EE3420E – Power Supply Systems - Version 2018

Chapter 4

EE-3420E Power Supply Systems

Chapter 4.
Power Supply System
Configuration

Bach Quoc Khanh

Department of Electric Power System
Hanoi University of Science and Technology

Content
Chapter 4. PDS configuration

1. Introduction
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2. Supply side consideration

3. Network configuration
4. Substation

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Chapter 4

1. Introduction
Chapter 4. PDS configuration

 Basic requirement for a system configuration

 The system must cover completely service territory.
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 Electrical connectivity must be maintained at required levels of

reliability.
 System is flexibly reconfigurable and expandable to serve the load
development.
 Characteristics of a power delivery configuration
 System supply (power production or purchase point)
 Network topology
 Operational modes

2. Supply side consideration

Chapter 4. PDS configuration
2.1. Regarding the reliability
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Chapter 4

2. Supply side consideration

Chapter 4. PDS configuration
2.2. Demand Size

Industrial Parks, Large towns, Cities

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Factories, Towns

Industrial Shops, Building

Group of small loads

Transmission Medium voltage Low voltage system

system system

Distribution Distribution
substation Transformer

2. Supply side consideration

Chapter 4. PDS configuration
2.2. Demand Size

Load size Supply size Networks

 Industrial Parks,  Distribution Substation 22-35kV
 Large towns, Cities HV/MV, 16-63MVA Power
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Transformer

 Factories, Towns, demand  Distribution Substation 6-35kV

from 2-10MVA MV/MV, 2.5-12.5MVA
Power Transformer
 Industrial workshop  Distribution Transformer Low voltage
 Large buildings, demand MV/LV, 50-2500kVA
upto 2000kVA  Standby generator to
500kVA
 Group of machines  Distribution panels, upto Low voltage
 Offices 100kVA

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Chapter 4

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.1. Generality

Radial Radial-lateral Loop

0
0 0 1 2
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1 2 0: Supply
1, 2: Load buses 1 2
⊗: Protection

 High reliability  Low reliability  Very high reliability

 Simple operation  More complicated  Most complicated
 High investment operation operation
 Reduced investment  High investment
For critical and essential loads, For normal load, For critical and essential
centralized load, LV system (for distributed loads loads, HV system, MV
simple operation) system with open-ring
operation

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.1. Generality

 Service Area:
 Defined by customer layout, load distribution, distribution substation
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location and rating, voltage regulation.

 Denton & Reps idealized service area (4 and 6 feeders):

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Chapter 4

No of Max. Max. voltage Total area

feeders current drop (VD%) load (TA)
D: Load density
D.l42 2 (kVA/mile2)
4 .K .D.l43 4.D.l42
3.VL− L 3
K: Constant of % voltage
D.l62 2 3 6 drop per kVA-mile
6 .K .D.l .D.l62
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3.VL − L 3 3 3 VL-L: Line-to-line voltage

Squared shape Hexagonal shape

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.1. Generality

 Primary distribution system

 Line
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Overhead wire, cable

Underground cable
 Circuit breakers
 Recloser, sectionalizer
 Fuses
 Capacitors
 Lightening protection
 Voltage regulator

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Chapter 4

 Line: conductor, pole with accessories (OHL).

 OHL: bare conductors or cables.
Aluminum Conductor Steel
Reinforced (ACSR), steel part to
achieve high tensile strength and
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aluminum part to achieve high

conductivity at a low weight.
 Cable: wires covered with a dielectric insulation, insulating materials
are paper-insulated lead-covered (PILC), ethylene propylene rubber
(EPR), and cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE).

 Recloser: Self-contained protection devices with fault

interrupting capability and reclosing relays, check the fault
persistency.
 Sectionalizers: Protection devices (load break switch) used in
conjunction with reclosers.

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.2. Primary distribution feeder

Primary selective Radial

n.o. n.o. n.o. n.o.

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Secondary selective

n.o.

Primary Loop
n.o. n.o. n.o.
Spot network

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Chapter 4

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.2. Primary distribution feeder Distribution
Substation
Circuit Breaker
Radial type

Primary feeder
 Distribution
Transformer
− Common form of primary
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distribution feeder.
− Lowest reliability. Faults
on any circuits results in
the outage of large
number of customers.
+ Simplest and cheapest. Sub-feeder Lateral tap
 Applicable for rural areas,
normal loads.

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.2. Primary distribution feeder

 Modified radial type

Express feeder

 Express feeder: Using high

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voltage feeder to feed centralized

load.
 Reduce power loss, voltage drop
 More difficult in operation

Large loads
Substation

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Chapter 4

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.2. Primary distribution feeder

 Selective parallel type

 Primary selective service connects each customer to a preferred
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feeder and an alternate feeder.

 Secondary selective service uses switches on secondary voltages.
Each distribution transformer must be able to supply the entire
load.
 High reliability
 Parallel operating mode for reducing energy loss.
 Expensive, one more circuit with switching devices included. Feeder
rating follows n-1 rule of reliability.
 Applicable for essential and critical loads, industrial loads.

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.2. Primary distribution feeder
Substation

 Loop type
+ High reliability
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+ Voltage profile improved

+ Generally lower investment
than radial type configuration
− More breakers with
directional overcurrent
protection required. N.C. N.C.
Expensive.
− When fault occurs in a loop- Sectionalizer
section, load feeder is fed (N.O)
over a long way, causing a
large voltage drop.

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Chapter 4

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.2. Primary distribution feeder

 Modified loop type

 One sectionalizer per distribution
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transformer. One load is interrupted

when a fault occurs on the loop
section connecting to it.
 Two sectionalizers per distribution
transformer. No load interruption
when a fault occurs on the loop.
 Applicable for bulk loads as
industrial or commercial
customers, critical or essential
loads.

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.3. Secondary distribution feeder

 Generality
Step down distribution transformer, secondary mains, service drop and
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energy meter. Single phase for residential, 3-phase for industrial and
commercial customer with high load density.

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Chapter 4

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.3. Secondary distribution feeder

 Separate service system

Fuse cutout
(Primary fuse)
Each customer is directly fed
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by a distribution transformer. Distribution

transformer

Secondary circuit
One (main)
customer

A group of customers
 Radial system
A group of customers supplied by one distribution transformer and a
common secondary main.

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.3. Secondary distribution feeder

 Secondary-banking system
Customers are served by a common secondary main is supplied several
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distribution transformers which are all fed by a same primary feeder.

Primary fuse Primary fuse

Distribution Distribution
transformer transformer

Secondary fuse Secondary

breakers

Banked secondary Banked secondary

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Chapter 4

3. Network configuration
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
3.3. Secondary distribution feeder

 Configuration
 Centralized layout with point to point link
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 Distributed layout with busway

4. Substations
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
4.1. Generality

 Distribution substation
 Substation Transformer (Voltage step-down HV/MV, MV/MV)
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 HV and LV Bus Systems and distribution devices

Simplified 220/11kV Distribution

Substation Scheme

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Chapter 4

4. Substations
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
4.1. Generality

 Distribution substation
 Layout arrangement
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Basic components of a distribution s/s. two transformers in two bays with feeders.

 Substation components
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Chapter 4

 High Voltage Circuit Breakers:

Interrupt any current from small one to fault current. Arc quenching
methods.
 High Voltage Disconnect Switches:
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Visibly isolate parts of a substation during maintenance or repair periods,

open and close only with normal load current flowing through them (load
break) or without current (no load).

 Voltage and Current Transformers

Step down high voltages and currents to levels usable by meters and relays.

 Medium Voltage Switchgear

Free standing, or enclosed in a lineup of cabinets (metal-clad switchgear),
include switches, breakers, and interconnecting buswork, protective and
control facilities.

4. Substations
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
4.1. Generality

 Distribution transformer
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Pole mounted
Indoor-type

DS

Fuse Surge
Arrester
Transformer
Box-type
(Container)
Distribution
panel
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Chapter 4

4. Substation
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
4.2. Location

 Affected factors :
Voltage levels, voltage regulation, cost of subtransmission lines and
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distribution systems and other non-technical aspects.

 Substation location consideration
 As close as possible to the load center of its service area.
 Proper voltage regulation can be obtainable.
 Suitable for incoming subtransmission lines and outgoing primary
feeders.
 Future substation expansion ability
 Following local ordinances (land use, neibour concerns)
 Minimize number of customers affected by any service discontinuity.

4. Substation
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
4.3. Capacity sizing

 Number of transformers − Critical load: At least two

− Essential load: One to two
− Normal load: One
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 Rating

S୫ୟ୶ Sn: Rated capacity (VA) of transformer

S୰ ≥
n. K ୲ Smax: Maximum demand of substation’s load
n: Number of equal rating transformers in s/s
t − t଴
K୲ = 1 − Kt: Temperature correction factor (for
100 transformer capacity de-rating against
operating temperature).
For n > 1 t: Actual ambient temperature in operation
S୫ୟ୶ t0: Design ambient temperature
S୰ ≥
n − 1 . K ୲ . K ୭୪ Kol: Design transformer overload factor

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Chapter 4

4. Substation
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
4.4. Bus arrangement
Supply

 Single bus Circuit

breaker Bus
 Needing less switching devices
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 Lowest cost.
 Simple bus protection
 Low reliability: Load

 Supply failure,
LV distribution
 Bus failure, Power board ArTu K
 Maintenance of bus outage (ABB)
and switching device
 Applicable for normal load.
 Used in low voltage system (Distribution
boards) for simple protection.

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4. Substation
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
4.4. Bus arrangement Supply 1 Supply 2

ATS
 Single bus with bus
Bus Bus
sectionalizer section 1 section 2
Bus-
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 Add one more supply (2 supplies) sectionalizer

 No power outage in case of one
supply failure. Load Load

 N.O. bus sectionalizer

 Only half number of loads suffer
outage in one bus-section failure.
 Applicable for essential and
critical loads in medium or low
voltage systems.
 Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) LV distribution board ArTu K (ABB)
used for LV distribution board.
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Chapter 4

4. Substation
Chapter 4. PDS configuration
4.4. Bus arrangement
1
 Double bus – single circuit breaker
 Two buses Bus 1 11
12
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Bus-tie CB
 1 circuit breaker - 2 Disconnecting Bus 2
switches each circuit
21 22

2
CB : 1,2
DS : 11-22

Circuit breaker cubicle

CBGS2 (Schneider)

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4. Trạm biến áp
Chương 4. Sơ đồ và kết cấu HTCCĐ
4.4. Sơ đồ phân phối điện

 Operating mode I: 2 buses in service 1

 For distribution boards
Bus 1 11 12
EE3425 - Hệ thống cung cấp điện

Bus Tie CB

 Bus-tie CB is normally closed

Bus 2
 Half number of circuits
connected to each bus 21 22
 Used for distribution
2
substation at the power plants CB : 1,2
DS : 11-22

 Operating mode II: 1 bus in service, 1 bus standby

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 All circuits connected to the bus in service.

 Bus-tie CB is normally in open opsition.

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Chapter 4

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