Đại Học Bách Khoa TP.

HCM
Bộ Môn Viễn Thông

Môn học – THÔNG TIN DI ĐỘNG

(Mobile Wireless Communication)
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Wireless Communications

Presenter: Dr. Nguyễn Đình Long 1

Email: [email protected]
Phone: 0947 229599
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/dnhlongnguyen/
01 Mar. 2021
Dr. Long D. Nguyen
Cấu trúc môn học
Introduction to Wireless Communication

Fundamentals of Wireless Communication – Cellular concept

GSM (2G) architecture and beyond

Radio propagation – Large-scale fading

Radio propagation – Small-scale fading & Multipath channels

Multiple access technology – CDMA

Channel capacity, Equalization, Diversity

2
References
Giáo Trình chính:
▪ T.S. Rappaport ,Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.

Đọc thêm:
▪ A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
▪ J. G. Proakis , M. Salehi , G. Bauch Contemporary Communication Systems Using MATLAB, Cengage
Learning, 2012.

▪ Slides here are adapted from several sources on the Internet.

3
Grading

▪ 40%: Thi giữa kỳ

o Thời gian: 60 phút,

o Hình thức: trắc nghiệm, không được mang tài liệu

▪ 60%: Thi cuối kỳ

o Thời gian: 90 phút,

o Hình thức: tự luận, được mang một tờ giấy A4 hai mặt

4
Chapter 1

1. Introduction to communication systems

▪ Block diagram

2. Overview of wireless communication

▪ Generations of wireless communication
▪ Current wireless networks

3. Mobile Communication Standards and QoS

4. Wireless Communication Issues and Design challenges

5. Fundamental concepts

5
Introduction

6
Introduction

7
1. Introduction to communication system
▪ The purpose of a communication system is to transport an information bearing
signal from a source to a user destination.

o Analog communication systems: the information bearing signal is continuously

varying in both amplitude and time.

o The performance metric: SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)

o Digital communication system: the information bearing signal is represented by a

sequence of discrete messages.

o The performance metric: BER (Bit Error Rate)

8
Basic diagram of communication systems

9
Basic signal processing blocks
▪ Transmitter:
o Source coding: eliminate or reduce redundancy so as to provide an efficient representation of the
source output.
o Channel coding: introduce redundancy to provide reliable communication over a noisy channel.
o Modulation: to provide the efficient transmission of the signal over the channel.

❖ Channel: wired (telephone channels, coaxial cables, optical fibers) or wireless (microwave radio,
satellite channels, mmWave channel, military channels, …).

❖ Receiver: demodulation, channel decoder, and source decoder.

❖ Our goal is to communicate with any time of information with anyone at anytime from anywhere.
This is possible with aid of wireless technology.

10
Block diagram of digital communication systems

11
2. Radio Communication
▪ Radio or radio communication means any transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals,
writing, images, sounds by means of electromagnetic waves of the radio frequency range, from about
3 kHz to 300 GHz propagated in space without artificial guide.

▪ Examples of radio communication systems:

▪ Radio broadcasting.
▪ TV broadcasting.
▪ Satellite communication.
▪ Mobile cellular telephony.
▪ Wireless LAN.
▪ UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles): ground, sky and underwater/underground

▪ THz communication (>1000 GHz) (based on satellite communication) for >5G …

12
Introduction
 13
30-300 GHz

-1 mm

EHF

Frequency assaignments up 60 GHz

10
3-30 GHz

-1 cm

SHF

Fixed services, Fixed statelite services,

10

Mobile serivces, Remote sensing

300-3000

Broadcasting TV, satelites, Personal

-10 cm

UHF

telephone systems, radar systems, fixed

100
MHz

and mobile satelite services

30-300

Broadcasting, TV, FM, Mobile services for

VHF
-1 m
MHz

maritime, aeronautical and land, Wireless

10

microphones, Meteor burst communicaiton

3-30 MHz

Fixed point to point communication, Mobile

-10 m

maritime aeronautical, land services,

HF
100

military communication, amateur radio and

broadcasting
300-3000

-100 m
AM broadcasting, naviation, radio beacons,

MF
1000
KHz

distress frequencies.
Classification of radio spectrum

30-300
Long distance communication (fixed and

-1 km

LF
marite), Broadcasting, Naviagation, Radio
kHz

10
beacons
3-30 kHz

-10 km

VLF
100
Time and Frequency Normals, Navigation,
Underwater Communication, Remote

300-3000 Hz
sensing under ground, Maritme telegraphy

-100 km

ELF
1000
Wavelength
Application

Frequency

Term
The Radio Spectrum
▪ The frequency spectrum is a shared resource.
▪ Radio propagation does not recognize geopolitical boundaries (globalization or security).
▪ International cooperation and regulations are required for an efficient use of the radio spectrum.

▪ The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an agency, within the UN, that takes care of this
resource.
o Frequency assignment.
o Standardization.
o Coordination and planning of the international telecommunication services.

▪ The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates interstate and international

communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable in all 50 states.
o An independent U.S. government agency overseen by Congress, the Commission is the federal agency
responsible for implementing and enforcing America’s communications law and regulations.

14
Introduction
History

▪ 1864: Maxwell describes radio wave mathematically

▪ 1888: Hertz generates radio waves
▪ 1890: Detection of radio waves
▪ 1896: Marconi makes the first radio transmission
▪ 1915: Radio tubes are invented
▪ 1948: Shannon’s law
▪ 1948: Transistor
▪ WW II: Rapid development of radio technology.
▪ 1960: Communication Satellites
▪ 1981: Cellular technology
15
Persons
Invention of radio
generally attributed to Guglielmo
Marconi in the 1890s
whose work included experimental
investigation of radio waves,
establishment of theoretical
underpinnings, engineering and
technical developments, and
adaptation to signaling.

16
Persons
Invention of modern radio Jaap Haartsen Nicolas Sornin

Irwin Mark Jacobs

(CDMA)
1.6 billion subscribers
Arogyaswami Paulraj
Martin Cooper (MIMO Technology) Thomas Marzetta
(massive MIMO)

GPS

Jagadish Chandra Bose 17

History
▪ Voice over Radio and the First Television Transmissions
• *1914 — First voice over radio transmission
• 1920s — Mobile receivers installed in police cars in Detroit
• 1925 — US patent no. 1,544,156 granted to Charles Francis Jenkins for "Transmitting Pictures over Wireless" (TV).
• 1927 — First long-distance TV transmission in the United States, conducted by AT&T Bell Labs.
• 1928 — First transatlantic TV transmission, from London to New York.
• 1928 — First TV station, W2XB (later WRGB), broadcast from General Electric facility in Schenectady, NY
• 1930s — Mobile transmitters developed; radio equipment occupied most of police car trunk
• *1935 — Frequency modulation (FM) demonstrated by Armstrong
• 1940s — Majority of police systems converted to FM

18
History
▪ Commercial Television and the Birth of Mobile Telephony
• 1946 — First interconnection of mobile users to public switched telephone
network (PSTN)
• 1949 — FCC recognizes mobile radio as new class of service
• 1940s — Number of mobile users > 50K
• 1950s — Number of mobile users > 500K
• 1960s — Number of mobile users > 1.4M
• 1960s — Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) introduced; supports full-duplex, auto
dial, auto trunking
• 1976 — Bell Mobile Phone has 543 pay customers using 12 channels in the New York City area;
waiting list is 3700 people; service is poor due to blocking

19
History
▪ Cellular Mobile Telephony and Steps Toward Wireless Internet
• 1979 — NTT/Japan deploys first cellular communication system
• *1983 — Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) deployed in US in 900 MHz band: supports 666 duplex channels
• 1989 — Groupe Spècial Mobile defines European digital cellular standard, GSM
• 1990 — Formation of IEEE 802.11 Working Group to define standards for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
• *1991 — US Digital Cellular phone system introduced
• 1990 — First web browser, WorldWideWeb, developed.
• 1991 — First documented version of HTTP protocol, the protocol behind the World Wide Web.
• 1992 — First GSM phones approved for sale.
• 1992 — Text messaging, or short messaging service (SMS), was designed as part of the GSM cellular system.
• *1993 — IS-95 code-division multiple-access (CDMA) spread- spectrum digital cellular system deployed in US
• 1993 — NCSA Mosaic web broswer developed, with support for Unix, Windows, Mac, and more. Mosaic eventually
evolved into the commercial Netscape Navigator.
• *1994 — GSM system deployed in US, relabeled ``Global System for Mobile Communications''

20
History
▪ The Wireless Data Era
• 1997 — Release of IEEE 802.11 WLAN protocol, supporting 1-2 Mbit/s data rates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
• 1999 — Release of IEEE 802.11b WLAN protocol, supporting 1-11 Mbit/s data rates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
• 1999 — Release of IEEE 802.11a WLAN protocol, supporting 1-54 Mbit/s data rates in the 5 GHz ISM band
• 2003 — Release of IEEE 802.11g WLAN protocol, supporting 1-54 Mbit/s data rates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
• 2009 — Release of IEEE 802.11n WLAN protocol, supporting up to 150 Mbit/s data rates in both the 2.4 GHz and
5 GHz ISM bands.

21
History
▪ The Wireless Data Era
• 1997 — Release of IEEE 802.11 WLAN protocol, supporting 1-2 Mbit/s data rates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
• 1999 — Release of IEEE 802.11b WLAN protocol, supporting 1-11 Mbit/s data rates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
• 1999 — Release of IEEE 802.11a WLAN protocol, supporting 1-54 Mbit/s data rates in the 5 GHz ISM band
• 2003 — Release of IEEE 802.11g WLAN protocol, supporting 1-54 Mbit/s data rates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
• 2009 — Release of IEEE 802.11n WLAN protocol, supporting up to 150 Mbit/s data rates in both the 2.4 GHz and
5 GHz ISM bands.

22
Evolution of Wireless Systems

23
Current Wireless Networks

❖ Cellular Systems Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)

❖ Satellite Systems
❖ Wireless broadband access (WiMax-compatible)
Metropolitan Area
❖ Paging Systems (one way, two way) Networks MAN
❖ Radio broadcast (analog/digital audio/video)
❖ Cordless phone, personal handyphone system
❖ Wireless LANs
❖ Bluetooth
❖ Ultra-wideband radios
Local Area Network LAN
❖ Zigbee radios Personal Area Networks PAN
❖ Infrared wireless optical (IrDa)
❖ Remote control (toy, garage door)
❖ Special purpose: radar, sonar, missile guidance,…,etc
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The road of 0G – 5G and beyond

25
3. Mobile wireless technology

26
3. Mobile wireless technology

27
1G First generation wireless
▪ Developed in 1980’s

▪ Analog transmission technology

▪ Focus on voice

▪ Data service almost non-existence

▪ Incompatible standards:

o Different frequencies and signalling

o International roaming impossible

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2G second generation wireless
❑ 2 G wireless
o Its was invented and developed in 1990-91.
o Digital transmission technology
o Increased quality of service
o Possible for wireless data services

❑ 2.5 G wireless
o General packet radio service (GPRS)
o Data rates: 56 kb/s to 115 kb/s
o Services: WAP, MMS and SMS, Search and directory

❑ 2.75 G wireless
o Maximum data rate: 384 kbps.

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3G third generation wireless
❑ 3 G wireless
o Introduced in 2004-05
o Applications: mobile TV, video on demand, video conferencing, location based serviced services.

❑ 3.5 G wireless
o Known as HSDPA (high-speed downlink packet access)
o Data transmission up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for some systems)

❑ 3.75 G wireless
o Refereed to HSUPA (high-speed uplink packet access)
o Speed: 1.4 Mbps-5 Mbps
o Real-time person to person gaming

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4G Fourth generation wireless
o A collection of technology creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data.
o Provide speed of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps.
o Provide wireless alternative for broadband access to residential and business customers.

❑ 5 G Wireless (coming soon)

o Data rate: ~10 Gbps

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Comparison between 1G-4G
.

32
3G and 4G capabilities and features
.

33
Mobile broadband landscape
▪ Cellular wireless law of speed vs decade

time 34
5G
▪ At the end of 2020 …

35
Satellite Systems (thinking to 6G …)
▪ Cover very large areas

▪ Different orbit heights

o GEOs (36000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)

▪ Optimized for one-way transmission

o Radio (XM, Sirius) and movie (SatTV, DVB/S) broadcasts
o Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt

▪ Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing

o Satellite signals used to pinpoint location
o Popular in cell phones, PDAs, and navigation devices

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Satellite SATELLITE
SystemsSYSTEMS

▪ Cover very large areas

▪ Different orbit heights

▪ GEOs (36,000 Km)
▪ MEOs (10,000 Km)
▪ LEOs (1,000-2,000 Km)

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mmWave Communication
▪ The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all frequencies is referred to as the electromagnetic
spectrum.

38
mmWave Communication - Frequency spectrum

39
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

Wireless Protocol/Technology Standards

40
Wireless LAN Standards
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

01011011 0101 1011

Internet
Access
Point

⚫ WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range)

⚫ Breaks data into packets
⚫ Channel access is shared (random access)
⚫ Backbone Internet provides best-effort service
⚫ Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)
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Wireless LAN Standards
▪ 802.11b (Old – 1990s)
o Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
o Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
o Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range
Many WLAN
▪ 802.11a/g (Middle Age– mid-late 1990s) cards have
o Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) all 3 (a/b/g)
o OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes
o Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

▪ 802.11n (Hot stuff, standard close to finalization)

o Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band
o Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas)
o Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range
o Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.

42
Wireless LAN Standards
.

43
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access) (802.16)
▪ Wide area wireless network standard
o System architecture similar to cellular
o Hopes to compete with cellular

▪ OFDM/MIMO is core link technology

▪ A physical layer operating in
2 to 66 GHz range
o Different for different countries.
o Bandwidth is 3.5-10 MHz

▪ Fixed (802.16d) vs. Mobile (802.16e) WiMAX

o Fixed: 75 Mbps max, up to 50 mile cell radius
o Mobile: 15 Mbps max, up to 1-2 mile cell radius

44
Bluetooth
▪ Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-
wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices,
creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security
▪ Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)

▪ 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels, up to 3 Mbps

▪ Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies

45
Ultra wideband Radio (UWB)
▪ UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9)
o Duty cycle of only a fraction of a percent
▪ A carrier is not necessarily needed
▪ Uses a lot of bandwidth (GHz)
▪ High data rates, up to 500 Mbps
▪ 7.5 GHz of “free spectrum” in the U.S. (underlay)
▪ New UWB proposals (802.15.3): OFDM-based or

CDMA-based
▪ Limited commercial success to date

46
IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios
▪ Wireless personal area networks built from small, low-power digital radios.

▪ ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe,
915 MHz in the USA and Australia and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide.
▪ Data rates of 20, 40, 250 Kbps

▪ The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring
applications
▪ Very low power consumption

Focus is primarily on low power sensor networks

47
Tradeoffs 802.11n
3G
Rate
802.11g/a

Power
802.11b
UWB
Bluetooth
ZigBee Range

48
Backbone infrastructures: PSTN, Internet, and HFC

▪ PDN: Public data network

▪ HFC: hybrid fiber coaxial network

49
3. QoS Requirements and Design Challenges
▪ QoS: quality-of-service

Voice Data Video

Delay <100ms - <100ms

Packet Loss <1% 0 <1%

BER 10-3 10-6 10-6

Data Rate 8-32 Kbps 1-100 Mbps 1-20 Mbps

Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous

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Quality-of-Service (QoS)
▪ QoS refers to the requirements associated with a given application, typically rate and delay
requirements.

▪ It is hard to make a one-size-fits all network that supports requirements of different applications.

▪ Wired networks have much higher data rates and better reliability than wireless.

▪ QoS for all applications requires a cross-layer design approach.

51
Future Generations
Rate Other Tradeoffs:
Rate vs. Coverage
802.11n Rate vs. Delay
4G Rate vs. Cost
Rate vs. Energy

802.11b WLAN
3G

2G Wimax/3G

2G Cellular

Mobility

Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed 52

Radio Communication
▪ Three main problems:
o The path loss
o Noise (interference)
o Sharing the radio spectrum

53
Spectrum Regulation
▪ Spectral Allocation in Vietnam controlled by the ARFM (Authority of Radio Frequency
Management)
▪ ARMF auctions spectral blocks for set applications.
▪ Some spectrum set aside for universal use

▪ Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R

▪ Regulation is a necessary evil.

Innovations in regulation being considered worldwide,

including underlays, overlays, and cognitive radios

54
US Spectrum allocation today

55
4. Fundamental concepts
▪ Simplex
▪ Half-duplex
▪ Full-duplex
o The 2 channels can be separated in frequency – Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
o The 2 channels can be separated in time to share a single physical channel – Time Division Duplex
(TDD)

56
FDD vs TDD

57
Multiple Access

58
Multiple Access
▪ Multiple access
o FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
o TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
o SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
o SSMA (Spread Spectrum Multiple Access)
• FHMA (Frequency Hopped Multiple Access)
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

59
Multiple Access

60
The Cellular Concept

61
The Cellular Concept

62
The Cellular Concept

63
 TYPE
Type of Cells
OF CELLS

Global
Satellite

Suburban Urban
In-Building

Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal

64
The Cellular Concept
▪ Why cellular?
▪ Radio spectrum is a finite resource.
▪ How to accommodate a large number of users over a large geographic area within a limited radio spectrum?
▪ The solution is the use of cellular structure which allows frequency reuse.

▪ The large geographic area is divided into smaller areas cells.

▪ Each cell has its own base station providing coverage only for that cell.
▪ Each base station is allocated a portion of the total number of channels available to the entire system.
▪ Neighboring base stations are assigned different groups of channels to minimize interference.
▪ The same group of channels can be reused by another base station located sufficiently far away to
keep co-channel interference levels within tolerable limits.

65
Coexistence Challenge:
Many devices use the same radio band

▪ Technical Solutions:
▪ Interference Cancellation
▪ Smart/Cognitive Radios
66
Emerging Systems
▪ 4th generation cellular (4G)
o OFDMA will be PHY layer (like Wimax)
o Other new features and bandwidth still in flux

▪ Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks

▪ Cognitive radios
▪ Sensor networks
▪ Distributed control networks

67
Cognitive Radio Paradigms

▪ Cognitive radio of a
spectrum hole and
opportunistic spectrum
sharing

68
Cognitive Radio Networks
.

69
HetNets
.

70
Ad-hoc Network
.

71
Relay Networks
.

72
Self-organized Networks
.

73
Fog/Edge Computing Networks

74
Key Techniques
❖ Adaptive Techniques
❑ Link, MAC, network, and application adaptation
❑ Resource management and allocation (power control)

❖Diversity techniques
❑ Link diversity (space, time, frequency)
❑ Access diversity
❑ Route diversity

❖Multiplexing
❑Spatial multiplexing (MIMO, beamforming)
❑Frequency multiplexing (OFDM, multi-carrier)

75