SPJ 10 Quarter Handout

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SPJ 10 Quarter 1 Handout

Broadcast Journalism - a way of delivering the news to the people over the radio, television and now the internet.
Specifically, this category includes anyone associated with a radio or television (and increasingly the internet) news
broadcast.

Brief History of Philippine Television Broadcasting


1940s
On June 13, 1946, Bolinao Electronic Corporation was Established by James Lidenberg who saw the
potential of television in the Philippines and was later considered as the Father of Philippine Television. In
1949 he applied to build and operate the first Philippine TV station and a year after was granted.
1950s
During the 1950s, the University of Santo Tomas and Feati University were experimenting with
television. UST demonstrated its home-made receiver, while Feati opened an experimental television station
two years later.
On October 23, 1953, the Alto Broadcasting System (ABS), the forerunner of ABS-CBN, made its first
telecast as DZAQ-TV Channel 3.
The ABS offices were then located along Roxas Blvd. ABS was owned by Antonio Quirino, brother of
former president Elpidio Quirino. Consequently, the first telecast was that of a party at the owner's
residence, earning Elpidio Quirino the honor of being the first Filipino to appear on television. The station
operated on a four-hours-a-day schedule (6-10PM), covering only a 50-mile radius.
ABS was later sold to the Lopez family, who later transformed it into ABS-CBN.
By 1957, the Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN), owned by the Lopez family, operated two TV
stations DZAQ Channel 3 and DZXL-TV Channel 9.
1960s
By 1960, a third station was in operation, DZBB-TV Channel 7, or, the Republic Broadcasting System.
It was owned by Bob Stewart, a long-time American resident in the Philippines who also started with radio in
1950. RBS started with only 25 employees, a surplus transmitter, and two old cameras. During this time, the
most popular horror series on Philippine television was Gabi ng Lagim.
In 1961, the National Science Development Board was established. It was behind the earliest
initiative to use local TV for education, "Education on TV" and "Physics in the Atomic Age."
In 1963, RBS TV Channel-7 Cebu was inaugurated. The Metropolitan Educational Association (META),
in cooperation with the Ateneo Center for Television Closed Circuit Project, produced television series in
physics, Filipino, and the social sciences which were broadcast in selected TV stations and received by
participating secondary schools. The META team was headed by Leo Larkin, S.J., with Josefina Patron,
Florangel Rosario, Lupita Concio and Maria Paz Diaz as members. The project lasted from 1964 to 1974.
By 1966, the number of privately owned TV channels was 18; ABS-CBN was the biggest network by
the time Martial Law was declared.
By 1968, the daily television content consisted mostly of canned program; only 10% of programs
were locally produced. The same year, ABS-CBN provided Filipinos with live satellite feed of the Mexico
Olympics. Filipino audiences also saw the Apollo 11 landing live in 1969.
1970s
During Martial Law, Ferdinand Marcos ordered the closure of all but three television stations:
channels 9 and 13 were eventually controlled by then Ambassador Roberto Benedicto, and Bob Stewart's
Channel 7 was later allowed to operate with limited three-month permits.
ABS-CBN was seized from the Lopez family, and Eugenio Lopez Jr., then president of the network,
was imprisoned. In 1973, the Kapisanan ng mga Broadkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP) was organized to provide a
mechanism for self-regulation in the broadcast industry.
By the latter part of 1973, Channel 7 was heavily in d debt and was forced to sell 70% of the business
to a group of investors, who changed the name from RBS to Greater Manila Area (GMA) Radio Television
Arts.
Stewart was forced to cede majority control to Gilberto Duavit, a Malacanang official, and RBS
reopened under new ownership, with a new format as GMA-7. When the smoke cleared, the viewer had
channels 2, 9, 13, run by Benedicto; Duavit's 7; and 4, which belonged to the Ministry of Information.
When DZXL-TV Channel 9 of CBN was sold to Roberto Benedicto, he changed the name from CBN to
KBS, Kanlaon Broadcasting System. So when a fire destroyed the KBS television studios in Pasay, the people
of Benedicto took over the ABS-CBN studios on Bohol Avenue, Quezon City. His employees moved in, and by
August 1973, KBS was broadcasting on all ABS-CBN channels. A year later, Salvador "Buddy" Tan, general
manager of KBS, reopened Channel 2 as the Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The two Benedicto
stationss-KBS Channel 9 and BBC Channel 2-mainly aired government propaganda.
1980s
In 1980, Channels 2, 9, and 13 moved to the newly-built Broadcast City in Diliman, Quezon City.
In 1980, Gregorio Cendana was named Minister of Information. GTV Channel 4 became known as the
Maharlika Broadcasting System.
When Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1983, it was a small item on television news. GMA Channel 7 gave
the historic funeral procession 10 seconds of airtime.
In 1984, Imee Marcos, daughter of Ferdinand Marcos, attempted to take over GMA Channel 7, just as she
did with the Benedictos. However, she was foiled by GMA executives Menardo Jimenez and Felipe Gozon.
On February 24, 1986, MBS Channel 4 went off the air during a live news conference in Malacanang and
during an exchange between Marcos and then Chief of Staff General Fabian Ver. The network was eventually
taken over by rebel forces and started broadcasting for the Filipino people.
On September 14, 1986, ABS-CBN Channel 2 made a comeback and resumed broadcasting after 14 years.
On November 8, 1988, GMA inaugurated the "Tower of Power" its 777-feet, 100kW transmitter, the
country's tallest man-made structure.
In 1988, PTV Channel 4, the MBS, was launched as "The People's Station.
1990s
In the 1990s ABS-CBN launched the Sarimanok Home Page, the station's Web presence, making it
the first Philippine network on the Internet.
On February 21, 1992, ABC Channel 5 reopened with a new multi-million-peso studio complex in
Novaliches. By 1996, 89% of Filipinos and 57% of Philippine households watched television 6-7 days a week.
By 1997, the Children's Television Act (RA 8380), providing for the creation of a National Council for
Children's Media Education, was passed.
By 1997, 57% of Filipino households had at least one television. 100% of those in class AB had
televisions as opposed to only 4% in class E.
In 1997, the Mabuhay Philippines Satellite Corporation successfully launched Agila II, the country's first
satellite.
By 1998, there were 137 television stations nationwide. On April 19, 1998, ZOE TV 11 of ZOE Broadcasting
Network, In., owned by born -again evangelist Eddie Villanueva, was officially launched.

Principles of Television Broadcast Journalism


1. Accuracy. It is the observance of correctness in telling factual information.
2. Brevity. It is keeping journalistic stories concise without altering the truth.
3. Clarity. It is upholding transparency in every story.
4. Objectivity. It is demonstrating fairness in providing substance to any journalistic item.
5. Public accountability. It is establishing willingness to accept responsibility for one’s actions.
6. Truthfulness. It is instituting credibility and reliability in writing journalistic entries.
Features of Television Broadcast Journalism
1. News stories begin with a cue (simple sentence) that signals a story segment.
2. Sentences in a broadcast story contain just one idea for easy reading by an anchor.
3. News stories adopt a conversational style;
4. Segments are short so information is conveyed quickly and simply.
5. Broadcast news stories take into account the visual and auditory nature (story, pictures and audio).
Processes of Television Broadcast Journalism
1. Conceptualization - has two major activities: brainstorming and organizing of ideas.
Brainstorming - generation of ideas through story conferencing and extensive research.
Organization of ideas- weaving of an executable production process including content, target audience,
drafting the program proposal with its title, objective, target audience, treatment, medium, and proposed
budget.
2. Preproduction - involves scriptwriting to the gathering of props and costumes as well as the gathering of
personnel
3. Production – shooting / recording, editing
4. Postproduction – actual broadcasting of output
Broadcasting Ethics and Morals
Broadcasting - a medium that disseminates via telecommunications. It is an act of transmitting speech, music,
visual images, etc. as by radio, television or the Internet.
Ethics is about what is good and how we should think about good:
• Logic is about truth
• Aesthetics about beauty
• Ethics is about goodness (universal Reality)

Ethics, also known as moral philosophy. It is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality such as:
• good and evil
• right and wrong
• justice and crime etc.
TYPES OF ETHICS
1. Work ethics
You may have heard of the term work ethics, this is how a business or company thinks you should act and
behave. This will most likely include; being polite, being professional, treating everyone with respect, not
talking down to people and working as a team.
2. Personal ethics.
You may have your own ethics, which means that you may strongly believe that you should act or behave in
a certain way; which could be anything from good table manners to the way you speak to other people or
even the way you react to others.

Ethics of Broadcasting
1. Trust
Trust is the foundation of the Broadcasting. It is independent and impartial .
2. Truth and Accuracy
Broadcasting seeks to establish the truth of what has happened and are committed to achieving due
accuracy. Accuracy is not simply a matter of getting facts right; when necessary, it is the measure of relevant
facts and information to get at the truth.
3. Editorial Integrity and Independence
The broadcasting is independent of outside interests and arrangements.
4. Impartiality
Broadcasting is impartiality to all subject matter and will reflect a range and diversity of opinion of people
output as a whole, over an appropriate period, so that no significant aspect of thought is knowingly
unreflected or underrepresented.
5. Serving the Public Interest
Its main aim is to serving the public interest. It seek to report stories of the audiences interest .
6. Fairness
Output will be based on fairness, openness, honesty and straight dealing.
7. Transparency
It will be transparent about the nature and provenance of the content offer . Where appropriate, identity of
the person who has created it will given and use labeling to help online users make informed decisions about
the suitability of content for themselves and their children.

Unethiccal / Illegal Behavior


- Stealing copyright and credit for intellectual property
o Intercepting private e-mail
o Deliberate public wrong information
o Misuse of research material
o Improper commercial/ personal use of network
o Stealing credit / glory information.

Terms used in TV Broadcasting


Anchor – News anchors are responsible for presenting stories on-camera, usually from a studio location though
work can take place in the field. See our broadcast journalism jobs page for more info on the different
professions within the field.
A-Roll – The main portion of audio video footage in a news story.
Attribution – The written phrase that identifies the source of a fact, opinion, or quote in a story.
Backgrounder – A story used to provide history and context to a current news story.
Bridge – An audio track linking between two news items.
Breakbumper – A short (2-10 second) indent used as filler leading into and out of commercial breaks. Often
shortened to “bump,” but not to be confused with the verb of the same name (to bump a story is to
place it higher or lower on the scale of priority.)
B-Roll – Supplementary material to complement the A-Roll, such as establishing shots or graphical overlays.
Chroma Key – Also known as green screening. See this post for further information.
Correspondent – A reporter
who files stories from outside the newsroom—usually someone assigned to cover events in another city, state,
or country.
Crawl – AKA the news ticker, a thin bar of scrolling text which informs viewers of any upcoming breaking news or
weather alerts.
Cutaway – A shot of something other than the main action of an action sequence. In an interview, the cutaway is
usually a shot of the reporter listening as the source talks. Necessary to maintain continuity and avoid
jump cuts.
Dateline – The specific location where a reporter is delivering a story. Usually announced in the sign-out or sign-
off.
Donut – A produced news package with a live shot, with a live intro, and tag.
Downcut – Chopping off the end of a story or sound bite. Opposite of upcut.
Feature – A non-breaking news story on people, trends, or issues. A feature story isn’t necessarily related to a
current event.
Feed – A satellite or microwave transmission of live or recorded material.
Follow-Up – A story updating or supplying additional details about an event that’s been previously covered.
Fullscreen Graphic or FS – A still or animated image, usually computer generated, that takes up the whole
screen.
Happy Talk – Casual, informal, and light-hearted chatter between the anchors. Can be used as a form of bumper.
Hard News – The news of the day. Factual coverage of serious, timely events (crime, war, business, politics, etc.)
Hit or Glitch – Any distortion or technical distraction in video or audio.
Hot or Overmodulated – Either too loud (hot audio) or too bright (hot video). Engineers often say that hot video
“blooms” on screen.
Hot Roll – When a crew in the field doesn’t have enough time to feed back footage to the newsroom, so they
must roll it live from the truck during the broadcast.
Human Interest – A news story focusing on a personality or individual’s story with wide appeal to a general
audience.
IFB or Interrupt Feedback – The earpiece through which a director or producer instructs a correspondent in the
field or anchor in the studio. The producer interrupts whatever feedback the reporter is getting in the
earpiece.
Jump Cut – An edit in a news package that interrupts continuity. Example: an interviewee speaking followed
immediately by another shot of the same interviewee speaking at a different time, so the image
“jumps.” Avoided by using cutaways or b-roll.
Kicker – A light story that ends a newscast.
Lead – The key information of the story, usually presented at the beginning of the segment. Not to be confused
with the “lead story,” being the first presented in the broadcast and often the highest in priority
(confusingly also referred to as the “lead.”)
Lip Flap – Video of somebody talking, with the audio portion muted. Happens when using video of people being
interviewed as B-roll. Avoid it.
Live – Put on the air in real time, not pre-recorded or pre-produced.
Lower Third – The bottom third of the frame containing text information regarding the current story, the
anchors’ or interviewee’s identification, and other relevant captions.
Miscue – An error in which footage or audio is played before its intended time, resulting in overlapping elements
in the broadcast.
MOS – An acronym for “man on street” interview, in which a reporter on location gets spontaneous sound bites
comprised of reactions to a story from members of the public. Also referred to as “vox populi.
NATSOT or NAT Package – A type of pre-produced package that has no reporter track; the only audio is the
natural sound of the video being shown. It may also use interview sound bites. Often used to convey the
mood or atmosphere at a scene or an event.
NAT Sound – Natural sound on video that the microphone picks up. Example: Including sound of a rally with
video of a rally.
News Envelope – A summary segment in which the main headlines are broadcast in brief (around a minute or
less.) May have local or national sponsorship.
OC or On Cam – Abbreviation for “on camera.”
On Camera Bridge or OC Bridge – The reporter appearing on camera in the middle of the story. Used for
transition between voiceovers or soundbites, or when there is no video to talk over.
Outcue – The final three or four words of a news package, included in scripts to signal to the anchor and control
room staff when the package is about to end so they can cue the next element in the program.
Over the Shoulder Graphic or OTS or OC Box – A graphic that appears over the anchor’s shoulder.
Package (sometimes Wrap) – A pre-recorded, pre-produced news story, usually by a reporter, with track, sound,
B-roll, and possibly a stand-up.
POV or Point-of-View Shot – B-roll shot from the perspective of the subject, illustrating what the subject sees or
saw at a given moment.
Production Element – Any piece of audio which is intended for use within the final mix, i.e. jingles, music, sound
effects, and other station-specific audio.
Promo – Promotional announcement. In effect, an advertisement for a program a station or channel is carrying.
PSA – Abbreviation for “Public Service Announcement.”
Raw Video – Unedited video, just as it was shot. Also called field video.
Reader – A script read entirely by the anchor on camera, without sound bites or video.
Remote – A live shot from the field, where a satellite truck is required to transmit the image.
Rundown – An electronic or paper form created by the line producer of a news broadcast. Gives specific details
of every element in a newscast, including the order of stories, video, audio, and graphic elements and
timing for each.
Sidebar – A small story, graphic, or chart accompanying a bigger story on the same topic.
Sign Off, Sig, Sig Out – Reporter giving name and dateline at the end of a package or report.
Slate – A full-screen graphic, shown on screen before the beginning of pre-produced video which identifies the
story title, the reporter’s name, and the total running time. Only for newsroom use; not meant for
broadcast.
Slug – The name given to a story for newsroom use.
SOT or Sound Bit – “Sound on Tape.” A recorded comment, usually audio and video, from a news source other
than the anchor, narration, or voiceover, played during a news story. Usually an edited portion of a
larger statement.
Spot – A commercial.
Stacking – Lining up stories within a newscast based on their important and relationship to one another.
Stagger-through – A full rehearsal of the show.
Standup – A reporter speaking to camera, not covered by video.
Studio (in the) – A story updating or supplying additional details about an event that has been previously
covered.
Still – A still image as opposed to a moving video image. Stills can be used to illustrate a story and can sometimes
be displayed over track or interview clips instead of video footage.
Sting – A brief piece of music, typically less than fifteen seconds, used to punctuate the end of a segment or
story. The sting is often the station’s own jingle.
Stop Set – The time allotted to any commercial breaks within the broadcast.
Tag – A paragraph at the end of a news story, usually delivered by the anchor, that provides additional
information or sums up the item.
Tease – A short description of an upcoming story designed to keep the viewer watching through commercial
breaks.
Tight on – A direction to the camera crew to zoom in on a subject so that they fill the shot (e.g. “Tight on
anchor/guest.”)
Toss – When an anchor or reporter turns over a portion of the show to another anchor or reporter.
Track – The reporter’s written and recorded script in a news package.
Tracking – The act of recording a script.
TRT – “Total running time.” The length of an edited package.
Two-Shot – Most often an interview guest and the back of the reporter’s head. Also used to refer to any shot
including two people; two anchors at a single news desk, for instance.
Upcut – Chopping off the beginning of the audio or video of a shot or video story. Opposite of downcut.
Video Journalist or VJ – A reporter who shoots his or her own video and may even edit it. Also referred to as a
“Multimedia Journalist.”
Videographer – A name for a photographer or cameraperson.
VO or Voiceover – “Voiceover” followed by “sound on tape.” A news script, usually read live, that includes video,
track, and at least one sound bite.
VOSOT – “Voiceover” followed by “sound on tape.” A news script, usually read live, that includes video, track,
and at least one sound bite.
Watermark – A semi-transparent graphic, usually the station’s logo, placed in one corner of the broadcast feed.
Woodshedding – The practice of annotating a news script to denote which words should be spoken with
emphasis.

Different Forms of Stories for TV Broadcast


5 BASIC STORY FORMS
1. The READER
- Text only – no video, no sound on tape but may incorporate FULL SCREEN Graphics like a map or still photo
- Beginning Writers/Producers’ jobs
- Very little production value – you might have an OTS (Over The Shoulder) Graphic
- Readers are always very short stories
- But are deemed important enough to run w/o video or sound
- Example:
The Reader

2. The VO
- The VO: VOICE-OVERS (video\graphics – read by anchor)
- Any story the anchor reads that also uses video – the voice is heard “over” the visuals
- Write directly to the visuals – the anchor talks about what we’re seeing while we’re seeing it
3. The VO/SOT
- The VO/SOT: VOICE-OVERS/SOUND ON TAPE (video + sound bite(s) – read by anchor)
- Any story the anchor reads that begins with visuals but also has a SOT sound bite(s) included
- SOT/sound bite = brief snippet of an interview edited to follow a certain amount of video/visuals/voiceover
4. The REPORTER PACKAGE
- The REPORTER PACKAGE (video + sound + narration presented by reporter but he or she is NOT present live and
does NOT interact with the anchor(s) even though he or she might be taped in the studio)
- Always involves reporters and are packaged, fully self-contained pieces for your show
- Anchors read track for READERS, VOs, VO/SOTs, and the “lead-ins” and “tags” to PACKAGES while the REPORTER
does the actual package narration
- First story type we’ve discussed that features a reporter rather than an anchor
- Usually features a “stand-up” – when the reporter appears on- camera in the field and delivers some
information/narration
- The Reporter’s chance for face/screen time
- The audience can now identify the reporter
- Personalizes the story and builds
- Complicated and detailed script that incorporates visuals, SOTs, other audio and NAT(ural) sounds into one
finished news story “package”
- Large job – usually one package per shift for reporter/producer
5. The DONUT PACKAGE
- The DONUT PACKAGE (reporter package + reporter is LIVE on scene or in the studio AND interacts with the
anchor(s) about the story)
- A reporter delivers the Intro and Tag to package live
- Often no stand-up in a donut piece
- Reporter talks with anchor about the story before and/or after it rolls
- Involves both the anchor and the reporter more fully in the story – can be very

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