Senior High School
NOT
General Chemistry 2
Quarter 3 - Module 2.1
Week 2: Phase Changes
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
General Chemistry 2
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 - Module 2.1: Phase Changes
First Edition, 2020
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Senior HighHigh School
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General
Chemistry 2
Quarter 3 - Module 2.1
Week 2: Phase Changes
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Table of Contents
What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i
What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module .............................................................................................................. ii
Icons of this Module ................................................................................................................................... ii
What I Know ................................................................................................................................................iii
Lesson 2.1:
Phase Changes.............................................................................................................................. 1
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 1
What’s New: Match Me! .............................................................................................. 1
What Is It ........................................................................................................................... 2
What’s More: True or False!........................................................................................ 6
What Is It: Definition of Terms .................................................................................... 7
What I Have Learned: Give Example! ...................................................................... 7
What I Can Do: Know Me! ........................................................................................... 8
Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Assessment: (Post-Test) …………………………………………………………………………9
Key to Answers…………………………………………………………………………………………....10
References ……………………………………………………………………………………….11
What This Module is About
The lesson contained in this module is all about Phase Changes.
What to be discussed in this module are the phase diagram, heating, and cooling
curve. Here, we will discuss what a phase diagram is and how to interpret heating and
cooling curves.
You are expected to answer the activities given in each lesson. You may write your
answers on the answer sheets provided. Remember to strictly follow the instructions.
If you have any questions and clarifications about the lessons, feel free to contact me
via cellphone number 09264702108 or via email; [email protected].
What I Need to Know
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107);
2. Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109).
i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
Icons of this Module
What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.
What I know This is an assessment as to your level of
knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.
What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through
various activities, before it will be presented
to you
What is It These are discussions of the activities as a
way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.
What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-
tended for you to practice further to
master the competencies.
What I Have Activities designed to process what you
Learned have learned from the lesson
What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-
case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
ii
What I Know
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
1. It is the graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different
conditions of temperature and pressure.
A. Venn Diagram B. States of Matter
C. Phase Diagram D. All of the above
2. It is the combination of pressure and temperature at which all three phases of matter
are at equilibrium.
A. First Point B. Triple Point
C. Double Point D. Boiling Point
3. The curve on a phase diagram which represents the transition between liquid and
solid states.
A. Melting (or Freezing) curve B. Vaporization (or Condensation) curve
C. Sublimation (or Deposition) curve D. None of the above
4. It is a plot wherein a substance is subjected to increasing temperature against time to
measure the amount of energy it absorbs and changes state with increasing
temperature.
A. Cooling curve B. Heating curve
C. Time curve D. Temperature curve
5. Determine which among the choices is not a type of phase change.
A. Freezing B. Solid
C. Melting D. Sublimation
6. Solid Carbon Dioxide is also known as ________.
A. Ice B. Dry Ice
C. Gas D. Toxic Gas
7. The molecules that make up a _________are arranged in regular, repeating patterns.
A. Liquid B. Solid
C. Vapor D. Gas
8. The reverse change from gas to liquid is condensation, gas to solid is deposition, and
liquid to solid is freezing. These changes give off heat (heat lost) and are ________.
A. Endothermic process B. Physical process
C. Chemical process D. Exothermic process
9. The change from solid to gas is called _____________.
A. Condensation B. Sublimation
C. Melting D. Freezing
10. When a system contains only one phase (solid, liquid or gas), the temperature will
_______ when it receives energy.
A. Increase B. Decrease
C. Not change D. None of the above
iii
Lesson
2.1 Phase Changes
What I Need to Know
This module discusses about the different phase changes and how phase
diagrams are used, as well as how phase changes affect the heating and cooling
curves.
After going through this module, you are expected to
1. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107)
2. Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109)
What’s New
Activity 2.1.1. Match Me! Choose the answer that best matches each of the definitions below.
Write the letter of your answer on the column entitled “Match”.
Definition Match Key Terms
A gas or a liquid; a substance
1 A. Vapor
that can flow.
A gaseous substance that exists
B. Vaporization (or
2 naturally as a liquid or solid at
condensation) curve
normal temperature.
A phase change from liquid to
3 C. Fluid
gas.
The curve on a phase diagram D. Normal melting and
which represents the transition boiling points
4
between the gaseous and liquid
states. E. Vaporization
Melting and boiling points when F. Sublimation (or
5
the pressure is 1 atm. deposition) curve
1
What Is It
In the previous lessons we discover the properties of liquids and solids to the nature
of forces between particles. Now, in this lesson, we will look at phase changes in terms of the
accompanying changes in energy and forces between particles.
If you recall your previous lessons, the three phases of matter namely; gas, liquid, and
solid are always involved in every reaction. Phase changes are transformations of matter from
one physical state to another. They occur when energy (usually in the form of heat) is added
or removed from a substance. They are characterized by changes in molecular order;
molecules in the solid phase have the greatest order, while those in the gas phase have the
greatest randomness or disorder.
Figure 1: Phases of Matter
In regular, repeated patterns, the molecules which make up a solid are arranged. They
are held firmly in place but can vibrate within a limited area. The molecules that simply make
a liquid flow around one another. With attractive forces between them, they are kept from flying
apart. Liquid assume the shape of their containers. Lastly, the molecules that make up a gas
fly in all directions at great speeds. They are so far apart that attractive forces between them
are insignificant.
The Types of Phase Changes
▪ The change from solid to liquid is melting, liquid to gas is vaporization, and solid to gas
is sublimation. These changes take place when heat is absorbed (heat gained). They are
endothermic processes.
▪ The reverse change from gas to liquid is condensation, gas to solid is deposition, and
liquid to solid is freezing. Such modifications emit heat (heat lost) and are Exothermic
processes.
Figure 2: Phase Changes
It is important to determine what phase of matter a compound is in, because each
phase offers different kinds of data for a compound. A phase diagram is a graphical depiction
2
of a substance's physical states under varying temperature and pressure conditions. It gives
the potential combinations of pressure and temperature at which a substance will be observed
in certain physical condition or states. Each substance has its own phase diagram. A typical
phase diagram is shown below.
Figure 3: General Phase Diagram
Phase diagrams are plots of pressure (usually in the atmosphere) vs temperature
(usually in degrees Celsius or Kelvin). The diagram is split between solid, liquid, and gaseous
states. The boundary between the liquid and gaseous regions stop at red dot, the critical point
for the substance.
The lines that serve as physical state borders represent the combinations of pressures
and temperatures at which two phases can exist in equilibrium. In other words, these lines
identify points for phase transition.
Figure 4: Melting (or Figure 5: Vaporization (or Figure 6: Sublimation (or
freezing) curve condensation) curve deposition) curve
– the curve on a phase – the curve on a phase – the curve on a phase
diagram which represents diagram which represents diagram which represents
the transition between liquid the transition between the transition between
and solid states. gaseous and liquid states. gaseous and solid states.
The green line divides the The blue line divides the The red line divides the solid
solid and liquid phases and liquid and gas phases and and gas phases and
represents melting (solid to represents vaporization represents sublimation (solid
liquid) and freezing (liquid to (liquid to gas) and to gas) and deposition (gas to
solid) points. condensation (gas to liquid) solid) points.
points.
There are two important points on the diagram – the triple point, and the critical point.
Triple point is a unique combination of temperature and pressure where all three phases are
in equilibrium together. At the triple point, the lines depicting the conditions of solid-liquid,
liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor equilibrium meet. Meanwhile, critical point terminates the
3
liquid/gas phase line and relates to the critical pressure, the pressure above which a
supercritical fluid form. The temperature and pressure associated with the triple point lie below
the standard temperature and pressure for most compounds. While the pressure for the critical
point lies above standard pressure. Therefore, the majority of substances changes from solid
to liquid to gas at standard pressure as the temperature rises, and most substances change
from gas to liquid to solid at standard temperature as the pressure increases.
How is the normal melting and boiling points determined in a phase diagram?
✓ The normal melting and boiling points are those when the pressure is 1 atmosphere.
Figure 7: The Normal Melting and Boiling Point Location
How does the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide look like?
Figure 8: Phase diagrams for CO2 (left) and for H2O (right)
There is only one difference between the phase diagram for water and the other
phase diagrams. The solid-liquid equilibrium line (the melting point curve) slopes backwards
rather than forwards. For water, at greater pressures, the melting point gets lower. The
explanation for this is that solid ice is less compact than liquid water. This phenomenon is
caused by the crystal structure of the solid phase. In the solid forms of water and some other
substances, the molecules crystallize in a lattice with greater average space between
molecules, thus resulting in a solid occupying a larger volume and consequently with a lower
density than the liquid. When it melts, the liquid water formed occupies a smaller volume. An
increase in pressure will move the above equilibrium to the side with the smaller volume. Liquid
water is produced. To make the liquid water freeze again at this higher pressure, the
temperature should be reduced. Higher pressures mean lower melting (freezing) points.
On the other hand, the only thing special about the phase diagram of carbon dioxide
is the position of the triple point, which is well above atmospheric pressure. It is impossible to
get any liquid carbon dioxide at pressures less than 5.2 atmospheres. At 1 atm pressure,
carbon dioxide will sublime at a temperature of 197.5 K (-75.5 °C). Therefore, solid carbon
4
dioxide is also called "dry ice." Under normal conditions, there is no liquid carbon dioxide -
only the solid or the vapor.
Moving on, how does a change in energy affect phase changes?
✓ Phase changes occur when heat is added or removed from a substance.
The added energy is used by the substance in either of two ways when a substance is heated:
a. The added heat increases the kinetic energy of the particles and the particles move faster.
The increase in kinetic energy is accompanied by an increase in temperature.
b. The added heat is used between particles to break off attractive forces. There is no
observed increase in temperature when this happens. Often a change in the physical
appearance of the substance is observed, such as a phase change.
Conversely, in two ways, the loss or release of heat results in:
a. A decline in the particles' kinetic energy. The motion of the particles slows down. A decrease
in temperature is observed.
b. Forces of attraction are formed, and there may be a phase transition. No change in
temperature is observed.
Figure 9: Heating Curve (left) and Cooling Curve (right) for Water at 1.00 atm
Pressure
Energy is transmitted into it as the system is heated. The system shifts in response to
the energy it receives, for example, by increasing its temperature. If a material's temperature
during heating is monitored, it varies with time. The heating curve is called a plot of the
temperature versus time.
• Between A & B, the material is a solid. The heat supplied to the material is used to increase
the kinetic energy of the molecules and the temperature rises.
• Between B & C, the solid is melting. Heat is still being supplied to the material but the
temperature does not change. Heat energy is not being changed into kinetic energy. Instead,
the heat is used to change the arrangement of the molecules.
• At point C, all of the materials have been changed to liquid.
• Between C & D, the heat supplied is again used to increase kinetic energy of the molecules
and the temperature of the liquid starts to rise.
• Between C & D, the liquid is heated until it starts to boil.
• Between D & E, the liquid is still being heated but the extra heat energy does not change the
temperature (kinetic energy) of the molecules. The heat energy is used to change the
arrangement of the molecules to form a gas.
• At point E, all of the liquid has been changed into gas.
5
• Between E & F, the gas is heated and the heat energy increases the kinetic energy of
molecules once more, so the temperature of the gas increases.
When a system contains only one phase (solid, liquid, or gas), the temperature will
increase when it receives energy. The rate of temperature increase will be dependent on the
heat capacity of the phase in the system. When the heat capacity is large, the temperature
increases slowly, because much energy is required to increase its temperature by one degree.
Thus, the slopes of temperature increase for the solid, liquid, and gases are different.
The figure below shows how to calculate the total energy change for such a process. All the
steps should be included.
What’s More
Activity 3.1.2. True or False! Write the word True if the idea expressed in
the statement is correct. If the statement is wrong, write the word False. Underline
the word/s that make the statement wrong, then write the correct answer.
_______________________1. Phase diagrams are plots of pressure (usually in pascals)
versus temperature (usually in degrees Celsius or Kelvin).
_______________________2. There are two important points on the diagram, the
triple point, and the critical point.
_______________________3. 1 atm is the standard pressure.
_______________________4. The melting and boiling points of the substance can be
determined by the vertical lines on the curve.
_______________________5. Cooling curve is the reverse of heating curve.
6
What Is It
Definition of Terms:
▪ Fluid - a gas or a liquid; a substance that can flow.
▪ Solid - a phase of matter with definite shape and volume.
▪ Liquid - a phase of matter with definite volume but no definite shape.
▪ Gas - a phase of matter with no definite shape or volume of its own.
▪ Vapor - a gaseous substance that exists naturally as a liquid or solid at normal
temperature.
▪ Phase - a homogeneous part of a system in contact with other parts of the system but
separated by a well-defined boundary.
▪ Phase changes - transformations from one phase of matter to another.
▪ Melting - phase change from solid to liquid.
▪ Vaporization - a phase change from liquid to gas.
▪ Sublimation - a phase change from solid to gas.
▪ Condensation - a phase change from gas to liquid.
▪ Freezing - a phase change from liquid to solid.
▪ Deposition - a phase change from gas to solid.
▪ Melting (or freezing) curve - the curve on a phase diagram which represents the
transition between the liquid and solid states.
▪ Vaporization (or condensation) curve - the curve on a phase diagram which represents
the transition between the gaseous and liquid states.
▪ Sublimation (or deposition) curve - the curve on a phase diagram which represents the
transition between the gaseous and solid states.
▪ Triple point - the point on a phase diagram at which the three states of matter coexist.
▪ Critical point - the point in temperature and pressure on a phase diagram where the
liquid and gaseous phases of a substance merge together into a single phase. The
temperature and pressure corresponding to this are known as the critical temperature
and critical pressure.
▪ Exothermic process - process that gives off or releases heat to the surroundings.
▪ Endothermic process - process that absorbs heat from the surroundings.
▪ Heating curve - a plot of temperature versus time.
What I Have Learned
Activity 3.1.3. Give Example! Give two examples of the topics listed below that
happen in everyday life.
1. Endothermic process
2. Vaporization
3. Sublimation
4. Exothermic process
5. Freezing
7
What I Can Do
Activity 3.1.4. Know Me! Answer the following questions. You may refer to
books and the internet to solidify your explanation.
1. You went for a hike on the mountaintop near your vicinity. To help you regain your
strength following the exhausting work, you decide to hard-boil an egg and eat it. To
your surprise, water seem to boil quicker than usual, but after 10 mins in boiling water,
the egg is still not cooked. Why is that?
2. Why do pressure cookers save time in the kitchen? Explain the effect of pressure on
boiling point.
Summary
Moving about the phase diagram reveals information about the phases of matter.
Moving along a constant temperature line reveals relative densities of the phases. When
moving from the bottom of the diagram to the top, the relative density increases. Moving along
a constant pressure line reveals relative energies of the phases. When moving from the left of
the diagram to the right, the relative energies increase.
Types of Phase Changes Transformations
Melting Solid to liquid
Freezing Liquid to solid
Vaporization Liquid to gas
Condensation Gas to liquid
Deposition Gas to solid
Sublimation Solid to gas
8
Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
1. The line separating any two regions indicated conditions under which these two
phases can exist in __________.
A. Equal B. Equilibrium
C. Balance D. All of the Above
2. A phase diagram is divided into _____ regions, each of which represents a pure
phase.
A. One B. Two
C. Three D. Four
3. What enables us to predict changes in the melting and boiling point of a substance
because of changes in the external pressure?
A. Phase Change B. Heating Curve
C. Phase Diagram D. Melting Curve
4. The normal melting point and boiling point of water at 1 atm are ________,
respectively.
A. 100°C and 0°C B. -1°C and 100°C
C. 100°C and -1°C D. 0°C and 100°C
5. Water behaves differently because ice is ____ dense than liquid water.
A. More B. Less
C. Not D. More or Less
6. As we would expect, cooling a substance has the opposite effect of heating it. If we
______ heat from a gas sample at a steady rate, its temperature _______.
A. Remove, Decreases B. Remove, Increases
C. Add, Decreases D. Add, Increases
7. The added heat increases the ________ energy of the particles and the particles
move faster.
A. Physical B. Kinetic
C. Thermal D. Mechanical
8. When the heat capacity is _____, the temperature increases ______, because much
energy is required to increase its temperature by one degree.
A. Small, Rapidly B. Small, Slowly
C. Large, Slowly D. Large, Rapidly
9. To make the liquid water freeze again at a high pressure, the temperature should be
_______.
A. Increased B. The Same
C. Reduced D. None of the above
10. Under normal conditions, what states of matter does carbon dioxide take?
A. Solid & Liquid B. Liquid & Gas
C. Solid, Liquid and Gas D. Solid & Gas
9
10
ASSESSMENT (PRE-TEST)
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B
6. B 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. A
What’s New: Activity 3.1.1. Match me!
1. C 2. A 3. E 4. B 5. D
What’s More: Activity 3.1.2. True or False!
1. atm (underline pascal) 2. T 3. T 4. Horizontal (underline vertical)
5. T
What Have I Learned: Activity 3.1.3. Give Example!
1. Instant ice packs which can be used to treat sports injuries/Cooking an egg/Baking bread
2. Drying clothes under the sun: water is removed from the clothes as water droplets get
evaporated due to heat of the sun/Drying up of water and potholes from streets: water gets
evaporated from the potholes and puddles due to rain as it gets evaporated due to heat of
the sun
3. Moth Balls/Specialized Printers/Freeze Drying/Air Fresheners
4. Lightning of Match/Burning of Candles/Rusting of irons
5. Formation of snow/Lava hardening into solid rock/Congealing of bacon grease as it cools
What I Can do: Activity 3.1.4: Know Me!
1. The mountaintop has high altitude, which is approximately more than a thousand feet above sea
level. As you go up with it, the pressure decreases. Since the boiling point of water decreases with
decreasing pressure, at lower pressure, water will boil at about 86℃. However, it is not the boiling
action, but the amount of heat delivered to the egg that does the actual cooking, and the amount of
heat delivered is proportional to the temperature of the water. For this reason, it would take
considerably longer, perhaps 30 min, to hard-boil your egg.
2. A pressure cooker is a sealed container that allows steam to escape only when it exceeds a
certain pressure. The pressure above the water in the cooker is the sum of the atmospheric
pressure and the pressure of the steam. Consequently, the water in the pressure cooker will boil at
a higher temperature than 100℃ and the food in it will be hotter and cook faster.
ASSESSMENT (POST-TEST)
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. B
6. A 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. D
Key to Answers
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