UNIT - VI

Project Organizations and Responsibilities: Line-of-Business Organizations, Project Organizations,

evolution of Organizations.
Process Automation: Automation Building blocks, The Project Environment.

Project Organizations and Responsibilities:

 Organizations engaged in software Line-of-Business need to support projects with the
infrastructure necessary to use a common process.
 Project organizations need to allocate artifacts & responsibilities across project team to ensure a
balance of global (architecture) & local (component) concerns.
 The organization must evolve with the WBS & Life cycle concerns.
 Software lines of business & product teams have different motivation.
 Software lines of business are motivated by return of investment (ROI), new business
discriminators, market diversification & profitability.
 Project teams are motivated by the cost, Schedule & quality of specific deliverables

1) Line-Of-Business Organizations:
The main features of default organization are as follows:
• Responsibility for process definition & maintenance is specific to a cohesive line of business.
• Responsibility for process automation is an organizational role & is equal in importance to
the process definition role.
• Organizational role may be fulfilled by a single individual or several different teams.

Fig: Default roles in a software Line-of-Business Organization.

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 Software Engineering Process Authority (SEPA)
The SEPA facilities the exchange of information & process guidance both to & from project
practitioners
This role is accountable to General Manager for maintaining a current assessment of the
organization’s process maturity & its plan for future improvement
Project Review Authority (PRA)
The PRA is the single individual responsible for ensuring that a software project complies
with all organizational & business unit software policies, practices & standards
A software Project Manager is responsible for meeting the requirements of a contract or some
other project compliance standard
Software Engineering Environment Authority( SEEA )
The SEEA is responsible for automating the organization’s process, maintaining the
organization’s standard environment, Training projects to use the environment & maintaining
organization-wide reusable assets
The SEEA role is necessary to achieve a significant ROI for common process.
Infrastructure
An organization’s infrastructure provides human resources support, project-independent
research & development, & other capital software engineering assets.
2) Project organizations:

Software Management
Artifacts Activities

 Business case Customer interface, PRA interface

 Software development plan Planning, monitoring
 Status assessments Risk management
Software process definition
Process improvement

System engineering Administration

Software Architecture Software Development Software Assessment

Figure 11-2. Default project organization and responsibilities

• The above figure shows a default project organization and maps project-level roles and
responsibilities.
• The main features of the default organization are as follows:
• The project management team is an active participant, responsible for producing as well
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 as managing.
• The architecture team is responsible for real artifacts and for the integration of
components, not just for staff functions.
• The development team owns the component construction and maintenance activities.
• The assessment team is separate from development.
• Quality is everyone’s into all activities and checkpoints.
• Each team takes responsibility for a different quality perspective.
3) EVOLUTION OF ORGANIZATIONS:
Software Software
Management Management
50% 10%

Software Software Software Software Software Software

Architecture Development Assessment Architecture Development Assessment
20% 20% 10% 50% 20% 20%

Inception Elaboration

Software Software
Management Management
10% 10%

Software Software Software Software Software Software

Architecture Development Assessment Architecture Development Assessment
5% 35% 50% 10% 50% 30%

Transition Construction

Inception: Elaboration:
Software management: 50% Software management: 10%
Software Architecture: 20% Software Architecture: 50%
Software development: 20% Software development: 20%
Software Assessment Software Assessment
(measurement/evaluation):10% (measurement/evaluation):20%
Construction: Transition:
Software management: 10% Software management: 10%
Software Architecture: 10% Software Architecture: 5%
Software development: 50% Software development: 35%
Software Assessment Software Assessment
(measurement/evaluation):30% (measurement/evaluation):50%

The Process Automation:

Introductory Remarks:

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 The environment must be the first-class artifact of the process.
Process automation & change management is critical to an iterative process. If the change is expensive
then the development organization will resist it.
Round-trip engineering & integrated environments promote change freedom & effective evolution of
technical artifacts.
Metric automation is crucial to effective project control.
External stakeholders need access to environment resources to improve interaction with the development
team & add value to the process.
The three levels of process which requires a certain degree of process automation for the corresponding
process to be carried out efficiently.
Metaprocess (Line of business): The automation support for this level is called an infrastructure.
Macroproces (project): The automation support for a project’s process is called an environment.
Microprocess (iteration): The automation support for generating artifacts is generally called a tool.

Tools: Automation Building blocks:

Many tools are available to automate the software development process. Most of the core software
development tools map closely to one of the process workflows
Workflows Environment Tools & process Automation
Management Workflow automation, Metrics automation
Environment Change Management, Document Automation
Requirements Requirement Management
Design Visual Modeling
Implementation -Editors, Compilers, Debugger, Linker, Runtime
Assessment -Test automation, defect Tracking
Deployment defect Tracking

The Project Environment:

The project environment artifacts evolve through three discrete states.
(1)Prototyping Environment.(2)Development Environment.(3)Maintenance Environment.
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 The Prototype Environment includes an architecture test bed for prototyping project architecture to
evaluate trade-offs during inception & elaboration phase of the life cycle.
The Development environment should include a full suite of development tools needed to support various
Process workflows & round-trip engineering to the maximum extent possible.
The Maintenance Environment should typically coincide with the mature version of the development.
There are four important environment disciplines that are critical to management context & the success of a
modern iterative development process.
Round-Trip engineering
Change Management
Software Change Orders (SCO)
Configuration baseline Configuration Control Board
Infrastructure
Organization Policy
Organization Environment
Stakeholder Environment.

Round Trip Environment

Tools must be integrated to maintain consistency & traceability.
Round-Trip engineering is the term used to describe this key requirement for environment that support
iterative development.
As the software industry moves into maintaining different information sets for the engineering artifacts,
more automation support is needed to ensure efficient & error free transition of data from one artifacts to
another.
Round-trip engineering is the environment support necessary to maintain Consistency among the
engineering artifacts.

Change Management
Change management must be automated & enforced to manage multiple iterations & to enable change
freedom.
Change is the fundamental primitive of iterative Development.
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 I. Software Change Orders
The atomic unit of software work that is authorized to create, modify or obsolesce components within a
configuration baseline is called a software change orders ( SCO )
The basic fields of the SCO are Title, description, metrics, resolution, assessment & disposition

Change management
II.Configuration Baseline
A configuration baseline is a named collection of software components &Supporting
documentation that is subjected to change management & is upgraded, maintained, tested, statuses
& obsolesced a unit
There are generally two classes of baselines
External Product Release
Internal testing Release
Three levels of baseline releases are required for most Systems

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 1. Major release (N)
2. Minor Release (M)
3. Interim (temporary) Release (X)
Major release represents a new generation of the product or project
A minor release represents the same basic product but with enhanced features, performance or
quality.
Major & Minor releases are intended to be external product releases that are persistent &
supported for a period of time.
An interim release corresponds to a developmental configuration that is intended to be transient.
Once software is placed in a controlled baseline all changes are tracked such that a distinction must
be made for the cause of the change. Change categories are
Type 0: Critical Failures (must be fixed before release)
Type 1: A bug or defect either does not impair (Harm) the usefulness of the system or can be
worked around
Type 2: A change that is an enhancement rather than a response to a defect
Type 3: A change that is necessitated by the update to the environment
Type 4: Changes that are not accommodated by the other categories.
Change Management
III Configuration Control Board (CCB)
A CCB is a team of people that functions as the decision
Authority on the content of configuration baselines
A CCB includes:
1. Software managers
2. Software Architecture managers
3. Software Development managers
4. Software Assessment managers
5. Other Stakeholders who are integral to the maintenance of the controlled software
delivery system?
Infrastructure
The organization infrastructure provides the organization’s capital assets including two key
artifacts - Policy & Environment
I Organization Policy:
A Policy captures the standards for project software development processes
The organization policy is usually packaged as a handbook that defines the life cycles & the
process primitives such as
 Major milestones
 Intermediate Artifacts
 Engineering repositories
 Metrics
 Roles & Responsibilities

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 Infrastructure
II Organization Environment
The Environment that captures an inventory of tools which are building blocks from which project
environments can be configured efficiently & economically

Stakeholder Environment
Many large scale projects include people in external organizations that represent other stakeholders
participating in the development process they might include
 Procurement agency contract monitors
 End-user engineering support personnel
 Third party maintenance contractors
 Independent verification & validation contractors
 Representatives of regulatory agencies & others.
These stakeholder representatives also need to access to development resources so that they can
contribute value to overall effort. These stakeholders will be access through on-line
An on-line environment accessible by the external stakeholders allow them to participate in the
process a follows
Accept & use executable increments for the hands-on evaluation.
Use the same on-line tools, data & reports that the development organization uses to manage &
monitor the project
Avoid excessive travel, paper interchange delays, format translations, paper * shipping costs &
other overhead cost

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