Senior High School General Physics1 Quarter 1 — Module 5: Newton's second law, Dot product, and Work DehED @Newton’s Second Law: Acceleration Perhaps you have already had the knowledge and understanding about force and this is not new to you. The push or pull force being acted or exerted to a certain body or an object will basically serve as your foundation in understanding the new lesson. In this lesson, the concept as well as the theory about Newton’s second law which is acceleration will be discussed. What’s In Activity 1: Think of an answer! A certain empty bottle at rest caught your attention while walking at Talacanen beach, you were being rude for a moment and kicked the bottle towards the shore. The bottle flew for a couple of seconds before landing on the shore and suddenly the waves repeated what you've done by pushing the bottle slowly back to the beach. This scenario made you realized that though the waves moved the bottle it was different when it comes to distance and the time taken by the bottle before it completely stopped. 1, What do you think is/are the reason/s? 2. Does applied force has something to do with it?Ww What’s New Activity 2: Newton’s Second Law! ‘The second law states that, “when a net force acts on a body or an object, it will be accelerated in the same direction with the force”. Have you ever wondered how directly related is acceleration to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body or an object? aa ‘Think about this illustration! Calculate for the acceleration of a ball? 19) What is It ‘There are a lot of ways to write the equation/kinematic equation of Newton’s second law, Depending on what is/are the unknown variable/s and what is/are given, the general equation can be derived Mathematically, Newton’s second law can be written this as Fema where Fis the force applied to an object mis the mass of the object ais acceleration ‘The unit for force is N (newton). 1 N = 1 kg m/s?. Remember that the force in this equation is a net force Example: How much force is exerted to an object whose mass is10 kg and acceleration is 2.5 m/s?? Given: m=10 kg, a Solution: F=ma; F=(10 kg){ 2.5 m/s: ; F=25N‘The first part of the second law tells us that the greater the unbalanced force acted upon a body is, the greater the acceleration of the body will be. Fl_al F2> a2 So, if we push a motorcycle with a certain force Fi and then push it twice as hard as the first push for the second time; we will have an acceleration that is twice as the first time it is pushed. ‘The second part of Newton’s second law tells us that the greater the mass of a body or of an object the lesser the acceleration is. myay=maas The second law can be stated in another way. Just recall that acceleration vf—vo t vyf-vo IfF = ma, then F =m pa mesamvo Ft = mvf —mvo In some cases, when displacement is related to acceleration and time; then, the equation will be d wat When we know the acceleration in a system and if distance and initial velocity are given, the kinematic equation below can be used: vf? - vo? = 2ad; uf? = vo? + 2ad uf? = \2ad Tension is also a force that may act on a certain mass (kg). |: Mathematically, tension T = maActivity 3: Concept application and Problem Solving! Learning the Skill: Application of concept and problem solving 1. Use your knowledge about the concept of Newton’s second law. Understand each statement to correctly answer them. 2. Apply the different equation about Newton’s second law or derive the equations if needed in answering the problems. Find the given and calculate for what is being asked in every problem. Fill in the blank using your understanding of Newton’s second law. 1. Aman pushes a box to slide it up the plane and exerted 10N on the first push then 5N on the next push. Then, the first push would give us acceleration and the second push will result to _ acceleration. 2. Refer to the illustration below, The box on the right will slide than the box on the left. The box on the right experiences as much force is directed to the right. mi m2 : — 7 — 3. If the same amount of force is applied to two objects with different masses, then, the less massive object is expected to move when experiencing a net force. 4. Stalled vehicle requires push to accelerate from rest. 5. If block1 whose mass is 12kg and block2 whose mass is 15kg are joined by an inextensible light cord over a frictionless pulley. As shown below, block 1 will move and block 2 will move Block 1 Block 2What I Have Learned Activity 4: Complete each statement! Directions: Try to recall what you have just learned and complete the following statements. Fill in the blanks with the term that will best complete the thought. ‘The massive the object the to accelerate. 2. Acceleration acts in the same direction as the 5 The acceleration of an object is__to the mass of an object. When an object does not accelerate, it does not mean that If mass is (kg) and acceleration is (m/s?). Then, force is The direction of acceleration tells us that A .20N force is exerted to a ball whose mass is 0.75kg, this has an acceleration of ? 8. Amotorcycle and a tricycle are both moving at 35km/h. Which of the two vehicles is harder to stop? Why? 9. A force of 7N gives an object an acceleration of 3.5m/s?. What force is needed to give the same object an acceleration of 2m/s?? 10. An acceleration of 25m/s? is produced when an object whose mass is 2000g is exerted with a force of 2 Noose zo WhatICan Do Fo Directions: Analyze the following situations and fill in the blank/s with necessary word/s that will complete the whole statement. Make sure to choose the best word that will make the whole statement correct. 1. A 50kg sack of rice is to push compared to a 25kg sack of rice. 2. The forces that may act on a stalled/stationary vehicle are and 3. When an object experiences no net force, it means that the product of mass and acceleration is 4. The ground exerts force to the force given by a stationary vehicle 5. Ifa truck weighs massive than the tricycle, then the truck requires __force to stop,Assessment Directions: Read and answer the following problems carefully. Each item has four (4) suggested possible answers. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper. If there are two masses involved in the system. One is lighter than the other and their acceleration is equal to both masses, What happens to the tension in the system? a, m) will have lesser tension b. mo will experience bigger tension c. both masses will experience equal tension 4. both masses will experience unequal tension —m; 2. If applied force is constant, the mass and acceleration produced are, a. equal c. directly proportional b. not related d. inversely proportional 3. Acoin is thrown upward from a roof at the same time as the identical coin is dropped from there. Which of the following statements is TRUE? The coins a, will collide midair b, reach the ground at the same time c. have the same velocity when they reach the ground d. have the same acceleration when they reach the ground How should the two blocks move? Refer to the illustration. a. block 1 will move upward ) b. block 2 will move upward c. both blocks will move upward bloat 4d. both blocks will move downward a 5. Two masses m= 9kg and m2=11kg and are connected to an inextensible light cord over a frictionless pulley. Calculate the acceleration of the system. 0.98 m/s? b, 2.04 m/s? c. 10.2 m/s? d. 19.6 m/s? 6. If a bullet of 4.75g travelled and hit the wall at 125 m/s then came to rest in 2.75s, how much force did the wall exert to the bullet causing it to stop? -0.22 N b. -13.06 N ©. -45.45N d. -49.78 N 7. Acertain force gives a 5 kg object an acceleration of 2 m/s?. If the same force is applied to a 20 kg object, what is the acceleration produced? a.0.5m/s? —b.2.0 m/s? ©. 4.9 m/s? d. 8.0 m/s?8. How heavy is a piece of log if it is pushed by a force of 45N and accelerates at 0.76m/s?? 12.4 kg b. 34.2 kg c. 44.24 kg d. 59.21 kg 9. Refer to item number 5. Calculate for the tension T in the cord. 8.9N b. 10.78 N cc. 11.22N d. 19.6N 10. A 3ON force is exerted to a sack of 25kg rice and is pushed and piled up in a corner. What is the acceleration of the sack? a. 0.83 m/s? b. 1.2 m/s? c. 5.0 m/s? 4. 7.5 m/s? 11. If 25N is exerted to accelerate an object to 2.5 m/s?, how heavy is an object? a. 0.1kg b. 10kg ©. 25kg d. 62.5kg 12. A person’s mass is 55kg and steps into an elevator to move to another floor. What is the person’s weight as the elevator accelerates downward at arate of 1.75 m/s? a. 96.3N b. 442.8N c. 539.0N d. 808.5N 13. A 75N is applied to a 57.5kg object located on a frictionless area. What is the acceleration of an object? a. 17.5m/s? b. 7.7m/s? c. 1.3m/s? . 0.8m/s? 14. In which case is the car accelerating? a. acar changing lanes at a constant speed. b. acar slowing down while making a left turn. c. acar speeding up in an effort to beat the red light. 4d. all of the above. 15. A bird is shot by a 5.0g bullet travelling at 205m/s, occasionally strikes its wing and comes to rest in 5O1y'seconds. Calculate the force imparted by the wing to the bullet? a. 2045N b. - 2045N c. 4.09x105N — d. - 4.09 x 105N Additional Activities Activity 6: True or False Directions: Analyze the following situations. Before each number, write Tru statement is correct and write False if the statement is wrong. 1. Massive objects require lesser amount of force to accelerate. 2. The mass of an object is inversely proportional to acceleration. 10___ 3. Ifwe push a motorcycle with a certain force F and then we push it twice as hard as the first push for the second time, it will give us an acceleration twice as the first time it is pushed ___ 4. An airplane that is massive than a car requires greater amount of force to take-off. ____5. When an object does not accelerate, it means that no force is acting on it Congratulations for a job well done! You are now ready to take-off to another level just make sure to have fun while learning. Do not force yourself so new tons of things will be easy to learn. Dot Product The dot product is derived from two vector quantities and it is also called as the scalar product. In this lesson even though two vectors are being multiplied the product is still a scalar quantity. A certain point and its projection along with another point in relation to a certain cosine of the angle is what this lesson will talk about. What’s In Activity 1: Crossword Puzzle! Directions: Look for words related to dot product in the crossword puzzle below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. A [N [a [i Te [w Je [i TF Te Tu [vw 1 fo Ja |p [o> ft Tr ft fo [wn In fu M/. lv fofe In fi [vy ft fof [i s folie [v |p fo [rt [R [7 |v [tr siviv ft f[e[r ff frRjof [efi cle |p ft [c [Tt |e fo [ca [o [rR |[P alo fof [Iv le fo [ny fi [ys [ct to [n [G [e [co Je [rR fo fo [a fa a |[c [cle [i Je [r [a [7 fi [1 [ec R1Q lu fa [n [rv [1 |r [y [2 Ja fa clots ft [yn fe [a [rR [uf [yn [tr A |[wle[s fo [mle [it fo |v [eft A |p [v Je [n |r [vu [R [ze [s [TR lo K [A [a [s [a [w/a [TR [vu [7 _[n [wv qi.Ww What’s New Activity 2: Complete the paragraph! Vectors do not only focus on operations such as and In this lesson multiplication of is the essential focus. Two vectors quantity are the main points in this lesson as well as the ___ angle or the smaller in between them. We will also study one way to multiply vectors which is Pp What is It Mathematically, the dot product or scalar product of two vector is A®B= AB cos ® where A and B are the magnitudes of two vectors and cos® is the smaller angle between the direction of the two vectors, simply put, two vectors with an angle in between them. Example: Calculate the dot product of two vectors A and B, where A = 10 N and B =12 N separated by an angle of 45°. Given: A = ION, B= 12N, @ = cos45° Solution: A.B = A.B cos; A.B=(10N}(12}(cos45%) A.B=84.85N > Dot product may be viewed as the product of A and the projection of B along A. The common example of a dot product is work for it is a dot product of both force and displacement and work is usually a scalar quantity. Dot product can also be calculated through component method. In equation: A.B = Ai B;+A2B2+A3B3 12A 3 Bic] What’s More Activity 3: Calculate the dot or scalar product of vectors! Read and answer the following problem set carefully. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1, There are two vectors, A and B and they are perpendicular to each other as shown below. Find the dot product of the two vectors. AeRAN Find the dot p 8=3.7N Calculate for t S = (61 + 4j + 2k\m; T = (-3i + 4) + Sk) Find A.B given that A = 3m and B = 5m at an angle of 45°. Calculate the dot product of C = (-2, -6)N and D = (-2, 3)N. 2N, G=10N, and cos30. tors S and T. A) What I Have Learned Activity 4: Fill in the blank! 1. If A.B and B.A are the same then dot product shows property. Dot product is a quantity and product of two ‘The angle in between the two vectors is the angle. The range of the angle in between two vectors is _ to Basically, the common example of dot or scalar product is 1320 WhatICan Do To Activity 5: Complete each statement! 1. The angle in which a certain satellite is placed is to the signal received. 2. Not all the houses have the same roof design. That is why solar panels are placed or positioned depending on the angle of tilt of the roof for electrical power. 3. Street lights are also positioned in a certain angle to have light for the street. 4. When you are standing on a moving truck, the common thing you do with your base is that you create angle in order to stay still. 5. In choosing the path to walk on, we usually take the route. Assessment Multiple Choice Directions: Read and answer the following problems carefully. Each item has four (4) suggested possible answers. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper. 1, Find the dot product of vectors X and Y if they have the same value which is 12N at 35° a. 9.83 N b. 34.24N c. 117.96 N d. 410.82 N 2. Calculate the dot product of two vectors. Q= (2i + 6j + 4k) m; R= (-3i + 3j + 5k) m a. 32m b. 42m c. 32m d.-42m, 3. What is the dot product of two vectors perpendicular to each other with an angle of 40° in between them? Vector 1 is 5 m as vector 2 is 7 m. a. 5.36m b, 26.81m c. 39.85m, d. 56.0m_ 4, Two men walk at different paths. The first man walks north at 12 m and the second man takes northeast at 15 m. What is the dot product of the two men? a. 40.10m b. 44,.02m c. 127.28m 4. 521.0m. An arrow is accidentally shot to a certain post and creates an angle of 65° in between them. If an arrow is 0.75 m long and the post is 5 m, what is the dot product of these two vectors? a. 1.58m b. 2.82m c. 6.67m 4. 11.30m. 146. Calculate the dot product when A=2i-3j+5k; a. 32 b. 36 c. 48 a. 52 7. What variable can be associated with the illustration below? a. direction b. Magnitude 8 c. both magnitude and direction 4d. either magnitude or direction A A 8. Which of the following is an example of dot product? a. energy b. force c. torque 4. work 9. If two non-zero vectors have a dot product equal to 0, then the two vectors are said to be to each other. a. Perpendicular c. parallel (pointing in the same direction) b. cannot be determined d. parallel (pointing in the opposite direction) 10. Which of the following is a written equation for dot product? a. B= AB cos c. A.B= AB cos b. A=ABcoso d. AB cos@ = A.B 11. Determine if the dot product is parallel or not using the given below. Q= (4-6) + 4) m; R= (-3i+j + 2k) a. parallel c. not parallel b. perpendicular d. can’t be determined 12. Calculate the dot product of C = (-2, -6)N and D = (-2, 3)N. a. 13N b. 14N c. -13N d. -14N 13. Find the dot product of two vectors given; F=12N, G=10N, and cos30 a,113.36N —_ b. 109.08N ©. 103.92N d. 101.75N 14. The angle formed is orthogonal if the value of dot product is. ? a. ON b. IN c. 2N d. 3N 15. What does dot product means? a. addition c. multiplication b. division d. subtraction 15Additional Activities Activity 6: Remember your paths and maybe your past! Directions: Think of the routes/paths that you take. It could be a nearest store, a school, and etc. Design your own short cut route that you think you could take and that would lead to your chosen destination. Do this on a short bond paper or a clean sheet of paper. You may use markers, pencils, and other drawing materials present at home. ETT oh i) i} Now let’s talk about work! This lesson is not new to you at all. Work can be described by anyone depending on their perception about it. On a daily basis, moving the chair to a distance, lifting objects to a certain height, and even the normal walking involve work. Cry What’s In Activity 1: Think, just think! You are asked to pull a cabinet and so you exerted so much effort in order to pull the cabinet. Sadly, no matter how much you pulled it, you were not able to move it. ‘Think of any reason/s why does the cabinet didn't move at all? 16Ww What’s New Activity 2: Work it! Remember how you brought your cellphone to a certain height or distance just to take selfies and nice glam shot? That's actually a work already. In that case you have exerted an upward force to overcome the force of gravity. And this basically results to a vertical displacement of your cellphone parallel to the applied force What it means for a force to do work on a body? How to calculate the amount of work done? Pp What is It In lesson 1 of this module we talked about Newton's second law which basically involved the force. If a force acted on an object and brought it to a certain height or distance, work is there. ‘The involvement of force and displacement led to the existence of work in a particular system. Moreover, work is also related to energy for it is transferred if you do something to an object. When a force succeeds in moving the body in which it acts then work exists. Work is a scalar quantity and therefore there is no direction associated to it. The SI unit of work is joule (J) or simply a combination of Newton meter (N.m) which is a force of one Newton in a moving body through a distance of one meter. W-Fa where W—work (J) FP force (N) d- distance (m) Example: A consumer exerted 30 N on a push cart through a distance of 5 m. How much work is done by the consumer? Given: F = 30 N, d= 5m, W=? 17Solution: W= Fd W = (30N)(Sm) W= 1500 Work can also be written in this equation if height is involved: W = mgh where m = mass of an object (kg) g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8m/s?) height (m) If the force (F) and displacement (d) are not parallel to each other, it says that only the component of the force parallel to the displacement does the work, Given the angle in between the directions of (F) and (d), then the magnitude of the component of (F) parallel to (d) is F cos@. If the calculated work is negative, this means that force is acting in a direction opposite to the motion. This case is written in equation as W-= Fd (cosb) If the force exerted is at the right angle to the displacement, then no work is done. Right angle is 90° and cos90° is equal to zero, therefore work is equal to zero. Example: A dog whose weight is 30 N runs up the stairs where the vertical distance between the floors is 3.5 m. Calculate for the work done by gravity. Given: F = 30 N, d =3.5 m, cos180° Solution: W = Fd costb W = (BONY(3.5m)(cos 180°) W=-1055 c What’s More Problem Solving! Directions: Read and answer the following problem set carefully. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. A3.7 kg rock on the shore is moved to a distance of 6.4 m caused by a 5.5 N strong wave. What is the work done by a force to an object? 2. Calculate for the work done by a force on the system. Refer your answer to the illustration below. F=10N3. A 2.3 kg box is lifted to a 1.3 m high shelf. What is the work done? 4. Ifa load weighing 160 N is attached to the end of the rope and dragged across a horizontal floor; how much work is done if the rope makes a horizontal angle of 35° and the load is dragged over a distance of 15 m? 5. The porter exerted a 225 N force to push a crate to a distance of 7.2 m. Calculate for the work done. What I Have Learned Activity 4: Fill in the blank! Directions: Complete the following statements by filling in the blanks with the correct terms you have just studied. 1, Work is done if the acting force is to the displacement. 2. Cos0” is equal to 1 then cos90° is it means that is done. 3. If there is a movement to the direction of the then there is work done. 4. There is no work done if displacement is to the applied force. 5. Work is also a transfer of that causes movement or sets an object in motion. zo WhatICan Do fo Activity 5: True or False! Directions: Read and analyze the following statements. Write True if the statement describes correctly about work and False if not. Write your answer on the separate sheet of paper. . Work is done if you are able to push your table at a distance. An object moving at a constant speed on a frictionless floor Children crossing the streets A box is being pushed across a horizontal ground at a constant speed. Stowed vehicle on a parking lo waene 19Assessment Multiple Choice Directions: Read and answer the following problems carefully. Each item has four (4) suggested possible answers. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper. Calculate for the work if 125N force is applied by a porter to his load pushing it through a distance of 15m? 1587) b. 1785J ©. 18755 d. 1885 2. When an object is at rest, there is no work done because a. the floor is frictionless. b. there is no force acting on the object. c. there is no friction exerted on the object. d. there is no distance moved or taken by an object. 3. Abox is pushed horizontally on a smooth surface by a 10 N force to 6 m distance. What is the work done on the surface of the box by the 10 N force? 0.65 b. 163 eh7d 4.60 4. Which of the following situations has no work done? a. a saw cuts a piece of wood. b. a space ship cruises in space. c. a boy drags his bag along the floor. 4. a ball falls from a tree due to gravity. 5. A dog whose weight is 30N runs down the stairs with 3.5m vertical distance between the floors. Calculate for the work done by gravity. 1055 b. -105J. ©. 125J d. -125J. 6. A 40kg crate is being pushed along the floor with a force of 15N and covered a distance of 7.5m. calculate for the work done? 73.5N b. 80.0N c. 112.5N 4. 300.0N 7. If 10J of energy is transferred to certain toy car which mass is 25g and being exerted with 3N to moved. How far does it go? 2.5m b. 3.3m ¢. 8.3m a. 117m 8. Olivia exerts a force of 200N on a boulder but she wasn't able to move it. How much work is done? os b. ld c. 4.95 d. 5.1 9. The following describes work EXCEPT a. scalar c. has a unit of J or Nm b. vector d. product of force and distance 2010. Across a horizontal surface a box weighing! 80N is dragged and is moved using a rope attached to the front end. If the rope makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal surface, how much work is done by the man in dragging the box over a distance of 8m? 720.05 b. 831.43 ce. 1247.15 d. 1140.00 11. An old lady applied a force of SON to move her bag to a distance of 10m. How much work is done? a. 53 b. 50J ©. 500F d. 50003, 12. A certain 200.0g coin at rest falls freely from a height of 3m. Determine the work done by the gravity? a. 2.63 b. 5.93 ©. 12.8) d. 19.63 13. Ifa 10N acted on a box along a horizontal surface to a distance of 1m. Calculate for the work done? ald b. 10 ©. 15d d. 210 14. How much work is done when 45N is applied by a porter to his load pushing it through a distance of Sm? a. 40S b. 1505 c. 225J d. 2455 15. If a load weighing 160 N is attached to the end of the rope and dragged across a horizontal floor; how much work is done if the rope makes a horizontal angle of 35° and the load is dragged over a distance of 15 m? a, 1965.96J —_b. 1970.705 .1979.353 —d, 1992.725 Dy Additional Activities Directions: Think about the things that you have done today, all the chores or movements where work is related. In a clean sheet of paper, list down at least ten (10) work you have done today. 21