Western Mindanao State University Course Number: AS13 Bio2

External Studies Unit, Pagadian City Descriptive Title: Genetics

October 8, 2020 Guest Lecturer: Matthew T. Sabasales

Name: LASCUÑA, COBE CHRISTIAN A. Date: _______________________

The Cell Cycle
Activity 3
Objectives:
 Enumerate the different steps the cell undertakes during mitosis and meiosis.
 State the significance of mitosis and meiosis to growth and reproduction
among organisms.
Procedure:
1. Read Chapter 2 of our Genetics Textbook (Concepts of Genetics 10th Edition)
2. Watch the following videos in youtube.com
a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwAFZb8juMQ
b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMEyeKQClqI
c. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRLQKZzFb68
3. Fill the table with the correct information.
Steps in Mitosis Chronological Steps the Cell Undergo During this Processes

 During this step the chromatin condense and

become short and thick to form chromosomes.
 Each chromosome has two sister chromatids join
together at the centromere.
Prophase  The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear
membrane starts to break down.
 The each with a pair of centrioles move apart to the
opposite poles forming a spindle between them

 During metaphase microtubules of the spindle interact

with chromosomes this causes the chromosome to move
align along the middle of the cell or the equatorial plate.
 Sister chromatids are held at the centromere informing
Metaphase the presence of protein structures called kinetichore at
the surface
 Kinetichore holds the chromosomes and attaches them to
the spindle.

 the sister chromatids separate at the kinetochore and the

daughter chromosomes along with the divided cemtromere
move towards the opposite poles
Anaphase  as the microtubules shortens the poles of the spindle also
move apart and help to separate the chromosomes
 as the chromosomes separate completely into two sets one
at each pole anaphase is considered complete
  the daughter chromosomes arrive at the pole and the
Telophase chromatin starts to decoy also the nuclei reform along
with nucleoli this triggers the reformation of the nuclear
membrane

 the initial stage of the cell cycle, as the interval between

divisions. It was once thought that the biochemical
activity during interphase was devoted solely to the cell’s
growth and its normal function.
 during which DNA is synthesized, occurs before the cell
enters mitosis and is called the S phase. The initiation
and completion of synthesis can be detected by
monitoring the incorporation of radioactive precursors
Interphase into DNA.
 During both of these intervals, as well as during S,
intensive metabolic activity, cell growth, and cell
differentiation are evident.
 By the end of G2, the volume of the cell has roughly
doubled, DNA has been replicated, and mitosis (M) is
initiated. Following mitosis, continuously dividing cells
then repeat this cycle (G1, S, G2, M) over and over,

Steps in Meiosis Chronological Steps the Cell Undergo During this Processes

 In which it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and checks

Interphase all of it system to ensure that is ready to divide

 First, as in mitosis, chromatin present in interphase

thickens and coils into visible chromosomes. And, as in
mitosis, each chromosome is a double structure, held
together by the molecular complex called cohesin.
 Second, unlike mitosis, members of each homologous
Prophase I pair of chromosomes pair up, undergoing synapsis.
 Third, crossing over occurs between chromatids of
synapsed homologs. Because of the complexity of these
genetic events, this stage of meiosis is divided into five
substages: leptonema, zygonema, pachynema,
diplonema,* and diakinesis

Metaphase I  the chromosomes have maximally shortened and

thickened. The terminal chiasmata of each tetrad are
visible and appear to be the major factor holding the
nonsister chromatids together.
  Each tetrad interacts with spindle fibers, facilitating its
movement to the metaphase plate. The alignment of each
tetrad prior to the first anaphase is random: Half of the
tetrad (one of the dyads) will subsequently be pulled to
one or the other pole, and the other half moves to the
opposite pole.
 During the stages of meiosis I, a single centromeric region
holds each pair of sister chromatids together. It appears
as a single unit, and a kinetechore forms around each
one.

 Cohesin is degraded between sister chromatids, except at

the centromere region, which, as in mitosis, is protected
by a shugoshin complex. Then, one-half of each tetrad (a
dyad) is pulled toward each pole of the dividing cell. This
separation process is the physical basis of disjunction, the
separation of homologous chromosomes from one
another.
Anaphase I  Occasionally, errors in meiosis occur and separation is
not achieved. The term nondisjunction describes such an
error. At the completion of the normal anaphase I, a series
of dyads equal to the haploid number is present at each
pole.
 If crossing over had not occurred in the first meiotic
prophase, each dyad at each pole would consist solely of
either paternal or maternal chromatids. However, the
exchanges produced by crossing over create mosaic
chromatids of paternal and maternal origin
 Reveals a nuclear membrane forming around the dyads.
In this case, the nucleus next enters into a short
interphase period. If interphase occurs, the chromosomes
Telophase I do not replicate because they already consist of two
chromatids. In other organisms, the cells go directly from
anaphase I to meiosis II. In general, meiotic telophase is
much shorter than the corresponding stage in mitosis.

 During prophase II, each dyad is composed of one pair of

sister chromatids attached by the common centromeric
region
Prophase II

 During metaphase II, the centromeres are positioned on

the equatorial plate.

Metaphase II

 When the shugoshin complex is degraded, the

centromeres separate, anaphase II is initiated, and the
sister chromatids of each dyad are pulled to opposite
Anaphase II poles.
  Because the number of dyads is equal to the haploid
number, telophase II reveals one member of each pair of
homologous chromosomes present at each pole.
Telophase II

4. Answer the following guide questions below:

A. Mitosis
1. How many chromosomes are there in a diploid (2N) cells?
Answer 46 chromosomes
2. How many chromosomes are there in a haploid cell?
Answer; 23 chromosomes
3. Are the chromosomes at prophase single-stranded or double-
stranded?
Answer; single stranded
4. What attaches the chromosome to the spindle fiber during
metaphase?
Answer; centromere
5. How many chromosomes are there in the cell during metaphase?
Answer;46 chromosomes
6. How many chromosomes are there in the cell during anaphase? Is the
chromosome single-stranded or double-stranded?
Answer; 16chromosomes double-stranded chromosomes
7. How many chromosomes are present in each nucleus formed at
Telophase?
Answer; 23 chromosomes
8. What is the importance of Mitosis in the life of an organism?
Answer; mitosis is a way of making more cells that are genetically the
same as the parent cells. It plays important part in development of
embryos, and it is important for the growth and development of our
bodies as well. Mitosis produce new cell and replaces cell that are
old, lost or damage and this is one key process that sustain
population of asexual organism
9. Why do cells go through interphase before dividing?
Answer; cells go through interphase before dividing because it checks
all of it system to ensure that is ready to divide

B. Meiosis
1. How many chromosomes attached to each spindle fiber during
Metaphase I?
Answer; 46 chromosomes
2. How many chromosomes are there in the cell at Metaphase II?
Answer 23 chromosomes
3. How many chromosomes are present in each nucleus of cells
produced at Telophase II?
Answer; 23 chromosomes
4. What is the importance of the reduction of the number of
chromosomes in meiosis?
Answer; the reduction of chromosome number in meiosis is a central
event in lives of most eukaryotes, including human. It make diploidy
possible because the gametes that are produce with half the
chromosome number of their parent cell can then fuse to form a
diploid zygote

5. Why is meiosis important to sexually reproducing organisms?

Answer; The significance of meiosis in sexually reproducing organism
lies in its evolutionary role. Meiosis help in the creation of haploid
gametes which have half the number of chromosomes are compared
to organism, thus when the gametes they unite to form organism
which has the same number of chromosomes than that of the
parents. The other significance of the meiosis lies in variations. These
variation are a cause of the evolution of organism and these variation
also help organism to develop characters which help sustain
unfavorable condition