed from a molded specimen,
6.4 All surfaces of the specimen shall be free of visible takng great care not to disturb the molded surfaces. In
flaws , scratches, or imperfections. Marks left by coarse ma- machining a specimen , undercuts that would exceed the
chining operations shall be carefully removed with a fine file or dimensional tolerances shown in Fig. 1 shall be scrupulously
abrasive , and the filed surfaces shall then be smoothed with avoided. Care shall also be taken to avoid other common
abrasive paper (No. 00 or finer). The finishing sanding strokes machining errors.
 o D638- 02a
I Plugs
6 When testing materials that are suspected of anisotropy,
r Meta duplicate sets of test specimens shall be prepared, having their
long axes respectively parallel with, and normal to , the
suspected direction of anisotropy.
50 in. , min. 7. Number of Test Specimens
(89mm)
1 Test at least five specimens for each sample in the case
of isotropic materials.
2 Test ten specimens , five normal to, and five parallel
with, the principle axis of ansotropy, for each sample in the
00 in. , min. case of ansotropic materials.
063 in. Rad.
(51 mm) (1. 6mm) 7.3 Discard specimens that break at some flaw, or that break
outside of the narow cross-sectional test section (Fig. 1
-- 3. 00 in. Rad. dimension " ), and make retests , unless such flaws constitute
S. (70 mm)
a varable to be studied.
Machine to
60%of NOTE 12-Before testing, all transparent specimens should be inspected
25 in. Original show atypical or concentrated strain
in a polarscope. Those which
(57mm) Nominal
Wan Thickness
patterns should be rejected, unless the effects of these residual strains
constitute a varable to be studied.
00 in. Rad.
S. (70 mm)
8. Speed of Testing
063 in. Rad.
(1. 6 mm) 1 Speed of testing shall be the relative rate of motion of
00 in., min. the grips or test fixtures during the test. The rate of motion of
(51 mm)
the drven grip or fixtue when the testing machine is running
idle may be used , if it can be shown that the resulting speed of
testing is. withn the limits of varation allowed.
2 Choose the speed of testing from Table 1. Determne
50 in., min. this chosen speed of testing by the specification for the material
(89 mm)
being tested , or by agreement between those concerned. When
the speed is not specified , use the lowest speed shown in Table
1 for the specimen geometr being used , which gives rupture
, L, within 1/2 to 5- min testing time.
! Used
in.
3 Modulus determnations may be made at the speed
DIMENSIONS OF TUBE SPECIMENS
selected for the other tensile properties when the recorder
Standard Length
Length of Radial Total Calculated of Specimen to Be response and resolution are adequate.
Nominal Wall Minimum
Sections Used for 89-mm
Thickness 2R. Length of Specimen (3. in. ) Jaws TABLE 1 Designations for Speed of Testing
mm (in. Nominal
Strain C Rate at
79 (Y32) 13. 9 (0.547) 350 (13. 80) 381 (15) Speed of Testing,
Classification Specimen Type Start of Test
1.2 17. 0 (0:670) 354 (13. 92) 381 (15) mm/min (in.lmin)
(364) mmlmm. min
6 (V's) 19. 6 (0.773) 356 (14. 02) 381 (15)
(in.lin. .min)
2.4 (%2) 24. 0 (0.946) 361 (14. 20) 381 (15)
2 (Va) 27. 7 (1.091) 364 (14. 34) 381 (15) Rigid and Semirigid , II , III rods and 5 (0.2) :' 25 %
8 (3/1S) 33. 9 (1.333) 370 (14. 58) 381 (15) tubes
6.4 (V4) 39. 0 (1.536) 376 (14. 79) 400 (15. 75) 50 (2) :' 10 %
9 (SAs) 43. 5 (1.714) 380 (14. 96) 400 (15. 75) 500 (20) :' 10 %
5 (3/) 47. 6 (1.873) 384 (15. 12) 400 (15. 75) 5 (0.2) :' 25 % 0.
11. (7As) 51. 3 (2.019) 388 (15. 27) 400 (15. 75) 50 (2) :' 10 % 1 .
12. 7 (V2) 54. 7 (2.154) 391 (15.40) 419 (16. 500 (20) :' 10 %
hall be 1 (0.05) :' 25 % 0.
:andard A For other jaws greater than 89 mm (3. 5 in. ), the standard length shall be 10 (0. 5) :! 25 %
in each
increased by twice the length of the jaws minus 178 mm (7 in. ). The standard
100 (5):! 25 %
length permits a slippage of approximately 6.4 to 12. 7 mm (0. 25 to 0. 50 in. ) in each Nonrigid III 50 (2) :! 10 %
:imen jaw while maintaining the maximum length of the jaw grip.
500 (20) :! 10 %
50 (2) :! 10 % 1 .
FIG. 2 Diagram Showing Location of Tube Tension Test 500 (20) :! 10 %
Specimens in Testing Machine
A Select the lowest speed that produces rupture in V2 to 5 min for the specimen
Ie test
geometry being used (see 8. 2).
imen,
5 If it is necessar to place gage marks on the specimen See Terminology D 883 for definitions.
s. In The initial rate of straining cannot be calculated exactly for dumbbell-shaped
ths shall be done with a wax crayon or India ink that wil not specimens because of extension , both in the reduced section outside the gage
d the
afect the material being tested. Gage marks shall not be length and in the filets. This initial strain rate can be measured from the initial slope
lously scratched , punched , or impressed on the specimen. of the tensile strain-versus- time diagram.
nmon
 cO
D638- 02a
8.4 Poisson s ratio determnations shall be made at the same 10. Poisson s Ratio Determination:
speed selected for modulus determnations. 10. 1.1 When Poisson s ratio is determned , the speed of
testing and the load range at which it is determined shall be the
9. Conditioning same as those used for modulus of elasticity.
1 Conditioning- Condition the test specimens at 23 10. 1.2 Attach the transverse strain measuring device. The
C (73.4 :! 3. F) and 50 :! 5 % relative humidity for not less transverse strain measuring device must continuously measure
than 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of the strain simultaneously with the axial strain measuring
Practice D 618, unless otherwise specified by contract or the device.
relevant ASTM material specification. Reference pre- test con-
ditioning, to settle disagreements , shall apply tolerances of TABLE 3 Tensile Stress at Yield, psi, for Eight Laboratories
:! 1 C (1.8 F) and ::2 % relative humidity. Three Materials
2 Test Conditions-Conduct the tests at 23 :! 2 C (73.4 :! Mean
F) and 50 :! 5 % relative humidity, unless otherwise Polypropylene 022 161 062 0.456
specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica- Cellulose acetate butyrate 058 227 164 642
Acrylic 10.4 067 317 190 897
tion. Reference testing conditions , to settle disagreements
shall apply tolerances of :! 1 D C (1.8 F) and ::2 % relative
humidity.
TABLE 4 Elongation at Yield, %, for Eight Laboratories, Three
Materials
10. Procedure
Mean
10. 1 Measure the width and thckness of rigid flat speci-
Cellulose acetate butyrate
mens (Fig. 1) with a suitable micrometer to the nearest 0. 025 Acrylic
mm (0. 001 in. ) at several points along their narow sections. Polypropylene 0.45 16.
Measure the thckness of nonrgid specimens (produced by a
Type IV die) in the same maner with the required dial
micrometer. Take the width of ths specimen as the distance 10. 1.3 Make simultaneous measurements of load and
between the cutting edges of the die in the narow section. strain and record the data. The precision of the value of
Measure the diameter of rod specimens, d the inside and Poisson s ratio wil depend on the number of data points of
outside diameters of tube specimens , to the nearest 0. 025 mm axial and transverse strain taken.
(0. 001 in. ) at a minimum of two points 90 apar; make these 10.4 Set the speed of testing at the proper rate as required in
measurements along the groove for specimens so constrcted. Section 8, and star the machine.
Use plugs in testing tube specimens, as shown in Fig. 2. 10. 5 Record the load-extension curve of the specimen.
10. 6 Record the load and extension at the yield point (if one
TABLE 2 Modulus, 10 psi, for Eight Laboratories, Five Materials exists) and the load and extension at the moment of rupture.
Mean S SR NOTE 14-If it is desired to measure both modulus and failure proper-
Polypropylene 210 0089 071 025 201 ties (yield or break , or both), it may be necessar, in the case of highly
Cellulose acetate butyrate 246 0179 035 051 144 extensible materials , to run two independent tests. The high magnification
Acrylic 0.481 0179 063 051 144 extensometer normally used to determine properties up to the yield point
Glass-reinforced nylon 0537 217 152 614
may not be suitable for tests involving high extensibility. If allowed to
Glass-reinforced polyester 0894 266 253 753
remain attached to the specimen , the extensometer could be permanently
damaged. A broad-range incremental extensometer or hand-rule technique
may be needed when such materials are taken to rupture.
10. 2 Place the specimen in the grps of the testing machie,
11. Calculation
takng care to algn the long axs of the specimen and the grps
with an imaginar line joinng the points of attachment of the 11. 1 Toe compensation shall be made in accordance with
grps to the machine. The distance between the ends of the
Annex AI , unless it can be shown that the toe region of the
gripping suraces, when using flat specimens, shall be as curve is not due to the take-up of slack , seating of the
indicated in Fig. 1. On tube and rod specimens, the location for specimen , or other artifact , but rather is an authentic material
the grps shall be as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Tighten the response.
11. 2 Tensile Strength- Calculate
grps evenly and firmy to the degree necessar to prevent the tensile strength by
slippage of the specimen during the test , but not to the point dividing the maximum load in newtons (or pounds- force) by
where the specimen would be crushed. the original minimum cross-sectional area of the specimen in
10.3 Attach the extension indicator. When modulus is being square metres (or square inches). Express the result in pascals
determned, a Class B- 2 or better extensometer is required (see (or pounds- force per square inch) and report it to three

1). significant figures as tensile strength at yield or tensile strength

at break , whichever term is applicable. When a nominal yield
NOTE 13-Modulus of materials is determned from the slope of the
or break load less than the maximum is present and applicable,
linear porton of the stress-strain cure. For most plastics, ths linear
porton is very smal , occurs very rapidly, and must be recorded automati- it may be desirable also to calculate , in a similar manner, the
cally. The change in jaw separation is never to be used for calculating corresponding tensile stress at yield or tensile stress at break
modulus or elongation. and report it to thee significant figures (see Note A2. 8).
 o D638- 02a
11.3 Elongation values are valid and are reported in cases shall be calculated whenever possible. However, for materials
leed of where uniformty of deformation within the specimen gage where no proportionalty is evident, the secant value shall be
l be the lengt is present. Elongation values are quantitatively relevant calculated. Draw the tangent as directed in A1.3 and Fig. A1.
and appropriate for engineerig design. When non-uniform and mark off the designated strain from the yield point where
;e. The deformation (such as necking) occurs within the specimen gage the tangent line goes though zero stress. The stress to be used
leasure length nominal strain values are reported. Nominal strain in the calculation is then determned by dividing the load-
lsuring values are of qualtative utility only. extension curve by the original average cross-sectional area of

tories

0.456
Axial Strain, Ea
642
897

rhree

-0 Transverse Strain, Et
16.

Applied Load, P
d and FIG. 4 Plot of Strains Versus Load for Determination of Poisson s Ratio
lue of
ints of 11.3. 1 Percent Elongation-Percent elongation is the the specimen.
change in gage length relative to the original specimen gage 11. Poisson Ratio-The axal strain , Ea' indicated by the
ired in
length , expressed as a percent. Percent elongation is calculated axial extensometer, and the transverse strai , E , indicated by
using the apparatus described in 5. the transverse extensometers, are plotted against the applied
:n. the percent
11.3. 1.1 Percent Elongation at Yield-Calculate load as shown in Fig. 4. A straight line is drawn though
(if one elongation at yield by reading the extension (change in gage each set of points , and the slopes dP and of these
Jture. lengt) at the yield point. Divide that extension by the original lines are determned. Poisson s ratio is then calculated as
1.,

proper - gage length and multiply by 100. follows:

. highly 11.3. 1.2 Percent Elongation at Break-Calculate the per-
(de 1 dP)/(de l dP) (1)
J1
fication cent elongation at break by reading the extension (change in
d point
gage length) at the point of specimen rupture. Divide that
Iwed to
extension by the original gage length mid multiply by 100. where:
anently = change in transverse strain
:hnique 11.. 2 Nominal Strain-Nomial strain is the change in grp
separation relative to the original grp separation expressed
= change in axial strain , and
= change in applied load;
a percent. Nominal strain is calculated using the apparatus
dP

described in 5. 1.7.
with 11.3. 1 Nominal strain at break-Calculate the nominal J1 (de ) I (de (2)
of the strai at break by reading the extension (change in grip
11. 1 The errors that may be introduced by drawing a
)f the separation) at the point of rupture. Divide that extension by the
straight line though the points can be reduced by applying the
aterial original grp separation and multiply by 100.
method of least squares.
11.4 Modulus of Elasticity-Calculate the modulus of elas-
ticity by extending the intial linear porton of the load- . 11.7 For each series of tests, calculate the arthmetic mean
th by
of all values obtained and report it as the " average value" for
;e) by extension curve and dividing the difference in stress corre-
the paricular property in question.
len in sponding to any segment of section on this straight lie by the
11. 8 Calculate the standard deviation (estimated) as follows
ascals correspondig difference in strain. All elastic modulus values
shall be computed using the average initial cross-sectional area and report it to two significant figures:
thee
:ength of the test specimens in the calculations. The result shall be 2 -
nX2) I (n - 1) (3)
yield expressed in pascals (pounds- force per square inch) and
cable, reported to thee significant figures.
, the 11.5 Secant Modulus-At a designated strai, ths shall be
where:
calculated by dividing the corresponding stress (nominal) by estimated standard deviation
break
the designated strain. Elastic modulus values are preferable and = value of single observation
 . D638- 02a
= number of observations , and 12. 1.9 Tensile strength at yield or break , average value
X = arthetic mean of the set of observations. standard deviation
, and
11.9 See Anex Al for information on toe compensation. 12. 1. 0 Tensile stress at yield or break , if applicable
average value , and standard deviation
TABLE 5 Tensile Strength at Break, 10 psi , for Eight 12. 1.11 Percent elongation at yield , or break , or nominal
Laboratories, Five Materials strain at break , or all three , as applicable , average value , and
standard deviation
Mean
Polypropylene 2. 97 1. 54 1. 65 4.37 4. 12. 1.12 Modulus of elasticity, average value , and standard

Acrylic 9.
Cellulose acetate butyrate 4. 82 0. 058 0. 180 0. 164 0. 509
09 0. 452 0. 751 1. 27 2.
Glass-reinforced polyester 20. 8 0. 233 0.437 0. 659 1.
deviation
12. 1.3 Date of test , and
12. 1.4 Revision date of Test Method D 638.
Glass-reinforced nylon 23. 6 0. 277 0. 698 0. 784 1.
A Tensile strength and elongation at break values obtained for unreinforced
13. Precision and Bias 12
propylene plastics generally are highly variable due to inconsistencies in necking
or "drawing " of the center section of the test bar. Since tensile strength and 13.1 Precision-Tables 6 are based on a round-robin test
elongation at yield are more reproducible and relate in most cases to the practical
conducted in 1984 , involving five materials tested by eight
usefulness of a molded part, they are generally recommended for specification
purposes. laboratories using the Type I specimen , all of nominal 0. 125- in.
thickness. Each test result was based on five individual
determnations. Each laboratory obtained two test results for
TABLE 6 Elongation at Break, %, for Eight Laboratories, Five
each material.
Materials
Mean
TABLE 8 Tensile Yield Elongation, for Eight Laboratories, Eight
68 0. 20 2. 33 0. 570 6.
Glass-reinforced polyester 3.
Materials
Glass-reinforced nylon 3. 87 0. 10 2. 13 0. 283 6.
Acrylic 13. 21 2.
1. 05 3. 65 5. 80 10.
87 6. 62 5. 29
Cellulose acetate butyrate 14. Material
Test
Speed
Values Expressed in Percent Units
18.
Polypropylene 293. 0 50. 9 119. 0 144. 0 337. in.lmin Average
A Tensile strength and elongation at break values obtained for LOPE
unreinforced 17.
propylene plastics generally are highly variable due to inconsistencies in necking LOPE 14. 1.02
or " drawing" of the center section of the test bar. Since tensile strength and LLOPE 15.
elongation at yield are more reproducible and relate in most cases to the practical LLOPE 16.
usefulness of a molded part , they are generally recommended for specification LLOPE 11.
purposes. LLOPE 15. 1.27
HOPE 1.40
HOPE 1.23
TABLE 7 Tensile Yield Strength, for Ten Laboratories, Eight
Materials
Test Values Expressed in psi Units TABLE 9 Tensile Break Strength, for Nine Laboratories, Six
Material Speed. Materials
in.lmin Average
Test Values Expressed in psi Units
LOPE 1544 52. 64. 146. Material Speed
179.
LOPE 1894 53. 61.2 148. in.lmin Average
171.
LLOPE 1879 74. 99. 207. 279. LOPE 1592
LLOPE 1791 49. 52. 74. 146.4 209.
75. 137. 212. LOPE
LLOPE 2900 1750 66. 102. 186. 288.
55. 87. 155. 246. LLOPE
LLOPE 1730 63. 4379 127. 219. 355. 613.
96. 178. 268. LLOPE
HOPE 4101 196.
2840 78. 143. 220. 401.
371. 549. 1041.3 LLOPE
HOPE 3523 175. 1679 34. 47. 95. 131.
478. 492. 1338. LLOPE 2660 119. 166. 333. 465.

12. Report 13. 1.1 Tables 7- 10 are based on a round-robin test con-
12. 1 Report the following inormation: ducted by the poly olefin subcommttee in 1988 , involving eight
12. 1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ- polyethylene materials tested in ten laboratories. For each
ing type , source , manufactuer s code numbers , form , principal material , all samples were molded at one source , but the
dimensions , previous history, etc., individual specimens were prepared at the laboratories that
12. 1.2 Method of preparg test specimens tested them. Each test result was the average of five individual
12. 1.3 Type of test specimen and dimensions determnations. Each laboratory obtained three test results for
12. 1.4 Conditioning procedure used each material. Data from some laboratories could not be used
12. 5 Atmospheric conditions in test room for varous reasons , and this is noted in each table.
12. 1.6 Number of specimens tested, 13. 1.2 In Tables 2- , for the materials indicated , and for
12. 1.7 Speed of testing, test results that derived from testing five specimens:
12. 1.8 Classification of extensometers used. A description
of measurng technque and calculations employed instead of a 12 Supporting data are available from
minimum Class- C extensometer system ASTM Headquarers. Request RR:D20-
1125 for the 1984 round robin and RR:D20- 1170 for the 1988 round robin.
 ). ).

o D638- 02a
and TABLE 10 Tensile Break Elongation , for Nine Laboratories, Six ent equipment on different days , those test results should be
Materials judged not equivalent if they difer by more than the value
icable Test Values Expressed in Percent Units for that material and condition. (This applies between different
Material Speed
in.!min Average laboratories or between different equipment within the same
ominal
567 166.
laboratory.
lOPE 31. 59. 88.
, and LDPE 569 61. 89. 172. 249. 13. 1.2. 5 Any judgment in accordance with 13. 1.2.3 and
LLDPE 890 25. 113. 71. 318. 13. 1.2.4 wil have an approximate 95 % (0. 95) probability of
andard LLDPE 64.4 11.7 18. 32.
803 25. 104.4 71. 292.
being correct.
LLDPE
LLDPE 782 41. 96. 116. 270. 13. 1.2. 6 Other formulations may give somewhat different
results.
13. 1.2. 7 For furter information on the methodology used in
13. 1.2. 1 Sr is the within- laboratory standard deviation of
ths section , see Practice E 691.
the average; = 2. 83 r. (See 13. 1.2.3 for application of
13. 1.2. 8 The precision of ths test method is very dependent
,in test 13. 1.2. 2 SR is the between- laboratory standard deviation of
upon the uniformty of specimen preparation , standard prac-
. eight the average; = 2. 83 SR' (See 13. 1.2.4 for application of

comparng two test results for tices for which are covered in other documents.
25- in. 13. 1.2. 3 Repeatability-In
13. Bias-There are no recognized standards on which to
vidual the same material , obtained by the same operator using the
base an estimate of bias for this test method.
Its for same equipment on the same day, those test results should be
judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the value
for that material and condition.
14. Keywords
13. 1.2.4 Reproducibility-In comparng two test results for 14. 1 modulus of elasticity; percent elongation; plastics;
Eight
the same material , obtained by different operators using differ- tensile propertes; tensile strength

ANNEXES

. (Mandatory Inormation)

At. TOE COMPENSATION

ALl In a typical stress-strain cure (Fig. ALl) there is a material. It is an arifact caused by a takeup of slack and
toe region AC, that does not represent a property of the alignment or seating of the specimen. In order to obtain correct
values of such parameters as modulus, strain , and offset yield
Six
point this arifact must be compensated for to give the
corrected zero point on the strain or extension axis.
A1.2 In the case of a material exhbiting a region of
Hookean (linear) behavior (Fig. ALl), a continuation of the
09.
linear (CD) region of the curve is constrcted through the
88.
13. zero-stress axis. Ths intersection (B) is the corrected zero-
01. strain point from which all extensions or strains must be
31.
65.
measured , including the yield offset (BE), if applicable. The
elastic modulus can be determed by dividig the stress at any
point along the line CD (or its extension) by the strain at the
same point (measured from Point defined as zero-strain).
con-
eight A1.3 In the case of a material that does not exhibit any
each linear region (Fig. A1. 2), the same kind of toe correction of the
t the zero-strain point can be made by constrcting a tangent to the
. that maximum slope at the inflection point (H' This is extended to
idual intersect the strai axis at Point the corrected zero-strain
ts for point. Using Point B' as zero strain , the stress at any point (C'
used on the cure can be divided by the strain at that point to obtain
a secant modulus (slope of Line B' C' For those materials
Strain
d for with no linear region , any attempt to use the tangent though
NOTE I-Some char recorders plot the mior image of this graph. the inflection point as a basis for determnation of an offset
FIG. A1. 1 Material with Hookean Region yield point may result in unacceptable error.
:D20-
 D638- 02a

Strain
NOTE I-Some char recorders plot the mior image of ths graph.
FIG. A1. 2 Material with No Hookean Region

A2. DEFINTIONS OF TERMS AND SYMOLS RELATING TO TENSION TESTING OF PLASTICS

A2. elastic limit-the greatest stress whic.h a material is in plastics is debatable , the propriety of applying the term " modulus of
capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining elasticity " to describe the stiffness or rigidity of a plastic has been
upon complete release of the stress. It is expressed in force per seriously questioned. The exact stress-strain characteristics of plastic
materials are very dependent on such factors as rate of stressing,
unit area , usually pounds- force per square inch (megapascals). temperature , previous specimen history, etc. However, such a value is
NOTE A2. Measured values of proportonal lit and elastic limit useful if its arbitrar nature and dependence on time, temperature, and
var greatly with the sensitivity and accuracy of the testing equipment, other factors are realized.

eccentrcity of loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram is

plotted , and oiler factors. Consequently, these values are usualy replaced A2.5 necking-the localized reduction in cross section
by yield strengt. which may occur in a material under tensile stress.
A2. elongation-the increase in length produced in the A2. offset yield strength-the stress at which the strain
gage length of the test specimen by a. tensile load. It is exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the
expressed in units oflength , usually inches (millimetres). (Also initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. It is
known as extension. expressed in force per unit area , usually megapascals (pounds-
force per square inch).
NOTE A2. Elongation and strain values are vald only in cases where
uniormty of specimen behavior withn the gage length is present. In the NOTE A2. 4- This measurement is useful for materials whose stress-
case of materials exhbiting neckig phenomena , such values are only of strain curve in the yield range is of gradual curvature. The offset yield
qualitative utility afer attainment of yield point. Ths is due to inability to strength can be derived from a stress-strain curve as follows (Fig. A2.l):
ensure that necking wil encompass the entire length between the gage
marks prior to specimen failure. On the strain axis layoff OM equal to the specified offset.
Draw OA tangent to the initial straight- line portion of the stress-strain
A2.3 gage length-the original length of that portion of the curve.
specimen over which strain or change in length is determned. Though draw a line MN parallel to OA and locate the intersection of
MN with the stress-strain curve.
A2.4 modulus of elasticity-the ratio of stress (nominal) to The stress at the point of intersection is the " offset yield strength. " The
corresponding strain below the proportional limit of a material. specified value of the offset must be stated as a percent of the original gage
length in conjunction with the strength value. Example: 1 % offset yield
It is expressed in force per unit area, usualy megapascals strength = ... MPa (psi), or yield strength at 0. 1 % offset ... MPa (psi).
(pounds- force per square inch). (Also known as elastic modu-
lus or Young s modulus). A2. percent elongation-the elongation of a test specimen
NOTE A2. 3- The stress-strain relations of many plastics do not con-
expressed as a percent of the gage length.
form to Hooke s law thoughout the elastic range but deviate ilerefrom
A2. percent elongation at break and yield:
even at stresses well below the elastic lit. For such materials the slope
of the tagent to the stress-strain curve at a low stress is usualy taken as A2. percent elongation at break-the percent elongation
the modulus of elasticity. Since the existence of a tre proportionallirt at the moment of rupture of the test specimen.
 ---------_

cO D638- 02a
square inch) per minute. The initial rate of stressing can be
calculated from the initial slope of the tensile stress (nominal)
----1--- versus time diagram.

NOTE A2. 6-The initial rate of stressing as determned in this manner

has only limited physical significance. It does, however, roughly describe
the average rate at which the intial stress (nomial) cared by the test
specimen is applied. It is afected by the elasticity and flow characteristics
of the materials being tested. At the yield point , the rate of stressing (tre)
may continue to have a positive value if the cross-sectional area is
/ OM = Specified decreasing.
Offset A2. 15 secant modulus-the ratio of stress (nominal) to
corresponding strain at any specified point on the stress-strain
curve. It is expressed in force per unit area , usually megapas-
cals (pounds- force per square inch), and reported together with
Strain the specified stress or strain.
FIG. A2. 1 Offset Yield Strength NOTE A2. This measurement is usually employed in place of modu-
lus of elasticity in the case of materials whose stress-strain diagram does
not demonstrate proportionality of stress to strain.
A2, percent elongation at yield-the percent elongation
at the moment the yield point (A2. 21) is attained in the test A2. 16 strain-the ratio of the elongation to the gage length Iii
ill

specimen. of the test specimen , that is , the change in length per unit of
original length. It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio.
A2. percent reduction of area (nominal)-the difference
A2. 16. nominal strain at break-the strain at the moment
measured at the point
between the original cross-sectional area
of rupture relative to the original grp separation.
of rupture after breakng and afer all retraction has ceased
expressed as a percent of the original area.
,Ius of
A2. 17 tensile strength (nominal the maximum tensile
been A2.10 percent reduction of area (true)-the difference
stress (nominal) sustained by the specimen during a tension
test. When the maximum stress occurs at the yield point
plastic between the original cross-sectional area of the test specimen
:ssing, (A2. 21), it shall be designated tensile strength at yield. When
and the minimum cross-sectional area withn the gage bound-
,lue is
ares prevailing at the moment of ruptue , expressed as a
the maximum stress occurs at break , it shall be designated
, and
percentage of the original area.
tensile strength at break.

A2. 11 A2. 18 tensile stress (nomina I)-the tensile load per unit
:ction proportional limit-the greatest stress which a
material is capable of sustaining without any deviation from area of minimum original cross section , within the gage
proportonalty of stress to strain (Hooke s law). It is expressed boundares , cared by the test specimen at any given moment.
,trai in force per unit area, usually megapascals (pounds-force per It is expressed in force per unit area , usually megapascals
)f the square inch). (pounds- force per square inch).
It is
NOTE A2. 8- The expression of tensile properties in terms of the
mds- A2.12 rate of loading-the change in tensile load cared minimum original cross section is almost universally used in practice. In
by the specimen per unit time. It is expressed in force per unit the case of materials exhbiting high extensibility or necking, or both
time , usually newtons (pounds-force) per minute. The initial (A2. 15), nominal stress calculations may not be meanngful beyond the
;tress-
yield
rate of loading can be calculated from the intial slope of the yield point (A2. 21) due to the extensive reduction in cross-sectional area
"2. 1): load versus time diagram. that ensues. Under some circumstances it may be desirable to express the
:I!
tensile properties per unit of minimum prevailing cross section. These
properties are called tre tensile propertes (that is, tre tensile stress, etc.
A2.13 rate of straining-the change in tensile strai per
.strai unit time. It is expressed either as strain per unit time , usually ill
A2. 19 tensile stress-strain curve-a diagram in which
metres per metre (inches per inch) per minute, or percent
values of tensile stress are plotted as ordinates against corre-
ion of elongation per unit time , usually percent elongation per minute.
sponding values of tensile strain as abscissas.
The initial rate of straining can be calculated from the initial
The
slope of the tensile strain versus time diagram.
I gage A2. 20 true strain (see Fig. A2. 2) is defined by the follow-
yield NOTE A2. 5- ing equation for E
The initial rate of strainig is synonymous with the rate of
Isi), crosshead movement divided by the initial distance between crossheads
only in a machine with constant rate of crosshead movement and when the
imen specimen has a uniform original cross section
, does not " neck down, " and
does not slip in the jaws.

A2.14 rate of stressing (nominal)-the change in tensile ) I

ation stress (nominal) per unit time. It is

expressed in force per unit
area per unit time
, usually megapascals (pounds- force per FIG. A2. 2 Ilustration of True Strain Equation
,r.
 D638- 02a
L dUL
(A2.
eT
. L = In

where:
dL = increment of elongation when the distance between
the gage marks is

original distance between gage marks, and

distance between gage marks at any time.
r--------
yield point-the first point on the stress-strain curve
A2. 21
at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in YIELD
POINT
stress (Fig. A2. 2).
NOTE A2. 9-Only materials whose stress-strain cures exhibit a point
of zero slope may be considered as having a yield point. L______-
NOTE A2. 10-ome materials exhbit a distinct "break" or discontinu-
ity in the stress-strain cure in the elastic region. Ths break is not a yield
point by definition. However, ths point may prove useful for material
characterization in some cases.

A2.22 yield strength-the stress at which a material exhib- A a E' TENSILE STRENGTH AT BREAI
its a specified limiting deviation from the proportonalty ELONGATION AT BREAK

stress to strain. Unless otherwise specified , ths stress wil be B. TENSILE STRENGTH AT YIELD
ELONGATION AT YIELD
the stress at the yield point and when expressed in relation to C. TENSILE STRESS AT BREAK
the tensile strength shall be designated either tensile strength at ELONGATION AT BREAK
yield or tensile stress at yield as required in A2. 17 (Fig. A2. 3). D D TENSILE STRESS AT YIELD
ELONGATION AT YIELD
(See offset yield strength.

A2. 23 Symbols-The following symbols may be used for STRAIN

the above terms: FIG. A2. 3 Tensile Designations

Symbol Term
Load
LiW Increment of load
Distance between gage marks at any time A2. 24 Relations between these varous terms may be
Original distance between gage marks defined as follows:
Distance between gage marks at moment of rupture
WIA
Increment of distance between gage marks = elongation
crT WIA
Minimum cross-sectional area at any time
cru WIA (where W is breaking load)
Original cross-sectional area
crUT WIA where W is breaking load)
Increment of cross-sectional area
LiUL (L )/L
Cross-sectional area at point of rupture measured after
)/L
breaking specimen
It. dUL In UL
Cross-sectional area at point of rupture, measured at the
%EI ((L )/L x 100 = EX 100
moment of rupture
lime
Lit Increment of time Percent reduction of area (nominal) = ((A o - A )/ A 1 x 100
Tensile stress Percent reduction of area (true) = ((A o - AT )/A J x 100
Licr Increment of stress Rate of loading. = LiW/Li
crT True tensile stress Rate of stressing (nominal) = Licr/Li= (LiWj/A )/Li
cru Tensile strength at break (nominal) Lit = (LiUL )Lit
Rate of straining = Lie!
crUT Tensile strength at break (true)
Strain
For the case where the volume of the test specimen does not
liE Increment of strain change during the test , the following three relations hold:
Total strain , at break
fYT = fY(1 + e) = fYUL (A2.
True strain
%El Percentage elongation fYu (1
fYUT u IL
Yield point
Modulus of elasticity o /(1 + e)