Module 9.

1 notes
1. What is the objectives of human factors training?
The aim of Human Factors training is to increase safety, quality and
efficiency in manufacturing operations by reducing human error and its
impact in maintenance activities.

2. How is the aim of human factors obtained ?

This is obtained through the integration of appropriate categories of
manufacturing personnel’s technical knowledge and skills with basic human
factors knowledge and skills in promotions of a positive attitude towards
safety.

3. What method does the human factor provide for a maintenance

organization?
• Identify errors and circumstances that give rise to
errors,
• Effectively reduce the risk of errors,
• Cope with the consequences of errors.

4. Who are the main target group for human factor training ?
• Pilots and controllers,
• All employees, directly or indirectly involved in
aircraft maintenance

Note:
Objective of this course:

 Knowledge of human factors in aircraft maintenance, the ‘concepts’ and

used ‘terminology’,
 The impact on aviation safety,
 Risk awareness’ situation awareness, attitudes and protection,
 In practice, it can recognize, anticipate and deal with risks.

Understanding of human factors increases the safety of the aircraft, the aviation in general,
but also the safety of personnel involved in maintenance activities
 5. Mention 10 discipline of human factor
Clinical Psychology, Experimental Psychology, Anthropometrics, Computer
Science, Cognitive Science, Safety Engineering,Medical Science,
Organisational Psychology, Educational Psychology, and Industrial
Engineering.

6. What is the goal of aviation human factors research?

to identify and optimise the factors that affect human
performance in maintenance and inspection.
Note:
By understanding each of the disciplines and applying them to different situations
or human behaviours, we can correctly recognize potential human factors and
address them before they develop into a problem or create a chain of problems
that result in an accident or incident.
7. What is clinical psychology?
It focuses on the mental well-being of the individual. Clinical psychology can
help individuals deal with stress, coping mechanisms for adverse situations,
poor self image, and accepting criticism from coworkers.

What is experimental psychology?

Experimental psychology includes the study of a variety of basic behavioral
processes, often in a laboratory environment. These processes may include
learning, sensation, perception, human performance, motivation, memory,
language, thinking, and communication, as well as the physiological
processes underlying behaviors, such as eating, reading, and problem
solving.
In an effort to test the efficiency of work policies and procedures,
experimental studies help measure performance, productivity, and
deficiencies.

What is anthropometrics?
Anthropometry is the study of the dimensions and abilities of the human
body. This is essential to aviation maintenance due to the environment and
spaces that AMTs have to work with.

What is computer science?

The technical definition for computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations
of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation
and application in computer systems.
How this relates to aviation maintenance is a lot simpler. As mentioned
earlier, AMTs spend as much time documenting repairs as they do
performing them. It is important that they have computer work stations
that are comfortable and reliable. Software programs and computer-based
test equipment should be easy to learn and use, and not intended only for
those with a vast level of computer literacy.
What is cognitive science?
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of minds as
information processors. It includes research perception, language,
reasoning, and emotion), represented, and transformed in a nervous system
or machine (e.g., computer).

The discipline of cognitive science helps us understand how to better assist

AMTs during situations that create high levels of stress so that their mental
process does not get interrupted and effect their ability to work.

What is safety engineering?

Safety engineering assures that a life-critical system behaves as needed
even when the component fails.
Ideally, safety engineers take an early design of a system, analyse it to find
what faults can occur, and then propose safety requirements in design
specifications up front and changes to existing systems to make the system
safer.

What is medical science?

Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of
health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the
prevention and treatment of illness.

What is organizational psychology?

Organisational psychologists are concerned with relations between people
and work. Their interests include organisational structure and
organisational change, workers’ productivity and job satisfaction, consumer
behaviour, and the selection, placement, training, and development of
personnel.

What is educational psychology?

Educational psychologists study how people learn and design the methods
and materials used to educate people of all ages. Everyone learns
differently and at a different pace.
 What is industrial engineering ?
Industrial engineering is the organized approach to the study of work. It is
important for supervisors to set reasonable work standards that can be met
and exceeded. Unrealistic work standards create unnecessary stressors that
cause mistakes. It is also beneficial to have an efficient facility layout so
that there is room to work. Clean and uncluttered environments enhance
work performance.

8. What is the shell model?

The SHELL model is a conceptual model of human factors that clarifies the
scope of aviation human factors and assists in understanding the human
factor relationships between aviation system resources/ environment and
the human component (Live ware) in the aviation system.

S = Software (procedures, symbology, etc.)

H = Hardware (machine)
E = Environment
L = Live ware (human)
In this model the match or mismatch of the blocks (interface) is just as important as the
characteristics of the blocks themselves. A mismatch can be a source of human error

9. What is an accident?
A simple definition of “accident” is: An undesirable exchange of energy.

Definition according to ICAO:

An event associated with the use of an aircraft, which occurs between the
time a person boards the aircraft, with the intention to conduct a flight and
the time that:
• A person is fatally or seriously injured, or
• The aircraft suffered structural damage, or
• The plane has disappeared and no longer accessible.
 10.What is an incident?
ICAO differentiates between an incident and a serious incident.
Incident:
An event that is not an accident, associated with the use of an aircraft, which
jeopardizes the safety or could have jeopardized the safety.
Serious incident:
A serious incident is an incident where all conditions for an accident were
present, but the accident was prevented, either by ability of the crew, or
exceptional performance of the air plane.
In other words, the only difference between an ‘accident’ and a ‘serious incident’ is the
different outcome of both